低碳城市规划的创新理念初探

对国内外低碳城市的理论与实践研究进行了总结,归纳了世界各主要国家应对气候变化的行动方案,并在对国内外城市规划应用实践研究的基础上,阐述了我国在城市规划领域内,需从目标、动力、理念、空间、设施及管理上6个层面更新传统思维,指出我国城市规划发展方向是应合理化国内的城市空间规划;优化实现可持续发展的土地和自然资源的使用;促进国家和地方的平衡发展;确保空间和环境质量和高品质生活的多样性。     

城市规划管理体制如何应对全球气候变化?

城市是全球温室气体排放的重要源头,通过规划、建筑设计施工、交通、城市产业结构调整、能源供求规划等领域,城市的建设过程可以提供有效及必要的控制温室气体排放的手段。城市规划的思维也要因此而作出改变,向如何可以通过城市发展创新模式和决策,在"减缓"(mitigation)和"适应("adaptation)两大战略方向应对气候变化。本文先对全球气候变化问题,特别是其对城市发展建设带来的挑战作出表述,同时也分析了当前世界上其他城市的应对方法及手段作为参考。最后,本文建议以低碳城市为目标的整合城市规划决策体制框架,对目前传统城市规划过程作出目标及方法上的修改,以达到控制气候变化及温室气体排放的城市规划目的。     

建筑温室气体减排政策研究综述

发展低碳经济、降低温室气体(Greenhouse Gas,GHG)排放已经成为了应对全球气候问题的共识。在中国,建筑相关GHG的排放是最主要排放GHG的源头之一,政府如何通过政策手段引导建筑领域的GHG减排具有重要的研究意义。本文对国内外建筑GHG减排政策进行了文献综述,将减排政策的类型归纳为强制性制度、激励性政策和基于GHG定价的减排政策三大类。对每类减排政策运行的基本原理、作用效果进行分析,并归纳其优缺点。强制性制度与激励性政策较易于实施,但在减排效果上存在局限;基于GHG定价的减排政策减排效率更高,但需要较强的政府管理能力。各类减排政策具有各自的优缺点,政府需要根据实际情况,有针对性地选择相应的政策手段或政策手段组合,将各类减排政策的特点结合起来,扬长避短,引导建筑相关产业向节能减排方向发展。     

全球气候变化下低碳城市实现的规划途径

对国内外低碳城市的理论研究和规划建设实践进行了回顾和总结,分析了全球气候变化背景下我国城市碳排放现状和低碳城市评价体系等方面的问题,并进而从实现低碳城市的规划途径方面,就低碳城市的目标和模式、城市空间结构、土地利用和交通模式等提出系列建议.     

低碳城市探源——思考城市未来发展方向

低碳城市建设是一个多目标、多价值的决策过程,也是一种以整体的、系统的观点来规划城市健康发展的思想。本文回顾了低碳城市产生的背景与发展历程,阐述了其概念内涵,讨论了国内外不同类型的低碳城市构建的特点及要点,最后对其在中国的发展与应用提出了相关建议。     

土地价值的回归——减缓城市边界无限扩张的规划探索

随着城市化进程的加快,城市边界扩张的问题引起了社会的广泛关注,如何在众多的城市限制政策中寻求适合我国国情的城市发展之路,逐渐成为一个焦点性问题。本文从城市边界的扩张现状出发,结合国外一些城市限制政策的模式,以土地的价值为根本,使土地价值回归到原初的价值取向,探索一条解决城市边界无限扩张的规划道路。     

气候变化、碳排放与低碳城市规划研究进展

气候变化涉及的科学问题已越来越关注人类活动的影响,碳排放成为影响全球气候增温的主要因素.国内外研究发现,碳排放与城市化过程相交织,低碳城市遂成为遏制全球增温的首要选择.我国正处在经济快速增长、城市化加速、碳排放日益增加和向社会主义市场经济转型的时期,低碳城市规划则是我国低碳城市发展的关键技术之一.笔者论述了气候变化、碳排放与城市化的关系,从理论研究、行动计划两方面进行低碳城市规划研究进展的综述.     

城市碳排放清单及其规划应用研究

本文系统地综述了城市碳排放清单的研究,尤其对中国城市温室气体清单研究现状进行了分析,并通过四个案例就城市规划师应对气候变化的低碳城市规划如何应用城市碳排放清单进行了比较系统研究,文章认为：中国城市规划师将低碳理念引入城市规划领域也成为责无旁贷的义务和责任,深入研究城市温室气体排放清单对减缓气候变化无疑具有十分重要的意义和科学价值。     

盐城聚龙湖商务商贸低碳示范区规划设计探析

节约和集约利用能源,有效减少碳排放,走低碳城市的发展道路,已成为城市可持续发展的必由之路.该文以盐城的聚龙湖商务商贸区为例,详细介绍构建低碳示范区的规划措施,包括建设城市湿地公园、城市空间复合利用、建立绿色交通、水资源的保护和利用,绿色照明、绿色建筑的发展等内容,以期对后续的低碳城市发展研究提供可借鉴的价值和意义.     

