基于几何矩的抵抗RST攻击的数字图像水印

目前大多数的数字图像水印方案不能有效抵抗几何形变的攻击,这一弱点已成为数字水印技术走上商用的瓶颈。在各种几何形变中,RST(旋转、缩放、平移)是最为常见的攻击方式。该文提出了一种具有普适性的能够抵抗RST攻击的多比特数字图像水印方案,采用的主要措施有:(1)提出一种基于几何矩的图像标准化方案以抵抗几何攻击;(2)采用扩谱方法构造二维CDMA水印信号,实现多比特水印嵌入;(3)根据HVS特性自适应调整水印的嵌入强度,在鲁棒性和不可见性之间达到平衡;(4)利用MAP和相关方法估计和检测水印信号。实验表明该方案对RST具有很高的鲁棒性,对压缩、滤波等常见的图像处理攻击同样具有良好的鲁棒性。     

A combined just noticeable distortion model�Cguided image watermarking

Perceptual watermarking should take full advantage of the results from human visual system (HVS) studies. Just noticeable distortion (JND), which refers to the maximum distortion that the HVS does not perceive, gives us a way to model the HVS accurately. In this paper, we exploit a combined JND model, which represents an additional, accurate, perceptual visibility threshold profile to guide watermarking for digital images. The combined JND model-guided watermarking scheme, where visual models are fully used to determine image-dependent upper bounds on watermark insertion, allows us to provide the maximum strength transparent watermark. Experimental results confirm the improved performance of our combined JND model. Our combined JND model is capable of yielding higher injected-watermark energy without introducing noticeable distortion to the original image and outperforms the relevant existing visual models. Simulation results show that the proposed JND model-guided image watermarking scheme is more robust than other algorithms based on the relevant existing perceptual models while retaining the watermark transparency. At the same time, the proposed combined JND model has much lower computational complexity compared with the relevant existing perceptual models.     

一种基于特征的自适应水印算法

基于图像多尺度空间理论和扩频机制以及视觉感知模型的特性,给出一种基于特征的数字图像水印算法。算法采用尺度不变特征变换算子提取图像的局部不变特征区域,根据信噪比特点自适应选取水印嵌入强度因子,将一幅二值水印图像嵌入到原始图像中,实现了数字水印的不可感知性和鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,该算法对添加噪声、压缩、旋转等常见的图像处理攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

一种神经网络自适应数字图像水印算法

本文利用人工神经网络模拟人眼视觉特性，根据图像特征自适应地确定图像DCT变换各系数所能嵌入的水印强度。实验表明，使用该方法能在确保水印不可见的同时提高水印的嵌入强度，从而可提高水印的顽健性，且该方法具有很好的适应性。     

Towards robust image watermarking: combining content-dependent key,moment normalization,and side-informed embedding

In digital watermarking, robustness is still a challenging problem if different sets of attacks need to be tolerated simultaneously. In this paper, we deal with this problem by using an integrated solution involving side-informed embedding, moment normalization, and content-dependent watermarks. First, a new image watermarking method based on the concept of communications with side information is proposed. We investigate the characteristics of mean filtering in formulating new watermark embedding and extraction processes. Second, regarding resistance to geometrical attacks, we do not rely on the concept of pilot signals because they are vulnerable to synchronization removal attacks. We instead use block-based watermarking and moment normalization mechanisms to recover geometrical distortions. Third, regarding resistance to the copy attack, the content-dependent watermark is employed to avoid treating an un-watermarked image as one that has been watermarked. The robustness of our approach has been verified using both the StirMark and the copy attack.     

脊波变换域的一种自适应盲水印算法

为了克服水印鲁棒性和图像视觉质量之间的矛盾,提出了一种脊波变换域自适应盲水印算法.利用脊波变换对图像特征的稀疏表示特性,找出各区域块中视觉重要信息的位置,并将水印嵌入其中.算法中水印嵌入强度依据图像块的内容属性变化,采用了系数可容忍的最大误差作为水印嵌入强度因子,较好地解决了水印鲁棒性和图像视觉质量之间的矛盾.实验结果表明,该算法能够抵抗JPEG压缩、加噪和任意裁剪等攻击,具有很强的鲁棒性,是一种自适应盲水印算法.     

基于视觉特性和纹理特征的图像水印算法研究

利用人眼对比敏感度视觉特性和图像的纹理特征,提出了一种彩色图像的水印算法。算法首先依据图像的纹理特征,将图像进行分割;再将水印嵌入到图像纹理复杂的部分,并利用人眼对比敏感阈值控制水印的嵌入量,从而实现水印的嵌入;最后利用逆过程实现水印的提取。同时对3幅不同复杂纹理的图像进行仿真实验,并对3幅含水印图进行5种方式的攻击测试,且与近些年国内外报道的8种水印算法进行对比分析。结果表明,在中间剪切1/4区域、质量因子为20%的压缩和旋转90°较强的攻击下,提取水印的NC值和含水印图的SSIM值均仍能达到0.8以上,且比8种水印算法具有更好的鲁棒性。综合结果表明,在水印嵌入过程中,提出的算法能够有效解决水印容量与视觉透明性、鲁棒性之间的平衡,是一种行之有效的图像水印算法。     

