Internal Carotid Artery Reconstruction Using Multiple Fenestrated Clips for Complete Occlusion of Large Paraclinoid Aneurysms

Objective

Although surgical techniques for clipping paraclinoid aneurysms have evolved significantly in recent times, direct microsurgical clipping of large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms remains a formidable surgical challenge. We review here our surgical experiences in direct surgical clipping of large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms, especially in dealing with anterior clinoidectomy, distal dural ring resection, optic canal unroofing, clipping techniques, and surgical complications.

Methods

Between September 2001 and February 2012, we directly obliterated ten large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms. In all cases, tailored orbito-zygomatic craniotomies with extradural and/or intradural clinoidectomy were performed. The efficacy of surgical clipping was evaluated with postoperative digital subtraction angiography and computed tomographic angiography.

Results

Of the ten cases reported, five each were of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Five aneurysms occurred in the carotid cave, two in the superior hypophyseal artery, two in the intracavernous, and one in the posterior wall. The mean diameter of the aneurysms sac was 18.8 mm in the greatest dimension. All large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms were obliterated with direct neck clipping without bypass. With the exception of the one intracavenous aneurysm, all large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms were occluded completely.

Conclusion

The key features of successful surgical clipping of large and giant paraclinoid aneurysms include enhancing exposure of proximal neck of aneurysms, establishing proximal control, and completely obliterating aneurysms with minimal manipulation of the optic nerve. Our results suggest that internal carotid artery reconstruction using multiple fenestrated clips without bypass may potentially achieve complete occlusion of large paraclinoid aneurysms.     

Microsurgical treatment of large and giant paraclinoid carotid aneurysms using a revised endovascular suction decompression technique with Invatec Mo.Ma device

Endovascular retrograde suction decompression (RSD) with balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery is helpful to facilitate clipping large and giant paraclinoid carotid aneurysms. The authors reported a revised endovascular technique without internal carotid access using Mo.Ma device and analyzed its feasibility. In the series, 15 consecutive patients harboring 15 large and giant paraclinoid carotid aneurysms were clipped with assistance of this revised RSD technique. The technical feasibility of the procedure, procedure-related complications, angiographic results, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Technical success was achieved in 14 patients with aneurysm neck clipping and internal carotid artery (ICA) patent. No complication related to this endovascular technique occurred. At follow-up (mean time 15.3 months), the modified Rankin Scale score was excellent in 11 patients, good in two patients and poor in one patient. Their preliminary experience indicates that revised retrograde suction decompression technique with Mo.Ma device seems effective and safe in the surgical treatment of large and giant paraclinoid ICA aneurysms.     

床突旁颈内动脉瘤的手术治疗

探讨床突旁动脉瘤的分型，以及各型的手术特点，以提高该动脉瘤的手术疗效。回顾性分析ｐ－ＩＣＡＡ１８例，其中颈眼动脉型７例；垂体上动脉型７例；颈内动脉腹侧型４例。手术方法包括动动脉瘤夹闭术１３例交；动脉瘤孤立术３例；夹闭＋包裹术２例；颈总动有吉轧＋动脉瘤包裹１例。     

Intraoperative indocyanine green angiography in intracranial aneurysm surgery: Microsurgical clipping and revascularization

Background

The goal of this report is to illustrate the use of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) angiography in the surgical management of intracranial aneurysms, including microsurgical clipping and revascularization.

Methods

This study included a series of 45 patients who were surgically treated between June 2007 and May 2008 for intracranial aneurysms. Fourty-three of the patients had anterior circulation aneurysms, and 2 had posterior circulation aneurysms. Forty-one patients were treated with microsurgical clipping. Four patients underwent revascularization combined with aneurysm dissection or trapping. Intraoperative ICG angiography was used to visualize the aneurysm clipping, patency of parent artery or graft. The ICG angiography technique is described, with particular reference to evaluation of the aneurysm clipping and revascularization.

Results

Eighty-nine ICG angiography procedures were performed in 45 patients with intracranial aneurysms. The aneurysms were completely obliterated for all patients, and the grafts were patented for all except 1 patient. Pre-clipping ICG angiography showed the relationship of aneurysm and its parent artery clearly. After aneurysms being clipped, intraoperative ICG angiography found remnant of aneurysms, stenosis or occlusion of parent arteries and grafts in 8 cases, which were revised in the same surgical procedure. The results of ICG angiography correlated well with postoperative DSA in 97% patients.

Conclusion

ICG angiography can provide real-time information and guide revision in the same surgical procedure for the management of intracranial aneurysms.     

