晚期妊娠合并急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的诊疗分析

目的 探讨妊娠晚期合并急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的诊疗方法及治疗效果。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2016年5月—2021年11月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院6例晚期妊娠合并急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层孕妇的临床资料。患者年龄25~37岁（平均31.7岁）,孕周31~37周（平均35.3周）。其中初产妇1例,经产妇5例;术前心脏彩色多普勒超声检查主动脉瓣反流程度,轻度1例、中度2例、重度3例;主动脉根部直径40~60 mm（平均47.7 mm）;合并马凡综合征1例,脑梗1例,妊娠期高血压3例。根据孕周及夹层病变程度制定手术方案。观察指标：围术期指标包括术中体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、停循环时间,术后拔除气管插管时间、监护病房停留时间、并发症及新生儿体质量、新生儿Apgar评分（1 min、5 min）等。术后定期随访再次手术及生存情况。结果 6例患者先行剖宫产后再行主动脉修复手术,两次手术间隔时间为0~12 h（平均5.7 h）。Bentall+Sun’s手术2例（其中1例同期行右冠搭桥术）,升主动脉置换+Sun’s手术2例（其中1例行头臂干支架置入术）,Bentall+次全弓置换+近端头臂干置换术1例,升主动脉置换+全弓及降主动脉支架植入术1例。6例患者体外循环167~350 min（平均275 min）,主动脉阻断139~264 min（平均212 min）,停循环15~40 min（平均31.7 min）,术后拔除气管插管时间23~106 h（平均45.5 h）,监护病房停留时间4~8 d（平均5.7 d）;术后产妇与胎儿均存活,产妇无二次开胸、气管切开、心跳骤停、脏器灌注不良等并发症。6例新生儿中足月产2例,早产4例;出生体质量2 250~3 355 g（平均2 697 g）;出生后1 min Apgar评分为4~9分、平均6分,出生后5 min Apgar评分为8~10分、平均9分,其中轻度窒息4例。6例患者术后均获随访1~66个月,复查CT人工血管血流通畅,支架远端自体血管无扩张,无二次手术;1例患者术后8个月因抑郁症死亡;6例婴幼儿均生长发育良好。结论 晚期妊娠合并急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者尽早手术,并根据孕龄及夹层病变程度选择相应的治疗策略,可获得良好的母儿结局。     

Bentall手术和分叉支架植入术治疗Stanford A型夹层动脉瘤

目的总结应用Bentall手术和分叉支架植入术(杂交手术)治疗Stanford A型夹层动脉瘤结果。方法 Stanford A型夹层动脉瘤患者40例,其中男32例,女8例,年龄范围为25~75岁,平均(43.8±14.7)岁。其中28例在深低温停循环下行杂交手术,12例在中低温体外循环下行Bentall手术。应用SPSS 13.0统计软件分析杂交手术组和Bentall手术组、死亡组与存活组手术前后肝肾功能、心肌酶变化。结果 40例主动脉瘤患者中治愈出院的为36例,治愈出院率为90%。死亡4例,总死亡率为10%。存活患者无截瘫及脑中风发生。杂交手术组和Bentall手术组肝肾功能、心肌酶指标均无显著性差异。死亡组与存活组比较,患者术后肝肾功能、心肌酶多项指标有显著性差异。结论深低温停循环下行Bentall手术和分叉支架植入术治疗Stanford A型夹层动脉瘤安全有效;体外循环中注意保护肝脏功能可以进一步提高生存率。     

腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层23例临床分析

目的探讨Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术治疗的手术指征、术前评估方法、手术操作技巧、并发症及防治原则；观察近、中期临床疗效。方法自2003年3月～2006年1月，对23例Stanford B型主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者行腔内隔绝术治疗，笔者对临床资料进行回顾性分析。术前采用CT血管造影（CTA）或磁共振血管造影（MRA）对主动脉夹层动脉瘤进行评估，术中在数字减影血管造影（DSA）监视下经股动脉将移植物导入胸主动脉封闭夹层裂口，术后行影像学及症状学随访观察。结果术中成功释放移植物22例，术后即刻DSA造影显示18例近段破口完全被封闭，动脉瘤消失，4例发生内漏，其中2例再次置入支架后内漏消失。术后2例患者发生腹主动脉夹层，其中1例再次行腔内隔绝术。1例患者发生肠系膜动脉栓塞引起肠坏死而死亡。22例患者术后无心、肺、肾功能衰竭及截瘫等并发症，术后生命体征平稳，切口愈合，出院，术后经过CTA及症状学随访显示无严重并发症，生活质量明显提高。结论腔内隔绝术是一种创伤小、恢复快的新方法，近、中期随访结果表明该技术安全、有效。     

