惰性气体对容器泄爆收容过程的影响分析

为了考察惰性气体对容器泄爆收容过程的影响,对利用含有惰性气体的容器收容另一个容器内爆炸气体过程中的压力变化规律进行了试验研究。结果表明:收容容器中惰性气体存在时,起爆容器及收容容器内的压力峰值都较低,且泄爆膜破裂后,两容器内的压力上升速率都有所下降,惰性气体的存在能有效抑制泄爆收容过程中的爆炸强度,对起爆容器和收容容器都起到了一定的保护作用;收容容器内的惰性气体体积分数越高,两容器内的压力峰值越低,对两容器的保护作用越好;在一定范围内,随导管长度增加,起爆容器及收容容器内的压力峰值降低,而当导管长度超过某一特定值时,继续增加导管长度,两容器内的压力峰值变化不大;惰性气体的存在能有效抑制火焰的传播,降低火焰传播速率,达到抑制爆炸的目的。     

初始压力对连通容器甲烷-空气混合物泄爆压力的影响

建立球形容器与管道、2个球形容器与管道组成的2种形式的连通容器试验装置,研究初始压力对连通容器甲烷-空气混合物泄爆压力的影响。结果表明:连通容器内泄爆超压随初始压力增加而增大,并与初始压力近似成线性关系;对于2个球形容器与管道组成的连通容器,起爆容器的泄爆超压始终小于传爆容器;泄爆方式和点火方式对连通容器泄爆超压有较大影响,大容器点火时,2个容器的泄爆压力差随初始压力增加而增大,但小容器点火时,2个容器的泄爆压力差随初始压力的增加变化较小;初始压力对不同结构和尺寸的连通容器的泄爆压力的影响不同,当令初始压力对大容器点火时,小容器内泄爆压力受影响最大,而当对单球形容器与管道组成的连通容器的小容器点火时,小容器内泄爆压力受影响最小。     

甲烷-空气预混气体泄爆过程的实验研究

对甲烷-空气预混气体在球形容器和球形管道连通容器内的泄爆过程进行实验研究,根据实验结果得出在较小的泄压面积时,与密闭容器爆炸实验比较,不能降低容器内的最大压力,反而会增大容器内的最大压力。通过实验结果分析,泄爆口安装在远离点火源的位置,当发生预混气体爆炸时能较好地降低容器内的最大压力,起到保护容器的作用。     

球形容器内可燃气体泄爆过程的数值模拟

利用流体力学软件Fluent对球形容器泄爆过程中流场进行数值模拟,分析泄爆导管长度和泄放压力对爆炸压力和爆炸强度的影响,以及泄爆过程中火焰阵面和速度场的变化。研究表明,泄爆过程增大了燃烧火焰的面积,燃烧火焰在泄爆过程中发生湍流,燃烧速度得到极大地加速,泄爆导管对于容器内的高压气体的泄放起到了约束作用,泄爆导管的长度是影响泄爆过程中容器内部压力变化的重要因素。     

点火位置和开口率对泄压管道内爆炸压力的影响

为探究2种初始条件对天然气爆炸压力的影响特性,搭建球形容器泄压管道试验系统,通过在球形容器和泄压管道内布置压力传感器,研究不同点火位置(距球心0、2. 7、4. 7 m)和开口率(0%、25%、60%、100%)对天然气爆炸压力特性的影响。结果表明:当点火位置位于2. 7和4. 7 m时,球形容器内的峰值压力和升压速率显著大于0 m处点火的数值;设置泄压口明显降低了球形容器内的峰值压力,而随泄压口开口率增大,球内峰值压力降低幅度较小;容器密闭时,管道末端峰值压力在0 m处点火时最大,容器设有泄压口时,管道末端峰值压力在4. 7 m处点火时最大;在0 m处点火后管道末端的最大升压速率小于在2. 7和4. 7 m处点火后的速率。     