后交通动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 总结显微手术治疗后交通动脉瘤的经验.方法 回顾性分析108例后交通动脉瘤病人的临床资料,采用翼点入路显微手术治疗,行瘤颈夹闭术107例,动脉瘤包裹术1例.瘤颈夹闭后术中常规切开瘤体并行吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影.结果 动脉瘤颈完全夹闭107例,动脉瘤包裹1例.术中动脉瘤破裂18例.术前脑积水11例,术后改善6例,无明显改善5例.术后GOS评分:4～5分93例,2～3分11例,1分(死亡)4例.84例获随访6～12个月,无动脉瘤残留及复发.结论 显微手术是治疗后交通动脉瘤的理想方法,术中常规切开瘤体并行吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影可有效判断夹闭效果.     

Clinical and radiological findings and surgical management of ruptured aneurysms at the non-branching sites of the internal carotid artery

Ruptured aneurysms located at the non-branching sites of the internal carotid artery, including blister-like aneurysms, possess unique clinical and technical features. This report presents nine consecutively managed patients with these types of aneurysm, detailing the clinical and radiological characteristics and surgical outcomes. The initial angiography identified aneurysmal lesions in six of the nine patients with two of these patients requiring additional three-dimensional (3D) angiography. In three patients the aneurysm was only diagnosed on second or third angiograms. Six patients had blister-like aneurysms, and two had saccular-shaped aneurysms diagnosed on the basis of intraoperative findings. One patient with a saccular aneurysm died without surgery. Eight patients underwent a microsurgical procedure: clipping in five, clipping on wrapping with suturing in two and trapping in one. Three of these eight patients had an intraoperative rupture. A favorable outcome was obtained in seven patients. Advances in microsurgical techniques to prevent premature rupture and 3D radiological diagnosis with careful pre-operative consideration of the surgical strategies will be required for a further improvement of the clinical outcome.     

颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗

目的:报告我院1986年元月至1996年12月以显微手术治愈颅内动脉瘤36例。方法:均经头颅计算机体层摄影(CT)、脑血管造影或数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,除1例海绵窦段动脉瘤行颈内动脉“放风筝”栓塞,其余35例均行Yasargil翼点开顿手术治疗。在显微镜下行动脉瘤夹闭33例,2例巨大动脉瘤先行结扎再切除。结果:本组36例痊愈35例,良好1例,无1例死亡。结论:颅内动脉瘤经Yasargil翼点开颅显微手术夹闭是一种安全、有效的方法。对顿内巨大动脉瘤先结扎瘤颈后切除也是可行的。     

颞下入路显微外科治疗大脑后动脉P2段动脉瘤

目的 总结1998-2008年以来治疗的10例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的手术治疗经验及临床效果.方法 10例患者均行颞下入路,其中2例联合翼点入路.8例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,2例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立术.结果 手术治疗的10例患者9例术后恢复良好,1例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲,经高压氧治疗3周后恢复.结论 P2段动脉瘤有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.对于有经验的医师,颞下入路是相对简便、快速和安全的手术入人路.     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例（13个动脉瘤）,包裹2例（2个动脉瘤）,术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月（平均5个月）,均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例(13个动脉瘤),包裹2例(2个动脉瘤),术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月(平均5个月),均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

Analysis of Clip-induced Ischemic Complication of Anterior Choroidal Artery Aneurysms

Objective

The surgical approach is typically similar to those used for other supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) lesions. However, the surgical clipping of this aneurysm is complicated and as a result, can result in postoperative ischemic complications. We studied to clarify the clip-induced ischemic complication risk of AChA aneurysm and to get the benefits for helping decision making.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 53 cases (4.0%) of AchA aneurysm treated surgically. We divided the AChA aneurysm to 3 subtype according to the origin of aneurysmal neck; A type originating from the AChA itself, J type from junction of AChA and ICA, and I type from the ICA itself. We evaluated brain CT about 1 week post-operative day to confirm the low density in AChA territory.

Results

Ruptured aneurysm was 26 cases and unruptured aneurysm 27 cases. The aneurysmal subtype of A, J, and I was 13, 17, and 23 cases. Of the 53 cases who performed surgical neck clipping, twelve (22.6%) had postoperative AChA distribution infarcts. Increased infarct after neck clipping had statistic significance in non-I subtype (p=0.005).

Conclusion

It is easy to classify as "easy" surgery. But surgery for AChA aneurysms carries with it a significant risk of postoperative stroke. Don''t always stick to clipping only, especially in non-I type of incidental small aneurysm, which has high risk of post-clip ischemic complications.     