Representing urban shrinkage — The importance of discourse as a frame for understanding conditions and policy

How are shrinking cities perceived by scholars, policymakers and citizens in different national contexts, and how do their discourses affect the nation's policies toward those cities? Although the interest in urban shrinkage has steadily grown among scholars worldwide during recent years, little has been written about these issues. This is the gap which the Special Issue “Urban shrinkage” presenting a cross-national comparison (Japan, US, Germany) seeks to fill. This article sets up the frame for the SI; we outline a circular relationship between conditions of shrinkage, the discourse and the design and implementation of policies to counteract challenges posed by shrinkage. We focus on six propositions with which we try to define the boundaries and limitations of the shrinking city literature. Afterwards, we present a model through which we interpret the triangular relationships of discourse, conditions and policy. Finally, we set the stage for the articles that follow.     

Input–output analysis of Irish construction sector greenhouse gas emissions

Ireland is committed to limiting its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 113% of 1990 levels over the period 2008–12 and to 84% of 2005 levels by 2020 under the Kyoto Agreement and the EU's 2020 target by 2020 respectively. National policies have targeted many industry sectors but have failed to directly tackle GHG emissions associated with construction activity. This paper estimates energy and GHG emissions intensities of the Irish construction sector and subsectors and estimates its contribution to Irish national emissions. This information is used to identify and assess the impacts of policy measures which would result in a reduction in emissions from the sector in a cost-effective manner. Energy and emissions intensities are estimated using input–output analysis techniques applied to Irish construction sector.     

Statehouse Versus Greenhouse

Problem: In the absence of U.S. federal action to address the problem of climate change, a diverse array of nonfederal policy entrepreneurs and climate action planners has produced an impressive body of plans and policies to fight climate change at the regional, state, and local levels. Their actions are highly laudable, but have they actually reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions?

Purpose: This article evaluates the work of a group of innovative state-level policy entre-preneurs whose actions were chronicled by Barry Rabe, and a set of 29 state climate action plans systematically analyzed by Stephen Wheeler. It compares states with and without climate policy entrepreneurs and states with and without climate action plans, asks if either plans or entrepreneurs have been successful in reducing CO2 emissions, and identifies the elements within plans that are associated with the greatest reductions.

Methods: The analysis uses multiple regression models to explain changes in per capita CO2 emissions attributable to residen-tial, commercial, transportation, and total nonindustrial end users from 1990 to 2007. A package of control variables accounts for political, social, climatic, economic, and urban form factors, while policy variables isolate the effects of climate policy entrepre-neurs, climate action planners, and specific policy recommendations within climate action plans.

Results and conclusions: State-level climate actions reduce GHG emissions by a measurable but modest amount: about one half metric ton per person per year. This represents 2–3% of the average American's 24-ton annual total GHG emissions. The reduction is small in comparison to the magnitude of the problem, but a substantial tax increase or population shift away from sprawling areas would be necessary to achieve the same reduction. specific policies I find to be associated with lower emissions include: building efficiency in both residential and commercial sectors, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) policies in the commercial sector, and California's vehicle efficiency standards in the transportation sector.

Takeaway for practice: It is encouraging that we can already identify emission reduc-tions related to state climate action. However, the observed reductions remain small com-pared to the scope of the problem. These findings should persuade states without plans to begin the planning process while encourag-ing states with plans to encourage more entrepreneurship aimed at developing a second generation of policy options for stabilizing our planet's climate with or without federal action.

Research support: None.     

Green Eco-District Regulatory Plan Decision Tool–Carbon Accounting Standard Protocol

Green eco-district planning and construction occupies a very important position in China's future low carbon urbanization roadmap because the experience gained through practice will provide cities with a technical pathway to manage climate change and reduce carbon emissions. However, during the current preparation and implementation stage of the green eco-district plans, both the planning management departments and planning design institutes are faced with the problem of how to quantify the greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions, especially the CO_2 emissions, when approval decisions are to be made. Aiming at setting up a carbon accounting protocol within the statutory framework of China's green eco-district planning and construction management system, this paper argues that it is important to incorporate the GHG emission inventory into the statutory regulatory planning system, and discusses the technical issues and coping measures for assessing carbon emissions at the district level. It proposes to refine the Activity Data(AD) and Emission Factors(EF) in the current China's National GHG Inventory and set up the urban district carbon accounting protocol based on nine sectors. These nine emission accounting sectors are established according to the key policy and function as defined in the statutory local regulatory plans under the present planning system in Chinese cities. Taking planning and construction management at the district level as a platform to control carbon emissions, it develops an initial carbon accounting protocol suitable for China's green eco-districts which can be applied in both the existing and planned urban areas, and be integrated into the decision making process of the local planning process.     

