Sea surface temperature anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic during El Nino decaying years

基于1979年到2016年多种再分析资料,本文分析了El Ni?o衰减年热带北大西洋的海温异常.结果表明,热带北大西洋海温在此期间呈显著变暖趋势.10次El Ni?o事件的合成结果表明热带北大西洋海温异常在El Ni?o事件峰值之后的春季达到最大值,并持续到夏季.一般而言,这种异常与三个因子有关,即El Nino,北大西洋涛动和长期趋势,能分别导致局地海温上升0.4℃,0.3℃和0.35℃.1983年和2005年的对比分析表明,尽管El Ni?o强度对春季北大西洋海温起到决定性作用,与长期趋势密切相关的前冬海温也很重要.此外,超前-滞后相关结果表明北大西洋涛动超前海温约2-3个月.比较两个冬季相反位相北大西洋涛动的年份(即1992年和2010年),表明北大西洋涛动也能调制北大西洋海温异常.冬季负位相北大西洋涛动能显著增强El Ni?o的强迫影响,反之亦然.换言之,如果北大西洋涛动与El Ni?o位相相合,衰减年北大西洋海温异常才更为显著.因此,为全面理解热带北大西洋海温变化,除长期趋势外,还必须考虑El Ni?o和北大西洋涛动的综合影响.     

超强El Ni?o事件的多样性及其对东亚夏季风降水的影响

利用1979—2017年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)重建海温逐月资料(ERSST V5)、气候预报中心(CPC)的Ni?o3.4指数、NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料以及CMAP降水资料,将1979—2017年Ni?o3.4指数超过2 ℃的El Ni?o事件,定义为超强El Ni?o事件。根据超强El Ni?o事件的定义,从近40年(1979—2017年)选取出三个超强El Ni?o事件(1982—1983年、1997—1998年和2015—2016年)。首先运用海温距平资料,分析超强El Ni?o事件的多样性特征,然后根据这三个超强El Ni?o事件发生年与次年的夏季降水距平,讨论东亚夏季风降水对超强El Ni?o事件多样性的响应差异。研究表明,即使是同为超强的El Ni?o事件,由于其不同的分布特征,东亚夏季风降水的响应场表现出明显的不同。在此基础上,从环流异常、850 hPa风场异常以及副高的变化等方面讨论了这两者之间的联系。      

近65年ENSO事件强度变化及时频特征研究

利用海洋尼诺指数(ONI)、南方涛动指数(SOI)和多变量ENSO指数(MEI)等ENSO特征值分析了1951年1月—2016年5月近65年ENSO事件的强度与时频特征,并将其强度划分为5个等级。结果表明:近65年共发生22次暖事件（El Ni?o）和13次冷事件（La Ni?a）;对ENSO特征值进行频次分析发现,强El Ni?o月份所占比例比强La Ni?a多;使用连续小波、交叉小波和小波相干分析得出,ENSO循环主要具有2~7 a的周期,还具有10~16 a的年代际变化。      

1980—2016年西太平洋暖池与ENSO循环过程的相关分析

利用1980—2016年海表温度(SST)、海平面气压场（SLP）、南方涛动指数（SOI）、平均海洋尼诺指数（ONI）等资料对近37 a发生的ENSO（El Nio-Southern Oscillation）事件进行统计分析,并用经验正交函数分析法以及小波分析方法研究西太平洋暖池与ENSO循环过程之间的作用机制。研究表明：近37 a来,Nino3.4区的SST在厄尔尼诺（El Nio）现象发生时存在较大的正距平,采用Nino3.4区SSTA的大幅度突变作为指标,能够更好地反映El Nio事件的发生;El Nio事件合成分析可知其形成过程中,西太平洋有一逐渐增强东移的暖中心;西太暖池东边界变化具有明显的年际变化特征,平均3～4 a经历一次循环,并出现变化周期延长的现象;海表温度的EOF能很好地预示ENSO的发生;通过小波分析可以看出暖池东边界对ENSO的发生有较好的预报意义。     

厄尔尼诺/南方涛动事件对云南秋季气象干旱的不同影响分析

云南是我国干旱灾害高发区,为增进厄尔尼诺/南方涛动（El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation,ENSO）对云南干旱影响的认知,提升云南秋季气象干旱预测能力,采用1979—2022年云南125个气象站逐日降水资料、英国国家气象局哈德莱中心（Hadley Center）逐月海表温度（Sea Surface Temperature,SST）资料及欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）第五代再分析资料（the Fifth Generation of European Reanalysis,ERA5）,揭示两类ENSO事件对导致云南秋季气象干旱的降水异常影响及相应的物理过程。结果表明：（1）中部（Central Pacific,CP）型El Ni?o或La Ni?a事件同期,云南秋季降水以偏少为主;东部（Eastern Pacific,EP）型El Ni?o或La Ni?a事件同期,云南秋季降水则以偏多为主,且EP型El Ni?o是云南秋季降水偏多的强信号。（2）EP型El Ni?o...     

