Video watermarking using wavelet transform and tensor algebra

We present a robust, hybrid non-blind MPEG video watermarking technique based on a high-order tensor singular value decomposition and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The core idea behind our proposed technique is to use the scene change analysis to embed the watermark repeatedly into the singular values of high-order tensors computed form the DWT coefficients of selected frames of each scene. Experimental results on video sequences are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of perceptual invisibility and robustness against attacks.     

基于QDCT和HVS的双彩色图像水印算法

针对水印中信息容量、不可见性和鲁棒性相互制约的问题,文中提出了一种基于QDCT和HVS的双彩色图像水印算法。该算法首先将彩色载体图像和彩色水印图像进行QDCT;然后根据HVS的特性决定水印信息的嵌入位置与嵌入强度,并结合广义Arnold变换和冗余嵌入策略, 将水印QDCT系数嵌入到载体图像QDCT系数的实部和虚部。实验结果表明,通过该算法嵌入水印后的彩色图像在PSNR为35 dB时,在常见攻击下提取出的水印大部分NC值高于0.95,水印信息具有更好的不可见性与鲁棒性。     

一种基于混沌变换的关系数据库水印算法

提出一种基于混沌变换的关系数据库水印算法,将混沌变换引入数据库水印处理,根据数值属性权重的不同嵌入水印。将水印算法与混沌理论相结合,隐蔽性更强,提高了水印的不可见性,同时水印检测是一个盲检测过程,实验表明,该算法具有较强的鲁棒性和良好的不可见性     

Watermarking scheme of colour image based on chaotic sequences

The proposed perceptual mask is based on the singularity of cover image and matches very well with the properties of the human visual system. The cover colour image is decomposed into several subbands by the wavelet transform. The watermark composed of chaotic sequence and the covert image is embedded into the subband with the largest energy. The chaos system plays an important role in the security invisibility and robustness of the proposed scheme. The parameter and initial state of chaos system can directly influence the generation of watermark information as a key. Moreover, the watermark information has the property of spread spectrum signal by chaotic sequence to improve the invisibility and security of watermarked image. Experimental results and comparisons with other watermarking techniques prove that the proposed algorithm is effective and feasible, and improves the security, invisibility and robustness of watermarking information.     

A robust image watermarking technique based on quantization noise visibility thresholds

A tremendous amount of digital multimedia data is broadcasted daily over the internet. Since digital data can be very quickly and easily duplicated, intellectual property right protection techniques have become important and first appeared about fifty years ago (see [I.J. Cox, M.L. Miller, The First 50 Years of Electronic Watermarking, EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process. 2 (2002) 126–132. [52]] for an extended review). Digital watermarking was born. Since its inception, many watermarking techniques have appeared, in all possible transformed spaces. However, an important lack in watermarking literature concerns the human visual system models. Several human visual system (HVS) model based watermarking techniques were designed in the late 1990's. Due to the weak robustness results, especially concerning geometrical distortions, the interest in such studies has reduced. In this paper, we intend to take advantage of recent advances in HVS models and watermarking techniques to revisit this issue. We will demonstrate that it is possible to resist too many attacks, including geometrical distortions, in HVS based watermarking algorithms. The perceptual model used here takes into account advanced features of the HVS identified from psychophysics experiments conducted in our laboratory. This model has been successfully applied in quality assessment and image coding schemes M. Carnec, P. Le Callet, D. Barba, An image quality assessment method based on perception of structural information, IEEE Internat. Conf. Image Process. 3 (2003) 185–188, N. Bekkat, A. Saadane, D. Barba, Masking effects in the quality assessment of coded images, in: SPIE Human Vision and Electronic Imaging V, 3959 (2000) 211–219. In this paper the human visual system model is used to create a perceptual mask in order to optimize the watermark strength. The optimal watermark obtained satisfies both invisibility and robustness requirements. Contrary to most watermarking schemes using advanced perceptual masks, in order to best thwart the de-synchronization problem induced by geometrical distortions, we propose here a Fourier domain embedding and detection technique optimizing the amplitude of the watermark. Finally, the robustness of the scheme obtained is assessed against all attacks provided by the Stirmark benchmark. This work proposes a new digital rights management technique using an advanced human visual system model that is able to resist various kind of attacks including many geometrical distortions.     

