传导式热流计校准研究现状

热流计是一种量化热能转移的重要仪器,传导式热流计是目前应用最广泛的热流计之一,其量值是否准确至关重要。文章介绍了传导热流计的发展及应用,校准的理论基础,并对现有的校准方法进行了总结和比较,指出不同校准方法的优缺点,为校准方法的进一步研究提供了参考。     

入腔法校准辐射热流计入腔位置的确定

介绍了辐射热流计的校准方法,并详细说明了入腔法校准辐射热流计的装置和原理。校准是在黑体腔直径50 mm的钠管炉和高温黑体辐射源上进行的。所采用的热流计为水冷圆箔式热流计。建立了等效腔体模型用以计算有效发射率。理论计算和试验结果均表明入腔最佳位置在热流计距黑体腔底面1倍黑体腔直径处。     

热流计快速标定装置的传热分析

本文提出了一种新型的热流计快速标定装置。由于采用了箔式加热器,并以温度可控的工作室取代传统的稳态平板装置的环形护热板,使本装置具有标定快和精确度高的优点。在用解析法求解三维温度场的基础上,本文对该装置中的传热状况进行了细致的分析,指明在所设计的结构参数和适当控制工作室温度的条件下,由侧向散热所引起的标定热流的误差不大于0.1％,完全可以满足精密标定热流计的要求。     

接触式热流计校准装置的研制

该接触式热流计校准装置是基于保护平板法进行研制,采用标准热流密度对热流传感器进行校准。该装置主要由测量、控制、温度采集以及数据分析四个主要模块组成,通过各个模块的设计,保证了该装置的精确度。通过对不同温差、不同试样厚度上的实验数据进行分析,从而找出最优温差以及合适的隔热材料厚度,有效解决了计量部门和节能监测机构热流计量值无法溯源的问题,证实了该校准装置的精度在要求的范围内。     

利用平板炉校准辐射热流计时角系数影响的分析

平板炉用于校准辐射热流计。标准辐射热流计和被校辐射热流计分别放置在石墨平板两侧,且角系数保持一致。辐射热流计受热感应面对平板的角系数,可认为是圆盘对与它平行的矩形的角系数,并以此进行计算。本文分析了辐射热流计至平板的距离、受热感应面面积对角系数的影响。     

辐射热流计响应时间测量方法研究

为满足瞬态热流的测量需求,解决辐射热流计响应时间无法准确测量的问题,设计辐射热流计响应时间测量装置。该装置利用高功率激光器快响应特性形成热流阶跃系统,使用高速采集系统同步采集热流计输出,对热流计响应曲线进行分析计算得到响应时间。对比多种响应时间测试方案,并通过试验对辐射热流计响应时间测量装置的快响应特性进行了验证,结果表明：该装置测量辐射热流计响应时间最快为4.4 ms,能够有效满足大量程、快响应的辐射热流计响应时间精准、高效测试的需求,促进了我国瞬态辐射热流计量技术的发展。     

新型热流计测量技术的探索研究

目前的热流计在测量热量时需要测量供热管道的流量以及进出口温度,然后再对其进行积分计算.其技术非常复杂,而且精度低,仪器成本高,难以普及.为了解决这一系列问题,本文主要依据能量守恒定律提出了一种新型的能量测量装置,并对该装置的测量原理进行了理论分析.通过数值模拟,在理论上对其进行了验证.数值模拟的结果证实该型热流计测量结果与系统流体的流量无关,这也是本测量方法不同于其它常规热流计的优点之一,摆脱了流量对能量测量的影响,同时也简化了计算过程,大大降低了成本.     

圆箔式辐射热流计的精确数学模型及其灵敏度分析

本文全面考虑了圆箔式辐射热流计中对流放热及热电偶丝导热对热流计特性的影响。建立了完整的数学模型,对灵敏度进行了详细的分析。推导出表示该热流计特性与周围环境条件及热流计参数间关系的综合准则公式,为设计者分析这种热流计提供依据。     

恒温冷藏箱体保温性能的测定：热平衡和热流计比对试验分析

本文介绍了采用热平衡方法和热流计方法考核恒温冷藏箱体保温性能的比对试验分析。探讨了热流计布置在箱体外壁、正向热平衡时（箱内加热、温度高于箱外）和布置在箱体内壁、反向热平衡时（箱内制冷、温度低于箱外）两者所得结果与热平衡法测得结果的比较。并对测量结果作了不确定度的估计。可供检测工作实践作参考。     

非稳态条件下温度梯度型热流计片误差分析

温度梯度型热流计由于其价格低廉、应用方便等特点在热工测试中被广泛的运用,然而在实际工程运用当中其精度往往得不到保证。建立了典型的热流计片测试的数学模型,在非稳态条件下对其误差进行分析研究。最后得出结论,热流计片本身的热工属性以及不同的边界条件对于热流计片的现场测试精度都有很重大的影响。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。