厄尔尼诺的发生与赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温异常

通过资料分析研究了厄尔尼诺事件的爆发与西太平洋暖池次表层海温正异常的重要关系。结果表明，El Ni?o事件之前暖池次表层海温都有明显的持续升高；这种暖池次表层海温正距平的出现，尤其是它向赤道中东太平洋的传播对 El Ni?o事件的爆发有直接关系，是导致El Ni?o事件的重要原因。分析还表明，暖池次表层海温正距平的东移原因在于赤道西太平洋地区西风异常的发生和向东扩展。     

东亚冬季风对ENSO事件的响应特征

基于美国NOAA在ENSO诊断分析中使用的海洋Ni?o指数 （Oceanic Ni?o Index, 简称ONI）,将1950～2005年冬季分成强El Ni?o、强La Ni?a、弱El Ni?o、弱La Ni?a和没有发生ENSO事件5类,用分类合成方法研究了冬季东亚大气环流对ENSO事件的响应。结果表明,在低纬度,大气环流对ENSO事件的响应具有较明显的准线性特征,即大气对海洋暖事件与冷事件的响应大致是反位相的,对弱ENSO事件的响应与强ENSO事件相似但强度较弱。中高纬度大气环流与ENSO事件也有一定的联系,但同等强度暖事件与冷事件下大气环流距平场上的系统分布没有呈现明显的反位相,表明大气对海温异常的响应是复杂的。强El Ni?o事件时大气的响应信号显著,主要表现在东亚中高纬西风气流增强, 亚洲北部地区气温偏高,距平风场上的切变线从长江中下游向东伸展,菲律宾海距平反气旋西北侧的偏南气流和南支槽前西南气流加强,其共同作用使南海和中国东南沿海出现显著的偏南风距平;强La Nia事件时,长江中下游向东伸展的脊线不明显,中国南方至南海处于偏北风距平区,但通过统计检验的范围减小;弱El Ni?o事件时,菲律宾海距平反气旋西北侧的西南气流偏东,与南支槽前西南气流分开,使得华南和南海的偏南风距平没有强El Ni?o时显著; 弱La Ni?a事件时,西风带纬向气流减弱,亚洲北部地区气温偏低。对ONI指数与亚洲北部温度指数（NTI）的散点图的分析显示,9个强El Ni?o冬季中有8年亚洲北部温度距平偏高,7个弱El Ni?o冬季中只有1年温度偏高;8个强La Ni?a冬季有4年温度偏低,12个弱La Ni?a冬季中有11年温度偏低;亚洲强暖冬和强冷冬的发生与ENSO事件的联系不紧密。     

东亚冬季风年际变化的ENSO信息 I. 观测资料分析

利用1950～1989年40年的全球月平均资料,详细讨论了东亚冬季风的年际变化特征,分析结果表明东亚冬季风年际变化中包含有明显的ENSO信号,也就是说东亚冬季风活动与ENSO的发生有明显的关系,大多数El Ni?o事件爆发后东亚冬季风偏弱,而大多数La Ni?a爆发后东亚冬季风偏强。通过对这40年间的10次El Ni?o和7次La Ni?a事件的合成分析,结果表明El Ni?o冬半年东亚500 hPa位势高度为正距平、海平面气压为负距平,即东亚冬季风偏弱,阿留申及北美地区呈现出明显的类似PNA型的异常环流形势;La Ni?a冬半年东亚以至于北半球大气环流异常形势与El Ni?o的相反。同时资料分析也表明,在大多数El Ni?o（La Ni?a）爆发前东亚冬季风偏强（弱）。另外,功率谱分析结果表明,东亚冬季风有显著的3～5年和准2年的变化周期,这从另一方面说明了东亚冬季风的年际异常中包含有显著的ENSO信息。     

1997/1998年和2015/2016年两次强El Niño事件海表温度演化特征对比分析

El Ni?o现象是引发全球气候异常并可导致严重自然灾害的最主要因素之一。文章选取1997/1998年和2015/2016年El Ni?o事件为分析对象,利用全球海表温度资料,对比分析了两次El Ni?o事件的海表温度变化特征。结果表明,1997/1998年的El Ni?o事件海表温度暖异常中心温度超过3.0℃且范围较大,且暖中心位置偏东;2015/2016年El Ni?o事件海表温度暖异常中心温度则未超过2.5℃,且暖中心位置偏西。     