图像在Chirp-Fourier域的能量分布与Chirp水印算法研究

分析了图像在Chirp-Fourier域的能量分布,给出空域Chirp水印嵌入参数选取与Chirp-Fourier域水印检测时的处理方法。仿真结果表明,按照给出的参数嵌入水印,水印算法的透明性好,检测快,对常见的图像处理鲁棒性较强。     

一种基于迭代映射和图像内容的自适应水印算法

提出了一种新颖的基于迭代映射和图像内容的自适应水印算法。该算法将图像分割为互不重叠的图像块,利用分形维数分析图像块内容,选出反映图像自身特征的边缘和纹理区域。再根据图像块内部以及相邻图像块之间的方差特性将所选的特征区域细分为边缘、弱纹理和强纹理。对选取的特征块进行离散余弦变换并将经过迭代映射置乱预处理的灰度数字水印以不同的强度自适应地嵌入到中频系数中。实验结果表明该算法透明性好,安全性高,对剪切、低通和高通滤波、添加噪声和纹理以及JPEG压缩等具有较强的顽健性。     

基于直方图平移的医学图像可逆水印算法

结合医学图像特点,提出一种基于分块的灰度直方图平移水印算法.首先构建图像的灰度直方图,寻找峰值点和零值点;然后对图像分块,根据图像块的特点设定标志位;最后在指定的图像块内通过直方图变换来嵌入水印.实验结果表明,该算法不仅可以实现可逆水印,而且水印不可见性较好,嵌入容量较高,算法复杂度较低.该算法可以应用到信息隐藏、图像认证、隐秘传输等安全领域.     

A combined just noticeable distortion model�Cguided image watermarking

Perceptual watermarking should take full advantage of the results from human visual system (HVS) studies. Just noticeable distortion (JND), which refers to the maximum distortion that the HVS does not perceive, gives us a way to model the HVS accurately. In this paper, we exploit a combined JND model, which represents an additional, accurate, perceptual visibility threshold profile to guide watermarking for digital images. The combined JND model-guided watermarking scheme, where visual models are fully used to determine image-dependent upper bounds on watermark insertion, allows us to provide the maximum strength transparent watermark. Experimental results confirm the improved performance of our combined JND model. Our combined JND model is capable of yielding higher injected-watermark energy without introducing noticeable distortion to the original image and outperforms the relevant existing visual models. Simulation results show that the proposed JND model-guided image watermarking scheme is more robust than other algorithms based on the relevant existing perceptual models while retaining the watermark transparency. At the same time, the proposed combined JND model has much lower computational complexity compared with the relevant existing perceptual models.     

基于小波和余弦变换组合的图像水印方案

数字水印作为数字媒体版权保护的有效手段,近几年来在国际上引起了人们极大的兴趣.本文针对数字图像水印进行了研究,提出了一个基于离散小波变换和离散余弦变换组合的图像水印新方案.实验结果表明,该水印方案很好地体现了图像水印的鲁棒性和不可视性间的统一,在相同的水印图像质量条件下,对常规的图像处理和噪声干扰比其它图像水印方案具有更好的鲁棒性.     

Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video

The growth of new imaging technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images and video. One approach for copyright protection is to introduce an invisible signal, known as a digital watermark, into an image or video sequence. In this paper, we describe digital watermarking techniques, known as perceptually based watermarks, that are designed to exploit aspects of the the human visual system in order to provide a transparent (invisible), yet robust watermark. In the most general sense, any watermarking technique that attempts to incorporate an invisible mark into an image is perceptually based. However, in order to provide transparency and robustness to attack, two conflicting requirements from a signal processing perspective, more sophisticated use of perceptual information in the watermarking process is required. We describe watermarking techniques ranging from simple schemes which incorporate common-sense rules in using perceptual information in the watermarking process, to more elaborate schemes which adapt to local image characteristics based on more formal perceptual models. This review is not meant to be exhaustive; its aim is to provide the reader with an understanding of how the techniques have been evolving as the requirements and applications become better defined     

Quantisation-based video watermarking in the wavelet domain with spatial and temporal redundancy

In this article we introduce a new public digital watermarking technique for video copyright protection working in the discrete wavelet transform domain. The scheme uses binary images as watermarks. These are embedded in the detail wavelet coefficients of the middle wavelet sub-bands. The method is a combination of spread spectrum and quantisation-based watermarking. Every bit of the watermark is spread over a number of wavelet coefficients with the use of a secret key. The resilience of the watermarking algorithm was tested against a series of eight different attacks using different videos. To improve the resilience of the algorithm we use error correction codes and embed the watermark with spatial and temporal redundancy. The proposed method achieves a very good perceptual quality with mean peak signal-to-noise ratio values of the watermarked videos of more than 40 dB and high resistance to a large spectrum of attacks.     

A wavelet-based watermarking algorithm for ownership verificationof digital images

Access to multimedia data has become much easier due to the rapid growth of the Internet. While this is usually considered an improvement of everyday life, it also makes unauthorized copying and distributing of multimedia data much easier, therefore presenting a challenge in the field of copyright protection. Digital watermarking, which is inserting copyright information into the data, has been proposed to solve the problem. In this paper, we first discuss the features that a practical digital watermarking system for ownership verification requires. Besides perceptual invisibility and robustness, we claim that the private control of the watermark is also very important. Second, we present a novel wavelet-based watermarking algorithm. Experimental results and analysis are then given to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is effective and can be used in a practical system.     