Building a role model for rust belt cities? Fuxin's economic revitalization in question

Fuxin is a resource-based prefecture-level city of Liaoning province in Northeast China. Despite its remote location, short urban history and sparse population, the city was positioned as a nationwide role model of socialist economy by the central state in the Maoist era. However, the city economy quickly turned into decline in the wake of market reforms and resource depletion. Since 2001 the central state has been striving to revitalize Fuxin's economy, through pumping massive investment for developing new industry. Many claim that given the rapid rise of several new industries Fuxin has successfully regained its role model position for rust belt cities to revitalize, but this taken-for-granted conclusion is questionable. This City Profile challenges the prevailing role-model idea of Fuxin's revitalization, with a particular focus on the emerging negative impacts engendered by the top-down policy interventions. We critically analyze why national policies failed to help the city transform, and argue that Fuxin's economy has suffered from critical problems.     

Analysis of Economic Incentive Policies for Improving a Low Carbon Society—Case Study of the Building Industry in China and Japan

In the process of promoting the development of a low carbon society, economic incentive policies play an important role. In order to see the effectiveness of implementing the economic incentive policies, we put forward two questions in this study: How effective are economic incentive policies in the building industry in China and Japan? What are the obstacles preventing these policies from being effectively applied and how to overcome them? Considering the energy consumption in the building industry accounts for a significant proportion in both China and Japan, economic incentive policies for promoting building energy saving in the two countries have been chosen as case studies. Policies discussed in this article are divided into national and city levels, in which the city level policy analysis mainly focused on the active Carbon Trading Programs. Methods of stakeholder investigation and literature review are applied in exploring the economic incentive polices' effects and constraints. Based on the outcomes of our research, policy recommendations for overcoming the barriers of economic incentive policies in the building industry are worked out.     

日本的城市环境问题及其改善过程——政策和规划视角研究

日本是亚洲最先城市化的国家,目前已有86%的人口生活在城市行政区范围内。在城市化的进程中,日本曾出现过各种各样的环境问题,经过半个多世纪的努力,现在的城市生活环境不仅得到根本改善,而且在资源循环利用和低碳社会建设等方面也做出引人注目的成绩。本文从日本城市规划制度和环境政策演变角度,分阶段介绍自1950年以来的城市环境问题、环境法律和有关城市规划建设的政策,逐步展开日本改善城市生活环境、保护地球自然环境的过程,尤其注重从生态城市到低碳社会转型发展的最近政策动向。     

崇明岛生态城的低碳建设分析

通过介绍低碳城市的相关理论内容,以上海崇明岛的建设为例,具体分析了崇明岛生态城建设过程中如何应用自身的有利资源,通过技术创新、产业布局优化、城市结构调整、绿地系统整合等方法实现城市低碳发展,并对未来城市的低碳建设提出了参考性建议。     

Approaches to workforce housing in London and Chicago: from targeted sectors to income-based eligibility

In many cities, people with jobs essential to daily urban life—bus drivers, teachers, police, nurses and the like—cannot afford housing in proximity to their work. Municipal efforts to counter such job–housing imbalances include targeting such workers specifically or moderate-income households, more broadly, for housing support. This article investigates and assesses housing policy for modest-income workers in two cities, Chicago and London. Based on review of documents and key informant interviews, each city’s policy context, aims, means and outcomes are analyzed. Effective strategies include working with public, private and third-sector partners to find upstream cost-effective solutions, increasing shared equity/ownership products and developing mechanisms to ensure long-term affordability of workforce housing. While each city’s policies reflect local conditions, they also are indicative of broad trends in intermediate housing policy: an increase in stakeholders involved in programme administration and delivery, a continued focus on homeownership, rising income thresholds for eligibility and a shift away from targeting employment sectors.     

The pursuit of greenness: explaining low-carbon urban transformation in Indonesia

Despite the limited efforts of Indonesian cities and urban areas to overcome high production of greenhouse gas emissions, Balikpapan and Palembang are two cities that have demonstrated intriguing efforts to reduce such emissions. This paper aims to add to the scientific literature regarding the recent progress of low-carbon transformation in developing countries. The paper identifies the drivers of low-carbon planning and development and the extent to which such drivers can influence the success of low-carbon agendas. Four perspectives of analysis are adopted and tested using Balikpapan and Palembang as study cases: (1) public policy, (2) collaboration, (3) infrastructure and (4) knowledge creation and utilization. This study offers critical discussion regarding the adoption of the four perspectives as an integrated analysis to explain the complexity of low-carbon urban transformation.     

特大城市低碳空间策略的经验借鉴——以伦敦、东京、纽约为例

城市已经成为气候变化应对的核心。近年来,全球范围内特大城市纷纷展开行动,在气候变化应对中发挥主导作用。论文选取伦敦、东京、纽约作为案例,从区域的视角审视它们通过空间规划减缓气候变化、建设低碳城市的经验。论文认为构建轨道交通为主体的公共交通网络、推动多层次的低碳空间策略、偏重能源、建筑和交通的减排领域、运用情景分析等新的规划编制研究方法、建立部门协调为核心的政策实施机制形成了三座案例城市低碳发展策略的主要特色,并从空间战略、近期实施、政府治理、规划体系等方面对我国特大城市低碳发展提出了建议。