杂交手术治疗累及弓部的主动脉夹层的临床研究

目的 探讨杂交手术治疗累及主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层的方法及疗效.方法 自2009年1月至2012年1月,成都军区总医院共对16例累及主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层患者完成了杂交手术治疗.其中男性11例,女性5例,年龄50～72岁[(56.3±7.1)岁].Stanford A型主动脉夹层(夹层起源于升主动脉)5例,B型夹层(夹层起源于降主动脉)11例,病变均累及主动脉弓,不适宜单独行腔内隔绝治疗.11例采用胸骨正中切口或加颈部切口行升主动脉至头臂动脉旁路移植,5例单纯颈部切口行头臂动脉间旁路移植,然后行股动脉切口逆行主动脉腔内覆膜支架植入.术后即刻行升主动脉造影,术后3个月、1年及2年随访CT资料,观察支架和人工血管通畅情况.结果 所有患者均成功完成血管旁路手术,并植入覆膜支架.术中血管造影证实支架植入定位准确,无明显内漏和移位.主动脉夹层真腔血流恢复正常,旁路血管血流通畅,围手术期无死亡和严重并发症发生.随访16例,随访时间3.0 ～ 48.0个月[(24.O±8.2)个月],所有患者均生存,并恢复正常生活.术后3个月和术后1年、2年复查主动脉增强CT示:支架无移位和内漏,支架内及人工血管旁路血流通畅,未见脑部和肢体的缺血征象.结论 累及弓部的主动脉夹层可根据受累的部位及程度采用不同的杂交手术方法,杂交手术治疗累及主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层安全、有效,能明显减轻患者的创伤和痛苦,该治疗方法扩大了介入覆膜支架腔内治疗的适应证,但远期疗效有待迸一步观察.     

腔内隔绝术在主动脉瘤外科治疗中的应用

目的：探讨腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤、腹主动脉瘤的操作方法及近期疗效。方法：采用腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉夹层动脉瘤3例、腹主动脉瘤2例。结果：5例主动脉瘤腔内隔绝术均获得成功，术后3例主动脉夹层动脉瘤的假腔立刻消失，2例腹主动脉瘤瘤体成功隔绝。无支架移位；术中发生内漏1例，经及时处理后消失；2例术后出现移植后综合征，经对症处理后缓解。随访3-21个月，无移植物移位及器官缺血，假腔内见血栓形成。结论：腔内隔绝术治疗主动脉瘤创伤小．安全、恢复快，有着较好的近期效果。     

左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉转流技术在胸主动脉腔内修复术中的临床应用

目的 探讨左颈总动脉（LCCA）-左锁骨下动脉（LSA）转流技术在胸主动脉腔内修复术（TEVAR）治疗胸主动脉疾病中的应用效果。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2016年1月—2019年12月南京鼓楼医院心胸外科胸主动脉疾病患者83例,其中男76例、女7例,年龄27~82（55.3±12.0）岁。B型主动脉夹层71例,胸主动脉瘤2例,主动脉溃疡5例,主动脉壁间血肿5例。83例患者行一期LCCA-LSA转流术+TEVAR治疗。观察手术时间、支架放置数量、术中行LSA弹簧圈栓塞情况;围手术期内观察患者死亡、脑梗死发生情况、再手术率及再手术原因;出院后随访期间,观察患者的死亡率、脑梗死发生率,复查主动脉CTA观察转流血管通畅情况、弓部分支血管血供情况以及有无支架移位。结果 83例患者均成功重建LSA。手术时间1.0~7.0（3.2±1.0） h。术中置入胸主动脉支架1个64例、2个17例、3个2例。4例患者出现LSA根部对比剂渗漏,予弹簧圈栓塞后渗漏消失。围手术期内无患者死亡。2例（2.4%,2/83）患者再次手术治疗,其中1例LCCA部分遮盖、1例主动脉逆撕A型夹层,均予相应处理后恢复正常。1例（1.2%,1/83）患者术后出现一过性脑梗死伴左侧肢体肌力一过性下降,保守治疗后好转出院。83例患者术后随访8~46个月,平均25.3个月。随访期间,5例（6.0%,5/83）患者死亡;3例（3.6%,3/83）患者出现脑梗死,保守治疗后好转;主动脉CTA显示,转流血管通畅,弓部分支血管血供良好,无支架移位。结论 LCCA-LSA转流技术重建LSA,可以延长胸主动脉病变近端锚定区,是治疗胸主动脉疾病安全有效的手术方法,可获得良好的近期疗效。     