泄爆导管长度对除尘器泄爆影响的模拟分析

使用FLACS软件DESC模块,对连接不同长度泄爆导管的除尘器泄爆模型进行了模拟,研究泄爆过程中除尘器内部以及泄爆方向上的超压与高温变化规律。研究结果表明,泄爆导管内部要比除尘器内部先达到最大爆炸压力,但压力值却要小于除尘器内的超压;在泄爆方向上,距泄爆口越远,导管内的爆炸压力也越小,且在泄爆导管末端压力下降的趋势明显加快;随着导管长度从1 m增加到6 m,除尘器与泄爆导管内部的最大爆炸压力也逐渐增大,在泄爆导管长6 m时,除尘器内部达到了81.8 kPa的最大爆炸压力;而对于不同长度的导管泄爆模型,泄爆导管内部都达到了2 000 K左右的高温,且导管越长,最大爆炸温度所能持续的时间也越长。     

球形连通容器内可燃气体爆炸过程的数值模拟

为研究连通容器内气体爆炸规律,采用流体力学软件Fluent对球形连通容器内预混气体爆炸过程进行模拟,分析了不同管道长度和传爆方向条件下连通容器内压力和中心轴线上的速度变化。结果表明:随连接管长增加,连通容器内压力峰值更高,连通容器在压力稳定阶段保持的压力更小;较之小容器中心点火、大容器中心点火连通容器内压力迅速上升期及达到压力峰值的时间更迟,连通容器内的压力峰值更高,不同传爆方向时,传爆容器内的压力都先于起爆容器达到一个极值;火焰进入传爆容器后,轴线速度得到极大提高,最大值出现在管道内靠近传爆容器的接合处,可燃气体基本燃烧完时,连通容器轴线速度随连接管长增加下降更慢。     

连通容器气体密闭爆炸与泄爆过程的实验研究

利用球型容器与管道组合,开展连通容器气体爆炸与泄爆实验,分析连通条件下,火焰在管道中的传播过程及其对起爆容器和传爆容器的压力影响。实验结果表明:连通容器气体爆炸中,火焰从起爆容器到传爆容器传播经历了一段不断加速,但加速度不断减小的过程;泄爆过程中,火焰传播过程与密闭爆炸时基本一致。管道中火焰加速传播,使得传爆容器的爆炸压力和强度相较于作为起爆容器时均明显增加,危险更大,采用与起爆容器相同的泄爆面积,无法满足对连通容器中传爆容器的泄爆。同时,泄爆是一个快速的能量泄放过程应选择合理的泄爆方式,防止二次危害。     

泄压点火不同端管道内甲烷爆炸特性数值模拟

结合气体爆炸传播机理,利用FLACS软件对泄压点火不同端两种方式(泄压口通径为25 mm和泄压口完全开放)下甲烷的爆炸过程进行数值模拟,获得了5种体积分数甲烷的爆炸特性参数,分析得出:两种不同泄压方式下,10%,9.5%,11%体积分数的甲烷爆炸特性变化趋势接近,7%,8%的甲烷较前三者有所延迟;5种甲烷在管道中心处的最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率、最大爆炸压力下降速率、温度峰值都随甲烷体积分数的增大而逐渐上升,在10%时达到最大,继续增加甲烷体积分数则出现下降趋势,最大爆炸压力时间变化趋势与其相反;管道中心处的爆炸产物浓度随着甲烷体积分数的增大而增大,与泄压方式无关;增大管道泄压口面积有利于爆炸压力以及爆炸高温高压气体的释放,使得各体积分数甲烷的最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率、最大爆炸压力下降速率、温度峰值均下降,到达最大爆炸压力的时间均增大。     

柱形压力容器开口泄爆过程数值模拟研究

为研究柱形压力容器泄爆规律,采用经典流体力学软件FLUENT对典型的柱形压力容器泄爆过程进行数值模拟,分析从泄爆口开启到泄压结束时间段压力发展、火焰传播、气体流动及可燃气体浓度变化特性。结果表明:不同泄爆压力下容器内压力发展变化呈现不同特点,在较小泄爆压力情况下会出现压力再度上升的双峰现象。泄爆过程中产生的湍流沿泄爆口附近容器壁拉长火焰面,并加快燃烧速率。同时就容器内不同点火位置对爆炸强度影响进行研究,得出在泄爆压力为0.04 MPa时,底面点火对本柱形压力容器产生的最大升压速率约为中心点火最大升压速率的1.4倍。     