抵抗几何攻击的数字图像水印

该文实现了一种抵抗几何攻击的数字图像水印方案。水印信号为根据密钥产生的服从正态分布的实数序列,对水印信号作预处理并进行周期化之后在空域将其嵌入数字图像中。检测端不需要原始图像,根据预测水印的自相关函数(ACF)判断水印图像遭受的几何变换攻击并进行逆变换,然后进行水印检测。实验表明该方案对压缩、滤波、剪切等常见的图像处理攻击同样具有很高的鲁棒性。     

Hiding digital watermarks using multiresolution wavelet transform

In this paper, an image accreditation technique by embedding digital watermarks in images is proposed. The proposed method for the digital watermarking is based on the wavelet transform. This is unlike most previous work, which used a random number of a sequence of bits as a watermark and where the watermark can only be detected by comparing an experimental threshold value to determine whether a sequence of random signals is the watermark. The proposed approach embeds a watermark with visual recognizable patterns, such as binary, gray, or color image in images by modifying the frequency part of the images. In the proposed approach, an original image is decomposed into wavelet coefficients. Then, multi-energy watermarking scheme based on the qualified significant wavelet tree (QSWT) is used to achieve the robustness of the watermarking. Unlike other watermarking techniques that use a single casting energy, QSWT adopts adaptive casting energy in different resolutions. The performance of the proposed watermarking is robust to a variety of signal distortions, such as JPEG, image cropping, sharpening, median filtering, and incorporating attacks     

Random forest-based tuberculosis bacteria classification in images of ZN-stained sputum smear samples

In this paper, we present a robust hybrid watermarking method applied to color images for authentication, which presents robustness against several distortions. Due to the different nature of common signal processing and geometrical attacks, two different techniques for embed a same watermark are used in this method. In the first one, the luminance component (Y) information is used to embed the watermark bit sequence into the magnitude of the middle frequencies of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). In the second one, a selected region of 2D histogram composed by blue-difference and red-difference (Cb–Cr) chrominance components is modified according to the watermark bit sequence. The quality of the watermarked image is measured using the following well-known indices peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), visual information fidelity (VIF) and structural similarity index (SSIM). The difference color of the watermarked image is obtained using the normalized color difference (NCD) measure. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides robustness against several geometric distortions, signal processing operations, combined distortions and photo editing. The comparison with the previously reported methods based on different techniques is also provided.     

Information retrieval in digital watermarking

Digital watermarking, the art of robust information hiding in images, has gained a large interest in both research and industry in the past few years. Every watermarking system has two main parts: watermark embedding and watermark extraction/detection. Previous developments in the theoretical analysis of digital watermarking schemes have shown that there is a direct link between digital watermarking and communication theory. These parallels are extremely helpful when it comes to designing efficient and optimal watermark detectors. We focus on this issue and investigate how to design good watermark detectors taking into account the basics of communication theory. Furthermore, we discuss different ways to achieve robustness to geometrical attacks and elaborate on watermark attacks     

Content protection in grayscale and color images based on robust digital watermarking

The concept of digital rights management architecture for multimedia will be presented in this paper, with focus on robust digital image watermarking, which is able to undergo geometrical attacks performed against the embedded watermarks. Geometrical attacks are still an open problem for many digital watermarking algorithms used in present time. Most of geometrical attacks can be described by using affine transforms. A new approach to improve robustness against geometrical attacks is presented. The discrete Fourier transform and log-polar mapping are used for watermark embedding and for watermark detection. Some attacks against the embedded watermarks are performed and the results are given. Also two modifications, usage of the proposed method as a synchronization template and implementation for the color images, are presented and experimental results are given too.     

基于图像属性的Coiflet域数字水印算法

水印是由具有良好伪随机性的二值混沌序列构成的,为了实现水印图像在稳健性和不可见性之间的折衷,嵌入因子是由3个分因子构成的:信噪比(SNR)因子α,活动度因子β和兴趣因子γ.α是从SNR的要求算出的最佳水印强度因子,β表示了人类视觉系统(HVS)对图像的平滑区、边缘区和纹理区的不同感知特性,β是在l³空间计算的.考虑到人眼视觉的选择性,通过γ对图像中感兴趣区(ROI)嵌入的水印强度进行适当的调整,以提高水印图像的视觉效果.实验结果表明,本文算法是有效的.     

Visual saliency’s modulatory effect on just noticeable distortion profile and its application in image watermarking

Perceptual watermarking should take full advantage of the results from human visual system (HVS) studies. Just noticeable distortion (JND) gives us a way to model the HVS accurately. In this paper, another very important aspect affecting human perception, visual saliency, is introduced to modulate JND model. Based on the visual saliency’s modulatory effect on JND model which incorporates visual attention’s influence on visual sensitivity, the saliency modulated JND profile guided image watermarking scheme is proposed. The saliency modulated JND profile guided watermarking scheme, where the visual sensitivity model combined with visual saliency’s modulatory effect is fully used to determine image-dependent upper bounds on watermark insertion, allows us to provide the maximum strength transparent watermark. Experimental results confirm the improved performance of our saliency modulated JND profile guided watermarking scheme in terms of transparency and robustness. Our watermarking scheme is capable of shaping lower injected-watermark energy onto more sensitive regions and higher energy onto the less perceptually significant regions in the image, which yields better visual quality of the watermarked image. At the same time, the proposed saliency modulated JND profile guided image watermarking scheme is more robust compared to unmodulated JND profile guided image watermarking scheme.     