Assessment of long-term results of intracranial aneurysm clipping by means of computed tomography angiography

Background and purposeThe aim of this retrospective study was to assess the effectiveness of aneurysm clipping by computed tomography angiography (CTA) in a long-term follow-up.Material and methodsThe CTA examination was performed in 119 patients who had 143 aneurysms clipped. The examinations were performed 3 to 11 years (mean 6 years) after clipping using a GE Lightspeed PRO16 scanner.ResultsIn all cases but one, good quality CTA images, suitable for evaluation of the arteries around the clip site, were obtained. Complete aneurysm closure without neck remnant or regrowth was confirmed in 137 (96%) aneurysms. In 4 (3%) cases, neck remnants were detected (2 on the anterior communicating artery [AComA] and 2 on the middle cerebral artery [MCA]). A total clip slippage from the aneurysm dome was revealed in 1 case. One case of aneurysm re-rupture was noted, 11 years after clipping. The rebleeding was caused by AComA aneurysm regrowth. Among these 6 patients with unsatisfactory clipping, 2 required further treatment and 4 remain under observation. Nineteen ‘de novo’ aneurysms in other locations were found in 14 (12%) patients. Summing up all of the pathological findings in the study group, there were 18 (15%) patients who needed further management including close surveillance or re-treatment.ConclusionsComputed tomography angiography is a simple and reliable method of aneurysm clipping evaluation. The long-term follow-up CTA confirmed the permanent and complete obliteration of 96% of the aneurysms. The rate of unsatisfactory aneurysm closure was 4%, but only 1.4% needed re-treatment during a mean follow-up of 6 years. The annual risk of aneurysm re-rupture was 0.1%.     

CT血管造影在脑动脉瘤手术和栓塞中的价值

目的评估CT血管造影(CTA)在脑动脉瘤(AN)手术和栓塞中的临床价值.方法回顾211例行CTA检查并进行了手术或栓塞治疗的AN,196例患者同期接受了数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查.所有患者根据CTA的结果确定治疗方案和指导手术或栓塞的进行.结果 7例CTA出现技术性失误,其余CTA影像均被手术或栓塞所证实.CTA发现了DSA漏诊的2例小型AN.CTA提供的AN的部位、瘤体、瘤颈、瘤体/瘤颈比等参数,有利于早期确定治疗方案.66例行夹闭术,依据CTA所模拟的手术入路影像均可顺利找到AN,CTA能有效地提供AN与载瘤动脉、周围分支及颅底骨结构之间的三维关系信息.145例行栓塞治疗,CTA的结果均被DSA所证实,对前交通、基底动脉顶端AN,CTA均准确指导导引导管进入的方向,能清晰显示瘤颈的投射角度和瘤体瘤颈比,辅助确定工作角度和是否需要支架植入.结论 CTA有助于AN治疗方案地迅速确定,为早期治疗提供确切依据和指导信息,对AN手术或栓塞具有重要的价值.     

颅内动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的总结显微外科手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法和效果。方法回顾性分析我院302例经显微手术治疗的颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果302例手术患者中，有252例行瘤颈夹闭术，19例行夹闭后瘤体切除术，24例行包裹加固术，7例行孤立手术。术后根据GOS评分，治疗效果良好者258例（85．4％），效果不佳者25例（8．3％），死亡19例（6．3％）。结论颅内动脉瘤一旦诊断明确，应尽早手术以防其破裂出血。充分开放脑池和正确夹闭动脉瘤颈是手术成功的关键，积极预防脑血管痉挛可显著降低患者的致残率和死亡率。     

覆膜支架血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤:附九例报告

目的探讨覆膜支架治疗颅内动脉瘤的适应证和临床疗效。方法经脑血管造影检查明确诊断的9例颅内动脉瘤患者(4例颈内动脉海绵窦段宽颈动脉瘤未破裂、5例椎动脉颅内段梭形或夹层动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下隙出血),动脉瘤直径4～16mm,均接受Jostent覆膜支架治疗。结果共计植入9枚Jostent覆膜支架,均获技术成功,支架顺利到达病变部位且释放后动脉瘤颈即刻覆盖完全,动脉瘤不显影,载瘤动脉血流通畅,达到即刻影像学满意效果。随访9～24个月,5例患者(2例颈内动脉、3例椎动脉)脑血管造影检查颈内动脉支架段血流通畅、无狭窄(2例),椎动脉支架段血管呈无症状性闭塞(2例)或支架内轻度狭窄(1例),动脉瘤均未显影;其余4例未行脑血管造影患者门诊随访。9例患者手术后均恢复正常生活与工作,无一例死亡或永久性病残。结论覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段宽颈大动脉瘤、椎动脉颅内段梭形或夹层动脉瘤疗效较好,值得在有手术适应证的患者中推荐使用。     

大脑后动脉第2段动脉瘤

目的对本院1990年以来治疗的11例大脑后动脉第2段(P2段)动脉瘤的临床和手术处理进行回顾性分析.方法 11例患者中,10例行手术治疗,其中6例经颞下入路、4例经翼点入路.5例行动脉瘤瘤颈夹闭或塑形夹闭并保留载瘤动脉通畅,5例巨大动脉瘤行动脉瘤孤立切除术;另l例行血管内弹簧栓栓塞术.结果手术治疗的10例患者8例术后恢复良好;其中包括5例动脉瘤夹闭者以及3例动脉瘤孤立者,另外2例动脉瘤孤立术后发生大脑后动脉供血区脑组织缺血性梗死,出现暂时性轻偏瘫和同向性偏盲.l例动脉瘤血管内栓塞术后动脉瘤消失,载瘤动脉通畅,恢复良好.结论 P2段动脉瘤多见于年轻人,有形成巨大动脉瘤的倾向.手术以经翼点入路和颞下入路显露为主,对必需行动脉瘤孤立者可行载瘤动脉重建以避免出现缺血性脑损害.     

