基于TOD车辆段类型的"轨道+社区"规划设计策略研究

如今,全国各大城市如火如荼进行TOD轨道建设,同时也在探索“轨道+物业”的TOD开发模式,而作为物业中的“轨道+社区”是其中一种主要开发模式。由于车辆段类型的大尺度、大体量、位置较偏等原因,在开发及设计实践中碰到一些本身特有的问题,探索从源头的规划设计开始入手,从交通组织等几方面提供一些解决问题的策略,具有现实的意义。     

立体TOD 城市设计模式探究及数字化研究展望——以城市轨道中心型站点为例

当前我国大城市呈现高度集聚性及立体化的发展趋势,传统的TOD 理论不能完整诠释中国大城市的TOD 发展模式。在 智慧城市及城市高度集聚发展的背景下,通过研究城市立体化发展理论基础及实际项目,提出城市中心型轨道站点核心区立体 TOD（3D TOD）城市设计模式,根据站点核心区土地利用及城市功能特征,总结出“商务＋商业、商业＋公共枢纽、商务＋ 公共枢纽、会展＋商务、商业＋教育、商业＋历史街区”六种中心型站点立体TOD 模式的发展类型,构建站点核心区智能化 立体TOD 城市设计方法技术框架,研究城市轨道中心型站点核心区立体集聚发展的机制,优化TOD 理论,为智能化城市设计 提供参考。     

TOD在圣迭戈——一种规划理念实施的渐进过程

近20年以来，美国的轨道交通建设发展迅速。这就向规划师们提出了一个问题：如何规划轨道交通？一个为公众所接受的答案是：通过对整个地区进行综合性的、以公交为主导的土地使用规划，来促进“公交导向的土地开发”（TOD, transit-oriented development）。加利福尼亚州圣迭戈县是美国最早拥有当代轻轨交通线路的地区。本文分析了该县TOD项目的贯彻实施情况，同时对TOD项目推进的前景进行了展望。背景：关于TOD的规划理念TOD有2个主要特征。第一，TOD项目是指在轨道站点和主要商业区的步行范围内进行适宜步行、混合功用的土地开发…     

土地利用与城市交通协调发展--近代美国"TOD"理论与实践的研究

本文通过分析近代美国的“TOD”理论及其实践创作,对“TOD”的发展模式和实践效果进行了比较详细的阐释.“TOD”理论倡导在区域层面上整合土地利用和公共交通系统,这样有助于提高公共交通使用率,减少私人汽车的出行,抑制城市的无序蔓延.我国人口多,能源与土地资源相对匮乏,而目前城市化,机动化进程正在逐步加快,只有利用“TOD”发展模式,才能保证城市的可持续发展.     

新加坡新镇轨道站点TOD开发对广州近郊新区规划启示

轨道交通引导城市发展TOD模式对广州中心区具有普适性,但广州市近郊轨道站点周边开发低效、带动范围有限,文章指出需要拓展近郊轨道交通站点周边TOD影响范围研究及内涵。作者分析了新加坡新市镇TOD的经验,提出广州近郊区通过驳接公交拓展轨道站点影响范围形成的E-TOD模式,轨道站点与公共设施整合形成E-TOD功能组团公共中心,确定E-Tod核心区和影响区的开发强度及环境建设标准,建立轨道建设和土地储备、开发机制,为广州近郊新区发展提供借鉴。     

基于TOD的西安城市公共交通发展战略

在发展可持续交通的需求下,针对西安市的城市交通现状,提出了轨道主导型TOD策略,并分析了轨道主导型TOD对城市布局的影响,基于TOD的城市布局对西安市交通的优化作用,最后阐述了以轨道交通为主体的公共交通一体化战略。     

日本轨道站城协同指向型的城市开发策略和方法

针对国内城市轨道建设中站城分离的现状问题,研究日本城市轨道站城协同的开发策略和方法,借鉴其轨道建设和城市开发一体化的经验。日本通过逐步进阶的轨道发展过程,轨道站周边区域已经成为了城市的发展核心,轨道网络主导了城市空间的架构。通过多元化的国私企业经营方式,土地区划调整和再开发工程等发展策略,日本不断完善站城协同的建设方法。具体来看,以轨道交通为主导的城市开发分为两种模式,分别是枢纽站开发模式和郊外新城开发模式,其中前者包括了大规模TOD一体化开发城区、交通枢纽站中心和地区站点中心3种类型,体现出多线集聚型开发的特征;而后者体现出沿线型开发、新城模式、公共交通主导的特征。希望借鉴日本高密度城市的轨道城市发展经验,为促进国内城市轨道事业的高效集约化发展提供参考和启示。     

TOD一级开发项目设计给排水审查要点剖析

简述了轨道TOD模式项目中民建总体的工作范围和职责,并以佛山地铁2号线林岳西站TOD为例,总结了在TOD设计总体框架下,给排水专业对各设计单位和各个专业的互提资料、图纸成果的审查重点,并提出审查过程中的相关问题及建议.     