室外风压、火风压对建筑物热压中和面位置的影响

首次提出风压与热压可完全分解 ,风压不改变热压本身的压力特性的观点 ,确定风压与热压共同作用下的新的中和面 ;提出火灾层火风压造成的空气渗进、烟气的排出过程属内部循环的观点 ;对于火灾烟气窜入建筑内部竖井通道的情况 ,则根据中和面上下各楼层总渗进、渗出平衡的观点 ,确定火灾引起的新的中和面位置。     

某常压余热水箱承压爆炸重大事故分析

通过对一起重大特种设备“疑似”事故——常压余热水箱承压爆炸造成3人当场死亡1人重伤的重大事故的调查过程的介绍，对常压水箱爆炸事故原因、经过的调查分析，充分意识到有效落实企业安全生产第3方责任的紧迫性。加强特种设备安全监察员队伍专业知识学习的紧迫性。     

Acceleration sensitivity of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures

To measure the explosion pressure inside an enclosure, it is common to install a piezoelectric pressure sensor in the enclosure wall. The pressure wave of the internal explosion inevitably leads to vibrations of the enclosure walls. This unwanted but naturally occurring motion is also transmitted to the pressure sensor mounted in the enclosure wall and results in inertial forces affecting the piezoelectric element. During the measurement of the explosion pressure, this affects the output signal of the pressure sensor since an undesired signal due to the acceleration of the pressure sensor is superimposed on the desired pressure signal. This behaviour of the sensor is described as acceleration sensitivity. The level of acceleration sensitivity depends on the type and construction design of the pressure sensor. Even though this sensor behaviour is basically not a new phenomenon, the evaluation of an international comparison between Ex testing laboratories in the field of flameproof enclosures has shown that the consideration of this issue is a major challenge in daily practice concerning the measurement of explosion pressures and is even often completely neglected.This work evaluates the behaviour of various piezoelectric pressure sensors with respect to the influence of acceleration and investigates the specific impact on the explosion pressure measurement in the field of flameproof enclosures. For this purpose, explosions from typically used explosive mixtures such as hydrogen, propane and ethyne in air are examined. These investigations involve simple model enclosures with various specifications as well as a commercially available equipment for hazardous areas. By using blind holes and specially designed adapters, a practical method is applied to be able to detect the effect of acceleration on the sensor signal separately from the pressure signal. For this purpose, both the discrete-time pressure curves and the frequency components are analysed using Fast Fourier Transform. The use of signal filters as a practical and fast approach to address these unwanted signal components is discussed and evaluated.This paper provides guidelines for typical end-users in the field of flameproof enclosures how to handle acceleration of piezoelectric pressure sensors and the influence on the measurement of explosion pressures correctly.     

煤层瓦斯压力测定的合理封孔注浆压力研究

煤层瓦斯压力测定是煤矿安全生产基础参数测定的重要内容之一,测压成功的关键是封孔技术。当围岩裂隙较发育时需要采用压力注浆封孔,注浆压力就成为封孔的技术关键。为了确定一定围岩岩性条件下的合理封孔注浆压力,采用数值模拟的方法对测压钻孔塑性区大小进行了仿真模拟,并根据浆液渗流规律和钻孔围岩性质之间的关系建立了浆液流动数学模型,得出了合理的注浆压力为4MPa,结合新型“两堵一注”囊袋式封孔装置与CPD8M型煤层瓦斯压力自动测定仪进行了现场应用,结果表明4MPa的注浆压力满足平煤十三矿试验现场围岩条件下的封孔要求,对同类条件下瓦斯压力测定具有一定的指导意义。     