Development of 'De novo' Aneurysm after Therapeutic Carotid Occlusion

Carotid occlusion is an inevitable therapeutic modality for the treatment of complex aneurysms such as giant, traumatic, and intracavernous aneurysms. Late complications of carotid occlusion include ''de novo'' aneurysm formation at a distant site because of hemodynamic changes in the circle of Willis. We report a case of de novo aneurysm in a vessel that appeared to be normal on initial angiography. The patient developed an anterior communicating artery aneurysm and marked growth of a basilar bifurcation aneurysm 9 years after trapping of the left internal carotid artery for the treatment of a ruptured large saccular aneurysm involving ophthalmic and cavernous segments. We propose that patients who undergo therapeutic carotid occlusion should be periodically followed by magnetic resonance angiography or computed tomographic angiography to evaluate the possibility of de novo aneurysm formation; this advice is in line with previous reports.     

Evaluation of the angiographic outcomes after clipping of intracranial aneurysms: determination of predisposing factors for occurrence of aneurysm remnants

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Aneurysm remnants after microsurgical clipping have a risk of regrowth and rupture and have not been validated in the era of three-dimensional angiography. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the angiographic outcome using three-dimensional rotational images and determine the predictors for remnants after microsurgical clipping.

Methods: Between January 2014 and May 2017, 139 aneurysms in 106 patients who were treated with microsurgical clipping, were eligible for this study. For the determination of aneurysm remnants after microsurgical clipping, the angiographic outcomes were evaluated using follow-up digital subtraction angiography within 7 days for unruptured aneurysms or within 2 weeks for ruptured aneurysms. According to the Sindou classification, the aneurysm remnants were dichotomized, and subgroup analysis was performed to identify the predictors of aneurysm remnants after clipping with various imaging parameters and clinical information.

Results: The overall rate of aneurysm remnants was 29.5% (41/139), in which retreatments were needed in 6.5% (9/139). The neck size and maximum diameter of aneurysms were independent predisposing factors for the aneurysm remnants that need retreatment (OR: 2.30; p < 0.001; OR: 1.38; p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated a low incidence of aneurysm remnants after microsurgical clipping which need to retreatment. However, selective postoperative angiography could provide us clear information of surgical result and evidence for long-term follow-up for some aneurysms with larger neck size (>5.7 mm) and maximum diameter (>7.1 mm).     

Pitfall in clipping of unruptured cerebral aneurysms: narrowing of the parent artery

Abstract

Two patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms are presentedwho were complicated by transient ischaemic neurological deficits after seemingly uneventful neck clipping. Postoperative angiography disclosed narrowing of the parent arteries. Arteriosclerotic thickening of the wall of the aneurysmal neck and the parent artery was presumed to be the cause of the narrowing. To minimize the operative morbidity in patients with unruptured aneurysms, the possibility of this phenomenon should always be borne in mind. Neck clipping procedures avoiding this pitfall are discussed. [Neurol Res 1993; 15: 56-58]     

后循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨后循环动脉瘤手术适应证和治疗效果.方法 纳入42例共44个后循环动脉瘤,包括基底动脉动脉瘤26例(27个)、椎动脉动脉瘤16例(17个).其中15例分别行颈外动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(4例)、颈内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、颌内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、椎动脉颅内外段(2例)、枕动脉.小脑后下小动脉(5例)搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术;余27例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术.结果 经随访共37例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤14例、基底动脉主干动脉瘤3例、椎动脉动脉瘤9例、小脑后下动脉动脉瘤5例、大脑后动脉P1～P2段交界处动脉瘤4例、小脑上动脉动脉瘤l例和小脑前下动脉动脉瘤1例)患者恢复正常生活活动能力,无一例发生手术相关性神经功能障碍,恢复良好率达88.09%.其余5例患者,1例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤)术后出现严重神经功能缺损症状与体征,生活不能自理;2例(1例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤、1例基底动脉主干动脉瘤)因术后发生脑干缺血,围手术期死亡;2例(椎动脉动脉瘤)复发患者经再次治疗康复.结论 对于不宜直接行手术夹闭的后循环动脉瘤,为了避免因夹闭动脉瘤和延长临时阻断载瘤动脉时间而发生术后脑缺血事件.可选择颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术,以避免动脉瘤夹闭术带来的危险.