十一酸睾酮二元醇质体凝胶剂体内外透皮特性研究

摘 要 目的：对十一酸睾酮（TU）二元醇质体凝胶进行体内外透皮考察。方法: 采用注入法制备TU二元醇质体,以卡波姆941为凝胶基质,制备TU二元醇质体凝胶剂;以小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用Franz扩散池法对其体外透皮特性进行考察;以大鼠为实验动物,背部给予TU二元醇质体凝胶剂后,于设定的时间点测定血浆中TU浓度,计算药动学参数,并与TU二元醇质体进行比较。结果: TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的体外累积透皮百分率Q与时间t均符合一级动力学模型,线性方程分别为：Q=8.68t+6.78（r=0.998 2）和Q=6.09t+3.09（r=0.999 3）,稳态透皮速率分别为8.68 μg·cm^-2·h^-1和6.09 μg·cm^-2·h^-1,24 h后TU在皮肤中的滞留量分别为（208.80±55.26）μg·g^-1和（225.60±38.90）μg·g^-1;大鼠体内TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的主要药动学参数分别为：Cmax（18.50±2.75）mg·L^-1和（20.80±2.42）mg·L^-1;tmax（6.20±0.14）h和（9.54±0.52）h;AUC0-48h（336.74±2.05）h和（486.30±1.68）h。结论:TU二元醇质体及其凝胶均呈现较好的体内外透皮特性,且在缓释性上凝胶剂表现更优。     

HPLC法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法: 采用汉邦Phecda C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸-乙腈（40∶60）,检测波长246 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温;30℃,进样量:20 μl。结果:补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 3）,平均加样回收率为98.73%（RSD=2.22%）;异补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 2）,平均加样回收率为99.94%（RSD=2.59%）;大黄素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率为100.63%（RSD=1.48%）;丹参酮Ⅱ_A在10～200 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.18%（RSD=1.03%）。结论:本方法测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量,方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方紫灵胶囊的质量评价提供科学依据。     

黄芪、灯盏花素复方制剂对阿尔茨海默病大鼠记忆能力及血、脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化脂质和乳酸脱氢酶的影响

摘 要 目的：探讨黄芪、灯盏花素复方制剂（HDs）对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠红细胞、脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化脂质丙二醛（MDA）以及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的影响。方法: 随机将50只大鼠分为正常对照组、脑复康阳性对照组（0.15 g·kg^-1·d^-1,灌胃）、模型组以及HDs低剂量（HDs1,1.5 ml·kg^-1·d^-1,腹腔注射）、HDs高剂量组（HDs 2,3.0 ml·kg^-1·d^-1,腹腔注射）,以三氯化铝（5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,灌胃）和D 半乳糖（40 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,腹腔注射）建立AD大鼠动物模型。90 d后,测定各组大鼠的近期学习记忆能力,检测各组大鼠红细胞、脑组织SOD、MDA以及LDH水平。结果: 与AD模型组比较,HDs各剂量组大鼠学习记忆能力明显提高,红细胞及脑组织中SOD、LDH的活性明显升高,MDA含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(Ｐ<0.05或Ｐ<0.01);但尚未恢复至正常水平（Ｐ<0.05或Ｐ<0.01）。HDs2组部分指标明显优于脑复康阳性对照药组和HDs1组(Ｐ<0.05或Ｐ<0.01)。结论:黄芪、灯盏花素复方制剂对AD大鼠的学习记忆障碍有明显的改善,能有效提高AD大鼠红细胞及脑组织SOD、及LDH的活性,降低MDA的浓度。     

川芎嗪对大鼠低压低氧性肺动脉高压的预防作用及初步机制探讨

摘 要 目的：研究川芎嗪（TMP）对慢性低压低氧性肺动脉高压模型大鼠的防治作用及其机制。方法: 将雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,即正常对照组、低压低氧组与川芎嗪组（100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）。建立低压低氧性肺动脉高压大鼠模型,观察TMP干预后大鼠平均肺动脉压力（mPAP）、左颈总动脉插管测平均颈动脉压（mCAP）、右心室肥厚指数（RVHI）和肺血管形态学的改变,计算肺细小动脉管壁厚度占血管外径的百分比（WT%）和管壁面积占血管总面积的百分比（WA%）,以及大鼠血清中一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、缺氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）与血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平。结果: 检测TMP干预21 d,大鼠mPAP、RVHI、WT%和WA%各指标比较,低压低氧组显著高于正常对照组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,川芎嗪组显著低于低压低氧组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。低压低氧条件对颈动脉压力mCAP影响不大,组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。血清中NO含量比较,低压低氧组显著低于正常对照组（P＜0.05）,川芎嗪组显著高于低压低氧组（P＜0.05）。血清中ET-1、HIF-1α与VEGF含量比较,低压低氧组显著高于正常对照组（P＜0.05）,川芎嗪组显著低于低压低氧组（P＜0.05）。结论:TMP可有效预防大鼠低压低氧导致的肺动脉高压和肺小动脉的结构重建,其作用机制可能与上调大鼠血清NO含量和下调ET-1、HIF-1α与VEGF活性有关。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中的2种有效成分

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛含量的高效液相色谱双波长分析方法。方法: 采用ZORBAX Extend C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈和0.035 mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢钾水溶液（冰醋酸调节pH至3.0）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长分别为364 nm和318 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 在选定的色谱条件下,呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛在0.005～0.05 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,检测限分别为20 ng·mL^-1和26 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为70 ng·mL^-1和90 ng·mL^-1,平均回收率分别为99.4%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）和99.4%（RSD=0.3%,n=9）。结论: 所建立的方法简便快速,专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮及吲哚美辛的检测分析。     

