泄爆面积对柱形容器泄爆过程压力影响

为了研究泄爆面积对柱形压力容器泄爆过程中压力变化的影响,采用经典流体力学软件FLU ENT在泄爆口直径分别为50、80、100mm情况下对容器内甲烷和空气混合气体泄爆过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同情况下容器内压力发展变化规律以及爆炸流场参数分布。结果表明当泄爆压力为0.04MPa,泄爆口直径50mm时,泄爆口开启后压力容器内压力呈现继续上升趋势;泄爆口直径为80、100mm时,泄爆口开启后压力均立即下降,采用直径100mm泄爆口时压力下降速率更快,容器内压力降至环境压力所需时间更短。     

柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程的火焰传播模拟

为研究连通容器内气体爆炸规律,采用Fluent(经典流体动力学软件)对柱形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行模拟,模拟了不同点火位置和火焰传播方向条件下连通容器内火焰传播过程和压力变化,并分析了连通容器内不同时刻的速度场.结果表明:火焰面在传播过程中并非完全对称,当火焰到达传爆容器后,湍流燃烧剧烈,火焰不规则变形显著;端面点火后在传爆容器内产生的压力峰值和压力波动比中心点火时更大;当起爆容器为大容器时,传爆容器内气体预压缩程度更大,压力峰值更高.     

点火位置和开口率对泄压管道内爆炸压力的影响

为探究2种初始条件对天然气爆炸压力的影响特性,搭建球形容器泄压管道试验系统,通过在球形容器和泄压管道内布置压力传感器,研究不同点火位置(距球心0、2. 7、4. 7 m)和开口率(0%、25%、60%、100%)对天然气爆炸压力特性的影响。结果表明:当点火位置位于2. 7和4. 7 m时,球形容器内的峰值压力和升压速率显著大于0 m处点火的数值;设置泄压口明显降低了球形容器内的峰值压力,而随泄压口开口率增大,球内峰值压力降低幅度较小;容器密闭时,管道末端峰值压力在0 m处点火时最大,容器设有泄压口时,管道末端峰值压力在4. 7 m处点火时最大;在0 m处点火后管道末端的最大升压速率小于在2. 7和4. 7 m处点火后的速率。     

泄爆导管对球形容器内气体爆炸泄放过程影响的试验

设计了球形容器内气体爆炸通过导管泄爆的试验系统,选用体积分数为10%(特殊说明除外)的甲烷和空气预混气体开展试验,研究了泄爆导管长度、容器容积、点火位置、气体体积分数、破膜压力等因素的影响。结果表明:泄爆导管越长,容器内的正压力峰值和负压力峰值越大;密闭爆炸时,球形容器的容积对爆炸压力峰值几乎无影响;不同容积球形容器内气体爆炸通过相同导管泄爆时(导管长度均为6 m,直径均为0.06 m),容积大的容器内的压力锋值为小容器压力值的3.3倍,且大容器内的压力上升速率也明显高于密闭爆炸的情况;有泄爆导管存在时,尾部点火容器内的压力峰值高于中心点火;泄爆导管的存在使得容器内的压力峰值高于直接泄爆时的压力峰值;无论有、无泄爆导管,容器内的压力峰值均随破膜压力增加而增加,但差值越来越小,说明导管的存在对容器爆炸泄爆过程的影响趋向缓和,但导管的存在总是阻碍了泄爆过程,增加了爆炸的严重程度,因此,在泄爆设计时要充分考虑导管的影响,适当提高容器自身的耐压强度。     

球形容器内可燃气体泄爆过程的数值模拟

利用流体力学软件Fluent对球形容器泄爆过程中流场进行数值模拟,分析泄爆导管长度和泄放压力对爆炸压力和爆炸强度的影响,以及泄爆过程中火焰阵面和速度场的变化。研究表明,泄爆过程增大了燃烧火焰的面积,燃烧火焰在泄爆过程中发生湍流,燃烧速度得到极大地加速,泄爆导管对于容器内的高压气体的泄放起到了约束作用,泄爆导管的长度是影响泄爆过程中容器内部压力变化的重要因素。     

初始压力对连通容器甲烷-空气混合物泄爆压力的影响

建立球形容器与管道、2个球形容器与管道组成的2种形式的连通容器试验装置,研究初始压力对连通容器甲烷-空气混合物泄爆压力的影响。结果表明:连通容器内泄爆超压随初始压力增加而增大,并与初始压力近似成线性关系;对于2个球形容器与管道组成的连通容器,起爆容器的泄爆超压始终小于传爆容器;泄爆方式和点火方式对连通容器泄爆超压有较大影响,大容器点火时,2个容器的泄爆压力差随初始压力增加而增大,但小容器点火时,2个容器的泄爆压力差随初始压力的增加变化较小;初始压力对不同结构和尺寸的连通容器的泄爆压力的影响不同,当令初始压力对大容器点火时,小容器内泄爆压力受影响最大,而当对单球形容器与管道组成的连通容器的小容器点火时,小容器内泄爆压力受影响最小。     

泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的试验研究与数值模拟

为了解泄爆容器中粉尘爆炸的发展过程,采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法对玉米淀粉在圆柱形容器内的泄爆过程进行研究。数值模型采用欧拉–拉格朗日方法模拟粉尘爆炸的两相流问题,通过求解非稳态的湍流两相反应流守恒方程对试验进行二维仿真。试验和模拟结果表明,点火位置对爆炸发展过程有明显影响,点火位置离泄爆口越远,容器中的最大泄爆压力Pred,max越高。在粉尘爆炸的安全防护设计中,应把点火位置作为重要影响因素之一加以考虑。     

甲烷-空气预混气体泄爆过程的实验研究

对甲烷-空气预混气体在球形容器和球形管道连通容器内的泄爆过程进行实验研究,根据实验结果得出在较小的泄压面积时,与密闭容器爆炸实验比较,不能降低容器内的最大压力,反而会增大容器内的最大压力。通过实验结果分析,泄爆口安装在远离点火源的位置,当发生预混气体爆炸时能较好地降低容器内的最大压力,起到保护容器的作用。     

惰性气体对容器泄爆收容过程的影响分析

为了考察惰性气体对容器泄爆收容过程的影响,对利用含有惰性气体的容器收容另一个容器内爆炸气体过程中的压力变化规律进行了试验研究。结果表明:收容容器中惰性气体存在时,起爆容器及收容容器内的压力峰值都较低,且泄爆膜破裂后,两容器内的压力上升速率都有所下降,惰性气体的存在能有效抑制泄爆收容过程中的爆炸强度,对起爆容器和收容容器都起到了一定的保护作用;收容容器内的惰性气体体积分数越高,两容器内的压力峰值越低,对两容器的保护作用越好;在一定范围内,随导管长度增加,起爆容器及收容容器内的压力峰值降低,而当导管长度超过某一特定值时,继续增加导管长度,两容器内的压力峰值变化不大;惰性气体的存在能有效抑制火焰的传播,降低火焰传播速率,达到抑制爆炸的目的。     

球形连通容器内可燃气体爆炸过程的数值模拟

为研究连通容器内气体爆炸规律,采用流体力学软件Fluent对球形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行模拟,分析了不同管道长度和传爆方向条件下连通容器内压力和中心轴线上的速度变化。结果表明:随连接管长增加,连通容器内压力峰值更高,连通容器在压力稳定阶段保持的压力更小;较之小容器中心点火、大容器中心点火连通容器内压力迅速上升期及达到压力峰值的时间更迟,连通容器内的压力峰值更高,不同传爆方向时,传爆容器内的压力都先于起爆容器达到一个极值;火焰进入传爆容器后,轴线速度得到极大提高,最大值出现在管道内靠近传爆容器的接合处,可燃气体基本燃烧完时,连通容器轴线速度随连接管长增加下降更慢。     

球形压力容器中甲烷-氢气-空气爆炸过程数值模拟及实验研究

为研究受限空间内甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸特性参数分布规律,在20 L球形压力容器装置内开展甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸实验,探究掺氢比变化对当量比为1的甲烷-氢气-空气混合气体爆炸过程的影响;运用Fluent数值模拟软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,结合层流有限速率燃烧模型,探究混合气体爆炸过程中燃烧特性(爆炸温度、压力、密度等)与反应时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：爆炸过程中,添加一定氢气时爆炸压力峰值、爆炸压力上升速率峰值增大,而到达峰值时间缩短;反应初期,中心点火处密度下降,反应釜各处密度持续上升;距离点火点越远,密度变化越大,反应釜中压力分布基本相同。研究结果可为甲烷-氢气-空气混合燃料的安全使用提供相关参考。     

Experimental investigation of gas explosion in single vessel and connected vessels