ENSO 年冬季北半球平流层大气环流异常特征分析

利用1957-2002年欧洲中心的再分析资料和Hadley气候预测和研究中心的全球海表温度资料,对ENSO年冬季的平流层环流进行了合成分析,分别从暖事件和冷事件年的温度场、高度场和风场,分析研究了平流层大气环流的异常特征.分析结果表明,对应El Ni(n)o年冬季,在赤道东太平洋的温度场、高度场和纬向风场都有由大气低层的正距平转变为平流层负距平的特征;与之相反,在El Ni(n)a年冬季,赤道东太平洋大气低层的负距平到了高层变为正距平.同时,在纬向平均垂直剖面图中, El Ni(n)o年冬季北半球高纬地区从对流层顶到平流层温度场和高度场为正距平,而La Ni(n)na年出现相反的情况.在热带平流层,El Ni(n)o年冬季高空纬向风场在50 hPa到15 hPa左右为负距平,从15 hPa到1 hPa为正距平;而El Ni(n)a年则相反.在El Ni(n)o年冬季100 hPa以上的北半球高纬度地区存在一个类偶极子结构的异常高度场和风场,El Ni(n)o年在极区主要为正距平,El Ni(n)a年在极区主要为负距平.     

北方涛动同北半球温带大气环流的遥相关(一)——基本结构

本文利用1951—1980年逐季的平均值资料(共120个季)讨论了北方涛动和与其相联系的北太平洋海温与北半球海平面气压场、500hPa位势高度场遥相关的基本结构,并与南方涛动和赤道东太平洋海温的结果进行了对比分析.发现北太平洋Namias海区和加利福尼亚海流区海温的变化与北方涛动具有很密切的联系;北方涛动和这两个海区的海温同北半球中高纬度大气环流特别是PNA型和NAO型环流异常存在明显的遥相关关系;南方涛动和赤道太平洋海温同WP型或NPO型环流异常关系比较密切,而与PNA型和NAO型的关系不如北方涛动和Namias海区及加利福尼亚海流区海温的显著.     

The Southern Oscillation / Northern Oscillation Cycle Associated with Sea Surface Temperature in the Equatorial Pacific

This paper analyzed the time evolution of the global 1000 hPa height anomalies related to the sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific by using ECMWF data in the period 1979-1988, in which two Pacific warm events, 1982/83 and 1986/787, are included. It is found that there are distinct evidences of eastward propagation of alternate positive / negative height anomalies not only in the tropical South Pacific but also in the tropical North Pacific. The former is associated with the Southern Oscillation (SO) and the latter is associated with the so-called Northern Oscillation (NO).It is noteworthy that the alternate positive / negative anomaly centers associated with SO and NO can be traced back to the middle and higher latitudes of the South Indian Ocean and the East Asian continent respectively, which may be significant for the understanding of the causes and mechanism of SO and NO and for the monitoring of ENSO.Furthermore, these evolution processes have a strong symmetry about the     

Seasonal prediction skill of ECMWF System 4 and NCEP CFSv2 retrospective forecast for the Northern Hemisphere Winter

The seasonal prediction skill for the Northern Hemisphere winter is assessed using retrospective predictions (1982–2010) from the ECMWF System 4 (Sys4) and National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) CFS version 2 (CFSv2) coupled atmosphere–ocean seasonal climate prediction systems. Sys4 shows a cold bias in the equatorial Pacific but a warm bias is found in the North Pacific and part of the North Atlantic. The CFSv2 has strong warm bias from the cold tongue region of the eastern Pacific to the equatorial central Pacific and cold bias in broad areas over the North Pacific and the North Atlantic. A cold bias in the Southern Hemisphere is common in both reforecasts. In addition, excessive precipitation is found in the equatorial Pacific, the equatorial Indian Ocean and the western Pacific in Sys4, and in the South Pacific, the southern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific in CFSv2. A dry bias is found for both modeling systems over South America and northern Australia. The mean prediction skill of 2 meter temperature (2mT) and precipitation anomalies are greater over the tropics than the extra-tropics and also greater over ocean than land. The prediction skill of tropical 2mT and precipitation is greater in strong El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) winters than in weak ENSO winters. Both models predict the year-to-year ENSO variation quite accurately, although sea surface temperature trend bias in CFSv2 over the tropical Pacific results in lower prediction skill for the CFSv2 relative to the Sys4. Both models capture the main ENSO teleconnection pattern of strong anomalies over the tropics, the North Pacific and the North America. However, both models have difficulty in forecasting the year-to-year winter temperature variability over the US and northern Europe.     