南宁市轨道站点周边用地布局研究——以五里亭片区为例

TOD是城市发展的趋势,轨道交通则是TOD的主体之一,将轨道站点进行分类,根据每个类别的特征进行站点周围的用地布局,是实现TOD发展的有效途径。南宁应该借鉴香港的成熟经验来发展轨道交通及其周边土地利用,根据南宁城市总体规划可将南宁轨道交通站点分为中心与枢纽混合型、中心型、交通枢纽型和社区型,其中五里亭片区所在的广西大学站点属于社区中心型,可以广西大学站为圆心,将该片区划分为300m和600m半径的两个功能圈,布局不同的用地结构,实现TOD式发展。     

站城协同零换乘一体化设计探索——基于广州地铁TOD场站综合体的研究

“以公共交通为导向”，通过土地使用和交通政策来协调发展过程中产生的交通拥堵和用地不足的矛盾的TOD模式，成为了近年来国家、各省市政府大力倡导的发展模式。但因为开发过程中涉及的用地征拆、施工时序、设计方法及审批流程等环节制约，目前TOD项目的落地情况并不理想。分析了现有TOD项目落成过程中存在的不足，通过对比一体化建构和传统站体开发流程，并结合一体化设计的概念，认为轨道枢纽场站综合体一体化建构能最大优化“规划+交通+建筑”协同设计，真正实现站城协同一体化设计。     

The impact of transit-oriented development on housing prices in San Diego, CA

This research measures the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on the San Diego, CA, condominium market. Many view TOD as a key element in creating a less auto dependent and more sustainable transport system. Price premiums indicate a potential for a market-driven expansion of TOD inventory. A hedonic price model is estimated to isolate statistically the effect of TOD. This includes interaction terms between station distance and various measures of pedestrian orientation. The resulting model shows that station proximity has a significantly stronger impact when coupled with a pedestrian-oriented environment. Conversely, station area condominiums in more auto-oriented environments may sell at a discount. This indicates that TOD has a synergistic value greater than the sum of its parts. It also implies a healthy demand for more TOD housing in San Diego.     

A Decade of Transit Oriented Development Policies in Brisbane,Australia: Development and Land-Use Impacts

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) involves intense, mixed development around transit nodes. This article investigates the extent to which TOD policies have become reality in Brisbane, a city of two million in eastern Australia, which has embraced TOD at a policy level. It also aims to present a straightforward method which cities in Australia and internationally can employ to measure the outcomes of their TOD policies. Through GIS analysis, the authors measure the level of concentration of population, dwellings, and jobs in rail-based TOD nodes—as opposed to areas that are unserved by the train network. The results do not support the notion that Brisbane is a transit-oriented city. Nonetheless, there is a moderate trend toward the concentration of people and dwellings in TOD areas. The planning sector could accelerate this trend through policy measures.     

Measuring the built environment of green transit-oriented development: A factor-cluster analysis of rail station areas in Singapore

Green transit-oriented development (TOD) is an evolution of the TOD theory, influenced by sustainable development and green urbanism. This advancement expands the environmental and ecological dimensions of conventional TOD. However, relevant research has only just started, particularly in combination with high-density cities in Asia. This study measures the built environment of Green TOD and identifies the key factors and characteristics of the Green TOD built environment. An evaluation method for the Green TOD built environment is developed on the basis of the 5D (density, diversity, design, destination, and distance) built environment framework and combined with green urbanism theories. Data from 23 rail station areas in Singapore were collected and analyzed using factor and cluster analysis. Five factors, namely, neighborhood spatial form factor, facility completeness factor, open space factor, high-density mixed land-use factor, and walking amenity factor, are extracted. Twenty-three station areas are classified into five clusters. The characteristics and optimization strategies of each cluster are analyzed on the basis of the statistical and graphical analyses. This research displays the characteristics and typology of the Green TOD built environment in an empirical way and offers a foundation for further research in diverse urban contexts.     