Gas explosion in connected vessels usually leads to high pressure and high rate of pressure increase which the vessels and pipes can not tolerate. Severe human casualties and property losses may occur due to the variation characteristics of gas explosion pressure in connected vessels. To determine gas explosion strength, an experimental testing system for methane and air mixture explosion in a single vessel, in a single vessel connected a pipe and in connected vessels has been set up. The experiment apparatus consisted of two spherical vessels of 350 mm and 600 mm in diameter, three connecting pipes of 89 mm in diameter and 6 m in length. First, the results of gas explosion pressure in a single vessel and connected vessels were compared and analyzed. And then the development of gas explosion, its changing characteristics and relevant influencing factors were analyzed. When gas explosion occurs in a single vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and pressure growth rate with ignition at the center of a spherical vessel are higher than those with ignition on the inner-wall of the vessel. In conclusion, besides ignition source on the inner wall, the ignition source at the center of the vessels must be avoided to reduce the damage level. When the gas mixture is ignited in the large vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and explosion pressure rising rate in the small vessel raise. And the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rising rate in connected vessels are higher than those in the single containment vessel. So whenever possible, some isolation techniques, such as fast-acting valves, rotary valves, etc., might be applied to reduce explosion strength in the integrated system. However, when the gas mixture is ignited in the small vessel, the maximum explosion pressures in the large vessel and in the small vessel both decrease. Moreover, the explosion pressure is lower than that in the single vessel. When gas explosion happens in a single vessel connected to a pipe, the maximum explosion pressure occurs at the end of the pipe if the gas mixture is ignited in the spherical vessel. Therefore, installing a pipe into the system can reduce the maximum explosion pressure, but it also causes the explosion pressure growth rate to increase.     

Effects of vacuum levels,carbon dioxide,and structural sizes of linked vessels on dump vessel vented

The method of explosion venting is widely used in industrial explosion-proof design due to its simple operation, economical and practical features. A dump vessel vented platform was built. By changing the vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessels and the structural size of linked vessels, the pressure in the explosion vessel and the dump vessel was compared, and the influencing factors of explosion venting investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: In the explosion venting process, the higher the vacuum in the dump vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel, and the faster the explosion pressure is lowered. When the dump vessel is under the same vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessel is CO₂, the maximum pressure of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel is less than the maximum pressure when the containment medium is air. Under the same vacuum condition, the larger the volume ratio of the dump vessel and the explosion vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel, the faster the explosion pressure drops, and the volume of the dump vessel reaches or exceeds the explosion vessel. Increasing the volume ratio of the containment vessel to the explosion vessel facilitates protection of the explosion vessel and the containment vessel. Under the same vacuum condition, when the gas explosion in 113 L vessel vents into 22 L vessel, the longer the length of the pipe, the greater the maximum pressure in the spherical vessel. When the gas explosion in 22 L vessel vents into 113 L dump vessel, as the pipeline grows, the maximum pressure in the two vessels decreases, but the reduction is not significant. In practical application, it is recommended to use a vacuum of 0.08Mpa or more for the dump vessel vented, and the containment medium is CO_2.In terms of the structural size of the container, it is recommended that the ratio of the receiving container to the explosion container be as large as possible, and the pipe length be as long.     

原油管道氮气抑爆实验研究

为了探究不同浓度下的氮气对管道受限空间内油气爆炸的影响作用，通过原油实验管道测得不同油气浓度下的最大爆炸压力值，研究氮气对原油管道爆炸特性的抑制作用。研究结果表明:实验原油管道油气浓度在4.32%~14.25%区间管道油气发生爆炸，在低油气浓度的爆炸区间内，相近油气浓度的爆炸压力等爆炸特性上升较快，高浓度的爆炸区间内，变化较缓慢，在9.23%的油气浓度时爆炸特性变化最明显；在爆炸区间内充入浓度为0%~30%的不同浓度的氮气，随原油管道内氮气浓度的扩充，实验所测得爆炸区间不断压缩，在26%的氮气浓度时几乎不发生油气爆炸，且实验研究的爆炸特性均有所减弱。     

初始瓦斯浓度对爆炸温度影响实验研究*

为探索瓦斯爆炸过程中温度变化规律,基于球形爆炸实验,研究不同初始瓦斯浓度条件下爆炸温度及爆炸温度与爆炸压力之间的相互作用关系。结果表明:随初始瓦斯浓度升高,在6.5%(低浓度)、9.5%(当量浓度)、12%(高浓度)时出现爆炸温度极大值,分别为995,932,1 153 K;爆炸过程中温度延迟时间及升温时间与初始瓦斯浓度曲线均呈U型变化,当初始瓦斯浓度约为9.5%(当量浓度)时,温度延迟时间及升温时间变化较小;当初始瓦斯浓度在爆炸上限浓度（16%）和下限浓度（5%）附近时,受瓦斯浓度影响变化较大;初始瓦斯浓度在9.5%时,瓦斯爆炸过程中的压力波促进火焰燃烧波的反向传播,出现二次升温现象。研究结果可为完善瓦斯爆炸温度变化机理、提高灾害防控技术提供依据。     