Interdecadal Variability of the ENSO–North Pacific Atmospheric Circulation in Winter

The interdecadal change in the relationship between the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific is investigated using both observational data and an atmospheric general circulation model. There are two prominent modes of winter mid-latitude atmospheric variability in the North Pacific: the West Pacific (WP) teleconnection and the Aleutian Low (AL). The relationship between ENSO and the WP-AL patterns changed notably around the late 1970s. From 1957 to 1975, during the mature phase of ENSO, significant sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) occurred, mainly in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean; the associated atmospheric circulation anomaly pattern resembles the negative phase of a WP teleconnection pattern. In contrast, for the 1978–2011 period, significant negative SSTAs were observed in the western and extratropical Pacific in both hemispheres, with some significant positive SSTAs appearing over the eastern Pacific. This is in agreement with the defined regions of a mega-ENSO, the associated atmospheric circulation anomaly pattern resembles the AL mode. Further analysis suggests that a negative–positive anomaly pattern in the 500?hPa geopotential height throughout the entire North Pacific, possibly enhanced by the SSTAs in the extratropical North Pacific associated with the mature phase of ENSO, is responsible for modulating the relationship between ENSO and the North Pacific atmospheric circulation.     

AIR-SEA COUPLING FEATURES FROM THE WARM PHASE TO THE COLD PHASE OF ENSO CYCLES IN THE SEVENTIES TO THE EIGHTIES*

Using the sea surface temperature and wind anomalies(SSTA and SSWA for short) of the tropical Pacific from January 1970 to December 1989,main spatial patterns of tropical Pacific SSTA and SSWA coupling features in the transform course from the warm phase to the cold phase of El Nino-southern Oscillation(ENSO) cycles are discussed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)air-sea coupling patterns at the mature stage of El Nino(La Nina) are main spatial ones of tropical Pacific SSWA and SSTA coupling:(2)at the mature stage of El Nino,the interaction of the anticyclonic anomaly wind,generated by the forcing of distinct meridional SSTA gradient in the Northern Hemisphere tropical central Pacific.with the California cold current and SSTA is mainly responsible for weakening of El Nino;(3)the second sea temperature increase along the South American coast in the decaying course of El Nino results from the eastward movement of the weakened positive SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific forced by anomalous west wind stress:(4)La Nina results from the joint effect of Walker circulation,Ekman drift and negative SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific.     

Interdecadal Modulation of AMO on the Winter North Pacific Oscillation-Following Winter ENSO Relationship

It is known that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) is an important extratropical forcing for the occurrence of an El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event in the subsequent winter via the “seasonal footprinting mechanism” (SFM). This study reveals that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) can notably modulate the relationship between the winter NPO and the following winter ENSO. During the negative AMO phase, the winter NPO has significant impacts on the following winter ENSO via the SFM. In contrast, the influence of the winter NPO on ENSO is not robust at all during the positive AMO phase. Winter NPO-generated westerly wind anomalies over the equatorial western Pacific during the following spring are much stronger during negative than positive AMO phases. It is suggested that the AMO impacts the winter NPO-induced equatorial westerly winds over the western Pacific via modulating the precipitation climatology over the tropical central Pacific and via modulating the connection of the winter NPO with spring sea surface temperature in the tropical North Atlantic.     

STUDY ON THE QUASI-FOUR YEAR OSCILLATION OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION

Complex Singular Value Decomposition(CSVD)analysis technique was applied to study theQuasi Four year Oscillation(QFO)of air sea interaction and its coupled pattern evolution duringdifferent phases.Results show that:(1)CSVD method can better reveal phase relation betweentwo physical fields:(2)Not only northerly anomalies from Northern Hemisphere but alsosoutherly anomalies from Southern Hemisphere contribute to EI Nino.They converge in westernequatorial Pacific,leading to outburst of strong equatorial westerly anomalies,and result in strongEl Nino event onset:(3)An abnormal subtropical anticyclone circulation appears overnorthwestern Pacific while El Nino developing.It favors transitions from the warm SST(EINino)to the cold SST(La Nina),just as the tropical westerly anomalies produced by abnormalcyclone during a decaying La Nina.which encourage the development of El Nino:(4)Thewesterly anomalies in equatorial Pacific are mainly induced by eastward abnormal subtropicalcyclone pairs,which are located in north and south Pacific respectively,and are not the eastwardwesterly anomalies from equatorial Indian Ocean.     