浅谈大容量快速公交系统对福州城市发展的引导作用

本文分析了现状福州城市用地开发模式存在的问题,总结了库里蒂巴和哥本哈根城市TOD模式发展的经验,提出了福州市实行TOD模式的关键要素及TOD走廊构想。     

Determining transit nodes for potential transit-oriented development: Along the LRT corridor in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

The aim of transit-oriented development (TOD) is to create a livable urban environment by improving the integration between land-use and transportation systems. The capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, aims to promote a sustainable transportation system by launching its first light rail transit (LRT) network to control the current pattern of increased congestion and the need for mass transport. Planning for TOD around existing transit stations helps achieve improved transit choice and encourages local economic development. Therefore, this article proposes a methodology to quantitatively measure the existing TOD in terms of a TOD index within the walkable distance of transit nodes by measuring the criteria that define TOD levels. The TOD index is calculated for areas of 22 stations on the East-West LRT line of Addis Ababa. Depending on the value of the TOD index, certain stations are identified to have a potential TOD but poor transit accessibility. With these results, the recommendation to improve TOD planning can become accurate for each station, depending on its relevant factors. Such results also help identify each station's potential for TOD planning and its improvements toward future local developments.     

Implementing TOD around suburban and rural stations: an exploration of spatial potentialities and constraints

ABSTRACT

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is an effective way to integrate land use and transport in pursuit of the goal of sustainable development. Most of the literature on TOD is devoted to station areas in urban contexts; even when TOD is considered with a regional approach, suburban and rural stations are poorly investigated. Analysing a case study, this paper explores spatial potentialities and constraints for TOD in suburban and rural contexts. The results show that conditions for TOD around suburban and rural stations vary substantially from those around urban stations. A broader, more complex and context-sensitive approach to TOD is recommended.     

The role of elemental oxygen demand in total oxygen demand for water pollutants

For an advanced evaluation of water pollutants, EOD (elemental oxygen demand) was proposed, and the relation between EOD and TOD (total oxygen demand) was discussed. The EOD was defined as the oxygen demands of each element in the pollutants. A generalized equation of combustion reaction for compounds was proposed. The observed TOD values of various organic and inorganic compounds, except a few inorganic compounds, showed good agreement with the theoretical values calculated from the equation, and the TOD value was the summation of the amounts of EOD by each constituent element. The degrees of COD (carbon oxygen demand), EOD of carbon, and NOD (nitrogen oxygen demand), EOD of nitrogen, in TOD were investigated by using several organic compounds. The ratios of COD/TOD and NOD/TOD were generally above 0.5 and below 0.25, respectively. In an activated sludge pilot plant, the ratio of COD/TOD in influent was 0.76 and that of NOD/TOD 0.075; and in effluent, the NOD/TOD value was larger than the COD/TOD value.     

Data–Driven Methodology for Signal Timing Plan Development: A Computational Approach

Traffic signal systems serve as one of the most powerful control tools available to improve the efficiency of surface transportation travel. A large number of signal systems currently operate using the time–of–day (TOD) approach. In TOD systems, a day is segmented into a number of intervals in which a different timing plan is used. Thus, the challenge in operating a TOD system effectively is to (1) identify appropriate TOD intervals, and (2) develop optimal timing plans for each interval. The existing procedures used by traffic engineers to address these challenges are time consuming and use relatively small sets of data. This research effort developed a new timing plan development methodology that takes advantage of the large sets of archived traffic data (volume and occupancy) that modern systems are equipped to compile. Based upon statistical cluster analysis, this methodology (1) automates the identification of TOD intervals using a high–resolution definition of system state, and (2) provides representative volumes for plan optimization based on the set of archived data. The results of a case study reported in this paper demonstrate that the methodology supports the development of a TOD system that provides benefits when considering performance measures such as delay, when compared to currently used techniques.     

复合中枢:TOD廊道导向的低碳生态城市途径

在快速城市化发展背景下,TOD走廊的功能逻辑与形式逻辑不匹配,缺乏城市廊道的系统性构建,低碳效应未能完全释放,自身衍化特征受到抑制,进而导致功能单一、噪音污染等诸多问题.应引导TOD走廊向城市廊道和廊道系统转化,进而升级为城市复合中枢,这是推动我国大城市走向低碳生态的重要途径.