深水钻井热交换作用下的井壁稳定性分析

为了研究深水钻井过程中热交换作用对井壁稳定性的影响规律,建立了钻井液、钻柱、海水和地层各介质热交换作用下温度控制方程,根据热弹性理论计算温度变化对井周应力的影响,结合地层强度准则与拉伸破坏准则确定深水井壁坍塌压力与破裂压力。结果表明,钻井液循环对地层产生的冷却作用能够降低井壁坍塌压力与破裂压力,但破裂压力降低幅度比坍塌压力的降低幅度稍大。因此,尽管钻井液的冷却效果能够抑制井壁坍塌,但应注意低温度的井壁更易形成诱导缝,甚至引发地层漏失。计算结果对深水钻井作业具有指导意义。     

Influence of thermal shock of piezoelectric pressure sensors on the measurement of explosion pressures

Piezoelectric pressure sensors are susceptible to changing temperatures, because resulting mechanical deformations of the sensor membrane and housing may exert a positive or negative force on the piezo crystal, thus changing the reading of this sensor. The consideration and compensation of this influence quantity is a frequent topic of many investigations in the field of combustion chambers, of spark-ignition engines and internal combustion engines. However, this is not the case in the field of the type of protection “flameproof enclosures”. Here a peculiarity is the fast temperature rise during a single explosion and the concurrent influence of the temperature gradient, which is often described as thermal shock. The whole event has a typical duration time of the order of seconds and less. Thermal shocks have so far received little attention, as was also a lesson learnt from the evaluation of an interlaboratory comparison between Ex testing laboratories. The laboratories handle thermal shock in a variety of ways, starting from complete ignorance up to various sophisticated coatings. This was a main source of different results within the field of participants. This work evaluates the behavior of different piezoelectric pressure sensor types with respect to thermal shock. Different temperature protection measures are investigated regarding their functionality, practicability and stability. Possible influences on the sensitivity of the sensors due to the used protective measures regarding thermal shock are shown. The transient temperature load of the sensor membrane is estimated by physical calculations as well as numerical analysis based on surface temperature measurements transformed in a surface heat flux density. This work provides guidelines for typical end-users in the field of flameproof enclosures how to handle thermal shock correctly.     

工作场所管道通风的测量

通风系统管道风量的测量是评价职业安全与卫生防护工程效率、对通风系统存在问题进行诊断的必要过程。文章通过在职业卫生评价时所需通风效率等参数的考核要求,引出了对风速、风压的测量;阐述了新风量和换气次数的概念和方法,介绍了常用测量仪器、仪器的使用方法和较新的套帽式风量罩的使用,通过对风压测量使用仪器、检测方法、计算过程、注意事项的详细介绍,较全面地给出了避免产生误差的方法和要求,对如何根据作业现场条件,选择测量方法、测量仪器及其适宜性等进行了阐述,对工作场所职业卫生检测与评价的实际操作具有一定的参考作用。     

Numerical and experimental study of the explosions caused by residual pressure in quick actuating vessels

The explosion accident caused by residual pressure is one of the most common kinds of accidents in quick actuating pressure vessels. And it is important to provide some reliable methods, which can give reasonable analysis of the explosion. In this study, experiments of the explosion are preformed by using two quick actuating pressure vessels with residual pressure, and a new mathematical model is presented. The model is based on the combination of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence fluid model and Newton’s second Law for the solid motion. And the model is solved with local remeshing method. By performing the simulation with the same parameters of experiments, the results of the simulation confirm the accuracy of the model. And the results shows the crucial factor of vessel structure, which the maximum ejected speed of the lid highly depends on. Based on that, the optimal design of the structure is presented, which can provide better security.     

聚氨酯-水泥带压注水封孔测压技术研究

基于传统上向钻孔测压技术的分析,提出一种新型上向孔测压技术—聚氨酯—水泥带压注水封孔测压技术。该技术利用气体渗透性大于液体的弱点,变传统封堵漏气通道为封堵液体泄漏通道,降低封堵漏气难易程度,提高测压成功率;同时利用水作为动力介质和辅助封孔材料,实现主动测压和钻孔带压注浆,隔绝钻孔瓦斯与外界环境的直接接触,提高系统本身测压的可靠性。通过理论分析及与常用测压技术对比表明,该技术用于煤层瓦斯压力测定是完全可行的。