CMIP5模式对春季北极涛动影响后期冬季ENSO不对称性的模拟能力分析

根据观测资料的研究指出春季北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation, AO)对随后冬季厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino–Southern Oscillation, ENSO)的影响具有明显不对称性。春季AO处于正位相时,它对随后冬季厄尔尼诺(El Nino)事件的影响显著,然而春季AO负位相对随后冬季拉尼娜(La Nina)的影响不明显。本研究分析了30个来自CMIP5的耦合模式对春季AO与随后冬季ENSO不对称性关系的模拟能力。30个CMIP5耦合模式中,只有CNRM-CM5和GISS-E2-H-CC模式能较好地抓住春季AO与冬季ENSO的联系。进一步分析这两个模式中春季AO与冬季ENSO的不对称性关系,发现CNRM-CM5模式能较好地再现春季AO与冬季ENSO的非对称关系,即春季AO正(负)位相会导致赤道中东太平洋出现El Nino(La Nina)型海表温度增暖(冷却)。然而,GISS-E2-H-CC模式的模拟结果显示,春季AO对随后冬季ENSO的影响是对称的。本文随后解释了CNRM-CM5(GISS-E2-H-CC)模式能(不能)模拟出春季AO与冬季ENSO不对称关系的原因。对于CNRMCM5模式,在春季AO正位相年,副热带西北太平洋上空存在明显的异常气旋和正降水异常,正降水异常通过Gill型大气响应对赤道西太平洋异常西风的形成和维持起着重要作用,异常西风通过激发向东传播的暖赤道Kelvin波对随后冬季El Nino事件的发生产生显著的影响;然而,在春季AO负位相年,副热带北太平洋的异常反气旋和负降水异常较弱,导致赤道西太平洋的异常东风不明显,因此,春季AO负异常对随后冬季La Nina的影响不显著。所以,CNRM-CM5模式能够较好地抓住春季AO对随后冬季ENSO事件的非对称性影响。相比之下,对于GISS-E2-H-CC模式,春季AO正(负)位相年副热带西北太平洋上存在显著的正(负)降水异常,通过Gill型大气响应在赤道西太平洋激发出明显的异常西(东)风从而影响随后冬季的El Nino(La Nina)事件。因此,在GISS-E2-H-CC模式中,春季AO对随后冬季ENSO具有对称性影响。另外,模式捕捉春季AO对随后冬季ENSO非对称性影响的能力与模式对春季AO空间结构的模拟能力有一定的联系。     

STUDY ON THE QUASI-FOUR YEAR OSCILLATION OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION*

Complex Singular Value Decomposition(CSVD)analysis technique was applied to study the Quasi Four year Oscillation(QFO)of air sea interaction and its coupled pattern evolution during different phases.Results show that:(1)CSVD method can better reveal phase relation between two physical fields:(2)Not only northerly anomalies from Northern Hemisphere but also southerly anomalies from Southern Hemisphere contribute to EI Nino.They converge in western equatorial Pacific,leading to outburst of strong equatorial westerly anomalies,and result in strong El Nino event onset:(3)An abnormal subtropical anticyclone circulation appears over northwestern Pacific while El Nino developing.It favors transitions from the warm SST(EINino)to the cold SST(La Nina),just as the tropical westerly anomalies produced by abnormal cyclone during a decaying La Nina.which encourage the development of El Nino:(4)The westerly anomalies in equatorial Pacific are mainly induced by eastward abnormal subtropical cyclone pairs,which are located in north and south Pacific respectively,and are not the eastward westerly anomalies from equatorial Indian Ocean.     

AIR-SEA COUPLING FEATURES FROM THE WARM PHASE TO THE COLD PHASE OF ENSO CYCLES IN THE SEVENTIES TO THE EIGHTIES

Using the sea surface temperature and wind anomalies(SSTA and SSWA for short)of thetropical Pacific from January 1970 to December 1989,main spatial patterns of tropical PacificSSTA and SSWA coupling features in the transform course from the warm phase to the cold phaseof El Nino-southern Oscillation(ENSO)cycles are discussed.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)air-sea coupling patterns at the mature stage of ElNino(La Nina)are main spatial ones of tropical Pacific SSWA and SSTA coupling:(2)at themature stage of El Nino,the interaction of the anticyclonic anomaly wind,generated by the forcingof distinct meridional SSTA gradient in the Northern Hemisphere tropical central Pacific.with theCalifornia cold current and SSTA is mainly responsible for weakening of El Nino;(3)the secondsea temperature increase along the South American coast in the decaying course of El Nino resultsfrom the eastward movement of the weakened positive SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacificforced by anomalous west wind stress:(4)La Nina results from the joint effect of Walkercirculation,Ekman drift and negative SSTA in the tropical central-eastern Pacific.