离子色谱法测定枸橼酸氢钾钠颗粒中多种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立离子色谱法测定枸橼酸氢钾钠颗粒中钠、钾和枸橼酸含量的方法。方法: 钾和钠的色谱条件：采用Dionex IonPac CS12A色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.02 mol·L^-1甲烷磺酸溶液,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,抑制器为CSRS 300,抑制电流为59 mA,采用抑制型电导检测器,进样量为25 μl。枸橼酸的色谱条件：采用Dionex HPICE AS1离子排斥色谱柱（250 mm×9.0 mm,7.5 μm）,流动相为0.015 mol·L^-1硫酸溶液,流速为0.6 ml·min^-1,检测波长为220 nm,进样量为10 μl。结果: 钠的线性范围为0.82～82.49 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为98.9%,RSD为0.55% （n=9）;钾的线性范围为1.38～137.89 μg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为100.5%,RSD为0.53%（n=9）;枸橼酸的线性范围为0.021～10.600 mg·ml^-1（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为99.1%,RSD为0.54%（n=9）。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于枸橼酸氢钾钠颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中4个成分的含量。方法: 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-甲醇（B）-磷酸二氢铵溶液（取0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢铵溶液1 000 ml ,加磷酸1 ml,混匀）（C）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温 35℃,变换波长时间为（0～9 min ：225 nm;9～38 min ：450 nm）。结果: 采用HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量,线性范围分别为：对乙酰氨基酚24.680～394.900 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,马来酸氯苯那敏0.201～3.214 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,咖啡因1.129～18.070 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,胆红素0.010～0.165 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;平均回收率分别为：99.25% (RSD=0.46%), 99.29% (RSD=0.32%),99.49% (RSD=0.48%)及99.75% (RSD=0.55%)（n=6）。结论:该法简单,灵敏,准确,重复性好,可用于氨咖黄敏胶囊的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定追风舒筋活血片中马钱子碱、士的宁的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立追风舒筋活血片中马钱子碱、士的宁的含量测定方法。方法: 应用高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱为Agilent SB C₁₈柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈 0.01 mol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠与0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10%磷酸调节pH至2.8）（21∶79）为流动相,检测波长为260 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为35℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 马钱子碱和士的宁的线性范围分别为0. 011 0~0.219 6 mg·ml^-1 (r=0.999 4)、0.010 1~0.202 8 mg·ml^-1 (r=0.999 7);平均加样回收率分别为98.24%(RSD=1.54%)、97.92%(RSD=1.49%)(n=6) 。结论:该方法简便易行、准确、重复性好,可用于追风舒筋活血片的质量控制。     

亚砷酸治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者血中总砷及砷形态测定

摘 要 目的：建立氢化物发生 原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS）和高效液相色谱 氢化物发生 原子荧光光谱法(HPLC HG AFS）分别测定急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者红细胞和血浆中总砷及血浆中无机砷[As(Ⅲ)和As(V)]和甲基化代谢产物(MMA 和 DMA)的浓度。方法: 将患者红细胞和血浆经HNO3H2O2 的混合物消化处理后,利用HG AFS法检测血浆和红细胞中总砷的浓度。将患者血浆经高氯酸沉淀蛋白,取上清液进行 HPLC HG AFS分析,色谱柱为Hamilton PRP X100阴离子交换色谱柱（250 mm×4.1 mm, 10 μm）;以13 mmol·L^-1醋酸钠 3 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠 4 mmol·L^-1硝酸钾 0.2 mmol·L^-1乙二胺四乙酸二钠的混合溶液为流动相。结果:总砷的线性范围为0.2~20 ng·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,4种砷形态的线性范围为2.0~50 ng·mL^-1（r>0.9950）。红细胞中总砷加样回收率为89.4%~106.3%;血浆中加样回收率为87.6%~100.2%;砷形态加样回收率为81.2%~108.6%。精密度良好。该方法成功应用于5例急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者体内总砷以及砷形态的分析。结论:所建立的方法简便、快速、准确。可应用于急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者血中总砷及砷形态的检测。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定大鼠血浆中长春花碱的浓度及药动学研究

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC MS/MS法测定大鼠血浆中长春花碱的浓度。方法: 血浆样本加入适量内标,经乙腈直接沉淀蛋白后采用HPLC MS/MS进行分析。色谱柱采用Ultimate C18柱 (150 mm×2.1 mm,5.0 μm);流动相由乙腈 10 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵(含0.1%甲酸) (49:51)组成,柱温40℃;流速0.3 ml·min^-1;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以多反应监测方式(MRM)进行定量分析。长春花碱和内标长春新碱在正离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 811.4→m/z 224.2和m/z 825.4→m/z 807.4。结果: 长春花碱在0.475~ 950 ng·ml^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.997 1）,最低定量限为0.475 ng·ml^-1,提取回收率为89.15%~95.28%,日内、日间精密度RSD均不高于7.95%。药动学研究结果表明,长春花碱在大鼠体内的t1/2为（5.86 ±2.37）h,AUC(0-t)和AUC(0-∞)分别为（68.45±14.51）,（95.03±33.09）μg·L^-1·h。 结论:该方法分析速度快、灵敏、准确,为临床进一步研究长春花碱和药物转运体提供了基础。长春花碱在大鼠体内的浓度较低,半衰期较长。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.