Restoration of polarimetric SAR images using simulated annealing

Filtering synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images ideally results in better estimates of the parameters characterizing the distributed targets in the images while preserving the structures of the nondistributed targets. However, these objectives are normally conflicting, often leading to a filtering approach favoring one of the objectives. An algorithm for estimating the radar cross-section (RCS) for intensity SAR images has previously been proposed in the literature based on Markov random fields and the stochastic optimization method simulated annealing. A new version of the algorithm is presented applicable to multilook polarimetric SAR images, resulting in an estimate of the mean covariance matrix rather than the RCS. Small windows are applied in the filtering, and due to the iterative nature of the approach, reasonable estimates of the polarimetric quantities characterizing the distributed targets are obtained while at the same time preserving most of the structures in the image. The algorithm is evaluated using multilook polarimetric L-band data from the Danish airborne EMISAR system, and the impact of the algorithm on the unsupervised H-α classification is demonstrated     

基于信息理论与感官特性的数字水印实现

提出了一种将信息理论和感官特性相结合的数字水印空间实现方法,该方法通过感官特性在图像空间中自适应设置数字水印的相关参数.考虑高斯信道传输时信息理论的容量,系统建立了图像空间和水印空间的影射关系,实现了水印系统应用时的理论容载、鲁棒性和人类感官之间的一种平衡关系.     

语音识别说话人自适应研究现状及发展趋势

说话人自适应是提高非特定人语音识别系统识别性能的有效手段.本文介绍了说话人自适应研究的现状,包括自适应的不同方式和不同算法,并详细介绍了目前应用最为广泛的MLLR算法和MAP算法.本文还给出了对说话人自适应研究发展趋势的预测.     

A visible watermarking algorithm based on the content and contrast aware (COCOA) technique

A novel visible watermarking algorithm based on the content and contrast aware (COCOA) technique with the consideration of Human Visual System (HVS) model is presented in this study. In order to determine the optimal watermark locations and strength at the watermark embedding stage, the COCOA visible watermarking utilizes the global and local characteristics of the host and watermark images in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain. To achieve the best tradeoff between the embedding energy of watermark and the perceptual translucence, the utilization of contrast–sensitive function, noise visible function of perceptual model, and the basis function amplitudes of DWT coefficients are fine tuned, for the best quality of perceptual translucence and noise reduction of the COCOA algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that COCOA technique not only provides high PSNR values for the watermarked images, but also preserves the watermark visibility under various signal processing operations, especially the watermark removal attack.     

Road detection in spaceborne SAR images using a genetic algorithm

This paper presents a technique for the detection of roads in a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image using a genetic algorithm (GA). Roads in a spaceborne SAR image can be modeled as curvilinear structures that possess width. Curve segments, which represent the candidate positions for roads, are extracted from the image using a curvilinear structure detector, and the roads are accurately detected by grouping those curve segments. For this purpose, the authors designed a grouping method based on a GA, which is a global optimization method. They combined perceptual grouping factors with it and tried to reduce its overall computational cost by introducing a concept of region growing. In this process, a selected initial seed is grown into a finally grouped segment by the iterated GA process, which considers segments only in a search region. To detect roads more accurately, postprocessing, including noisy curve segment removal, is performed after grouping. The authors applied their method to ERS-1 SAR and SIR-C/X-SAR images that have a resolution of about 30 m. The experimental results show that our method can accurately detect road networks as well as single-track roads and is much faster than a globally applied GA approach     

Complex SAR Image Compression Using Entropy-Constrained Dictionary Learning and Universal Trellis Co ded Quantization

In this paper, an Entropy-constrained dic-tionary learning algorithm (ECDLA) is introduced for e?-cient compression of Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) com-plex images. ECDLA RI encodes the Real and imaginary parts of the images using ECDLA and sparse representa-tion, and ECDLA AP encodes the Amplitude and phase parts respectively. When compared with the compression method based on the traditional Dictionary learning al-gorithm (DLA), ECDLA RI improves the Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 0.66dB and reduces the Mean phase error (MPE) up to 0.0735 than DLA RI. With the same MPE, ECDLA AP outperforms DLA AP by up to 0.87dB in SNR. Furthermore, the proposed method is also suitable for real-time applications.     

脊波变换域的一种自适应盲水印算法

为了克服水印鲁棒性和图像视觉质量之间的矛盾,提出了一种脊波变换域自适应盲水印算法.利用脊波变换对图像特征的稀疏表示特性,找出各区域块中视觉重要信息的位置,并将水印嵌入其中.算法中水印嵌入强度依据图像块的内容属性变化,采用了系数可容忍的最大误差作为水印嵌入强度因子,较好地解决了水印鲁棒性和图像视觉质量之间的矛盾.实验结果表明,该算法能够抵抗JPEG压缩、加噪和任意裁剪等攻击,具有很强的鲁棒性,是一种自适应盲水印算法.