连通容器气体密闭爆炸与泄爆过程的实验研究

利用球型容器与管道组合,开展连通容器气体爆炸与泄爆实验,分析连通条件下,火焰在管道中的传播过程及其对起爆容器和传爆容器的压力影响。实验结果表明:连通容器气体爆炸中,火焰从起爆容器到传爆容器传播经历了一段不断加速,但加速度不断减小的过程;泄爆过程中,火焰传播过程与密闭爆炸时基本一致。管道中火焰加速传播,使得传爆容器的爆炸压力和强度相较于作为起爆容器时均明显增加,危险更大,采用与起爆容器相同的泄爆面积,无法满足对连通容器中传爆容器的泄爆。同时,泄爆是一个快速的能量泄放过程应选择合理的泄爆方式,防止二次危害。     

球接管容器气体爆炸尺寸效应的试验研究与数值分析

为了解尺寸对球形容器连接管道甲烷-空气混合物爆炸的影响规律,利用Fluent软件,采用κ-ε湍流模型、涡耗散模型(简称EDC模型)、壁面热耗散、热辐射模型及SIMPLE算法,建立了球形容器连接管道内甲烷-空气混合物爆炸的数值模型,对容器与管道内甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸的尺寸效应进行了数值模拟。结果表明:随管道内径增大,球形容器内最大爆炸压力逐渐增大,管道末端最大爆炸压力变化无明显规律;而随管道长度增加,球形容器内最大爆炸压力逐渐减小;改变管道内径,较大体积球形容器内最大爆炸压力均大于较小体积球形容器内最大爆炸压力,最大爆炸压力上升速率的规律则相反,容器体积对管道末端最大爆炸压力的影响无明显规律。     

A study on the obstacle-induced variation of the gas explosion characteristics

A study on the variation of the gas explosion characteristics caused by the built-in obstacles was conducted in enclosed/vented gas explosion vessels. It has been well known that the obstacles in pipes and long ducts would accelerate the flame propagation, and cause the transition from deflagration to detonation. In this study, the explosion characteristics and the flame behavior of vented explosions and constant-volume explosions were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a 270-liter and 36-liter hexahedron vessels filled with LPG–air mixture. The explosion characteristics of the gas mixture were determined by using a strain-responding pressure transducer. The flame behavior was recorded by using a high-speed video camera. The shape and the size of the obstacle, and the gas concentration, were adjusted in the experiments.

It can be seen from the experimental results that, instead of being accelerated, the flame propagation inside the explosion vessel is decelerated by the plate obstacles fixed at the bottom of the vessel. Also, the characteristics of the enclosed explosion are not so affected by the built-in obstacles as those of the vented explosion are. It is believed that the eddy-induced turbulence behind the obstacle decelerates the flame propagation.     

受限空间内惰性气体对CH4爆炸抑制特性研究

N2和CO2是常用的惰性抑爆气体,为研究两种气体的抑爆特性,采用20L球形爆炸试验装置,分析了不同浓度配比条件下N2/CH4/空气以及CO2/CH4/空气混合气体的爆炸压力,同时采集爆炸后的气体样品,对比分析爆炸后残留气体的主要成分。结果显示:随CH4浓度从5%增加至12.5%时,完全抑制CH4爆炸需要的惰性气体最小量先增大后降低,CH4浓度在6.5%~7.5%之间时,抑爆需要的惰性气体的量最大;在同一CH4浓度条件下,抑爆需要N2的量大于CO2,并且CH4浓度在5%~6.5%时,抑爆需要两种惰性气体的量值差别最大;当CH4浓度一定时,随着加入惰性气体量的增大,爆炸最大超压逐渐降低,惰性气体浓度和爆炸超压之间基本呈线性关系;在同样条件下,相对于N2,CO2为抑爆气体时,爆炸后腔体内残留的CH4浓度较高。研究成果为惰性气体抑爆技术提供技术支撑,同时为揭示惰性气体抑爆机理有一定作用。     

多功能球形爆炸容器研究

20L球形爆炸容器是通用的研究气体、可燃液体蒸气和粉尘等爆炸参数的重要仪器。本文以现有的压力容器标准为依据,将爆炸瞬态载荷转换成等效静态载荷,运用动力系数法,研究出了一种可用来做气体、可燃液体蒸气和粉尘爆炸实验的球形爆炸容器。用此球形爆炸容器进行液压实验和爆炸极限实验,实验得到甲烷的爆炸下限为4.5%,上限为14.0%;乙醇蒸气爆炸下限为2.5%,上限为15.0%;10μm镁粉粉尘爆炸下限为45g/m3,实验所得数据与文献中的差别不大。结果证明本文所设计的多功能球形爆炸容器科学合理,能够满足爆炸实验要求。