基于Tchebichef不变矩的多比特抗几何攻击图像盲水印算法

现有的大多数水印算法对旋转、平移和尺度变换等几何攻击的鲁棒性比较差,微小的几何攻击都有能导致水印检测器失效,因此水印算法对几何攻击具有鲁棒性非常重要。本文提出了一种基于Tchebichef不变矩实现的多比特几何攻击不变性图像盲水印算法。文中具体介绍了Tchebichef不变矩的构造方法,水印是事先产生的与原始图像无关的信号,嵌入过程中将水印嵌入到图像的Tchebichef不变矩中实现几何攻击不变性。水印检测过程中采用独立分量分析技术实现真正意义上的多比特水印盲检测。文中具体分析了所提出的水印算法的计算复杂度,实验过程中采用通用水印测试软件Stirmark对所提出的水印算法进行鲁棒性测试,实验数据说明这种水印算法对Stirmark具有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于人类视觉系统和DCT中频水印算法

数字水印技术作为数字产品版权保护的一项新技术，已得到广泛的应用。一个适用的数字水印算法应该既能保证图像良好的可视性，又要具有很好的鲁棒性。而基于DCT域的数字水印技术已成为当前的一个研究热点。文中提出的算法是结合人类视觉系统（HVS）特性通过改变中频段DCT相邻系数实现水印的嵌入。实验结果表明，该算法具有很好的视觉效果，检测出的水印效果较好，对JPEG有损压缩、剪裁、噪声干扰、模糊等操作具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video

The growth of new imaging technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images and video. One approach for copyright protection is to introduce an invisible signal, known as a digital watermark, into an image or video sequence. In this paper, we describe digital watermarking techniques, known as perceptually based watermarks, that are designed to exploit aspects of the the human visual system in order to provide a transparent (invisible), yet robust watermark. In the most general sense, any watermarking technique that attempts to incorporate an invisible mark into an image is perceptually based. However, in order to provide transparency and robustness to attack, two conflicting requirements from a signal processing perspective, more sophisticated use of perceptual information in the watermarking process is required. We describe watermarking techniques ranging from simple schemes which incorporate common-sense rules in using perceptual information in the watermarking process, to more elaborate schemes which adapt to local image characteristics based on more formal perceptual models. This review is not meant to be exhaustive; its aim is to provide the reader with an understanding of how the techniques have been evolving as the requirements and applications become better defined     

基于BJND模型的立体图像鲁棒水印算法

随着3D技术的发展,3D电影逐渐进入到一个快速发展阶段.低感知强鲁棒的数字水印方案是水印技术在3D电影版权保护应用中的一项研究重点.已有的研究证明,基于HVS的JND模型在提高水印不可见性上具有很好的效果,但是现有的JND模型大都建立在单目视觉掩蔽特性基础上,而对于立体图像需要进一步考虑双目视觉掩蔽特性.提出了一种基于BJND(Binocular JND)模型的立体图像鲁棒水印算法.水印嵌入强度受BJND值调制后,使得水印表现出更好的透明性.实验结果证明,在水印不可见的条件下,基于BJND模型的立体水印方案在抵抗加噪、JPEG压缩等全局攻击上具有更强的鲁棒性.     

图像水印抗几何攻击研究综述

稳健性是数字水印技术的一个核心问题。数字水印技术发展到今天,已有大量不同的算法,它们广泛提出了稳健性的声明。然而,绝大多数算法所强调的稳健性只不过是水印对抗一般信号处理的稳健性,它们不能抵抗甚至是微小的几何攻击。本文分析总结了当前图像水印抗几何攻击的各种方法,提出了下一步可能的发展方向,对改进和设计水印算法具有一定的指导作用。     

基于ICA的智能数字水印技术

该文提出了一种基于智能信息分析方法--独立分量分析的智能数字水印新算法。水印嵌入之前先对其进行预处理,嵌入过程可以在图像任意作用域中实现,并给出了小波域中的一种闭环嵌入方法。水印嵌入的强度由小波域视觉模型决定。在不需要任何原始图像、水印和攻击类型等信息的情况下,该算法不仅可以检测到水印而且可以完全提取水印,实现了真正意义上的水印盲检测,并对多个水印嵌入的情况也可以进行水印提取。水印检测的精确程度取决于图像与水印之间的独立性以及所采用的密钥。实验过程中攻击由通用水印测试软件Stirmark产生,实验数据证明本文提出的水印算法对Stirmark提供的各种攻击剪切、滤波、图象压缩、删行、删列、几何攻击以及多种攻击同时存在时都具有很好的鲁棒性。