一站式杂交手术与全弓置换治疗主动脉弓病变的疗效分析

目的探讨一站式杂交手术与全弓置换处理主动脉弓部病变的疗效。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年4月我院收治的29例累及主动脉弓部病变患者的临床资料,将13例行一站式杂交手术的患者纳入杂交手术组,16例行全弓置换联合支架象鼻的患者纳入全弓置换组。比较2组患者肺部感染、胸腔积液、肾损伤、神经系统损伤、心功能不全、截瘫、切口感染、用血量和住院时间等情况。结果所有患者均成功完成手术。术后2组患者肺部感染、胸腔积液、一过性肾功能损伤、切口感染、一过性意识障碍、截瘫、脑梗死/脑出血、心功能不全、移植旁路血管再发狭窄、再发主动脉夹层等术后并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);杂交手术组患者用血量平均(3.69±2.89)U,全弓置换组平均(12.38±3.14)U,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。杂交手术组围手术期因突发心跳骤停,成功复苏后脑死亡1例,全弓置换组无围手术期死亡病例。随访1~26个月,随访期间杂交手术组出现1例覆膜支架远端夹层扩张破裂死亡病例,全弓置换组出现1例脑血管意外导致呼吸功能衰竭死亡病例,其余患者恢复良好。结论一站式杂交手术与全弓置换治疗弓部病变效果均满意,其中一站式杂交手术用血量较全弓置换组明显减少,无需深低温停循环,对年龄大、一般情况差的患者更为有利;而全弓置换组用血量更大,需要停循环、创伤大,但象鼻支架材料利于二次手术根治远端病变,适用于年轻、术前一般情况良好的患者。     

低脊髓缺血风险胸主动脉腔内隔绝术后轻瘫诊疗1例

<正>主动脉夹层起病急且病情凶险,需及时积极治疗。胸主动脉腔内隔绝术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)是Stanford B型主动脉夹层的首选治疗方案^[1]。有研究表明,对于创伤导致的主动脉夹层患者,TEVAR较传统手术更为安全有效^[2]。然而TEVAR术后仍有并发症发生风险,脊髓缺血为其术后恶性并发症之一。     

妊娠合并主动脉夹层/主动脉瘤14例临床特征与胎盘病理学分析

目的探讨妊娠合并主动脉夹层/主动脉瘤患者的胎盘病理形态改变及与临床特征的关系。方法选取首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2012年1月至2021年10月14例妊娠合并主动脉夹层/主动脉瘤患者的胎盘标本及2021年1至12月10例正常妊娠妇女的胎盘标本, 采用常规HE染色及免疫组织化学染色, 光镜下观察组织形态学改变, 并结合临床资料进行分析。结果 14例妊娠合并主动脉夹层/主动脉瘤送检胎盘的患者年龄22～38岁, 中位年龄28岁, 孕周22～39周, 中位孕周34周;妊娠中期2例, 妊娠晚期12例;均为单胎妊娠;Stanford A型主动脉夹层7例, Stanford B型主动脉夹层6例, 主动脉根部瘤1例;孕妇先行剖宫产术后行主动脉夹层手术4例, 先行主动脉夹层手术后行剖宫产术3例, 同时行剖宫产术和主动脉夹层手术7例;新生儿中足月产2例, 早产儿12例;新生儿存活12例, 死亡2例。胎儿/胎盘重量比(FPR)<第10百分位数5例, FPR>第90百分位数1例。妊娠合并主动脉夹层组绒毛成熟加速及远端绒毛发育不良比例高于正常组, 两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而绒毛...     

主动脉腔内支架修复术治疗急性创伤性主动脉夹层

目的探讨主动脉腔内支架修复术治疗急性创伤性主动脉夹层(TAD)的治疗策略及疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年7月至2017年12月我院收治的8例急性创伤性主动脉夹层患者的临床资料。所有患者均行胸腹主动脉计算机体层摄影血管造影(CTA)明确诊断为Stanford B型,采用主动脉腔内支架修复术(EVAR)治疗。收集并分析各患者术前临床特点、术中手术资料、术后随访结果。结果手术时间(61. 2±25. 6) min,住院时间(12. 7±6. 3) d;围手术期无死亡病例,术后无左侧锁骨下动脉盗血、截瘫、肝肾功能衰竭及脑梗死等并发症。出院后随访3～23个月,平均(13. 2±9. 8)个月,复查CTA均显示破口封闭良好,支架无内漏、移位。结论与传统体外循环下人工血管置换相比,EVAR手术具有微创、便捷、安全有效等特点,是治疗急性创伤性主动脉夹层安全有效的方法。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.