四指马鲅卵巢发育和卵子发生的组织学观察

为了解四指马鲅（Eleutheronema tetradactylum）的卵巢发育和卵子发生过程，本研究运用组织切片HE染色方法对其卵巢发育的组织结构变化和卵子发生过程中各时相卵母细胞的结构进行观察。结果显示，四指马鲅卵巢为被膜型卵巢，紧贴中肾腹面，两支卵巢前端分离于后端融合，呈"Y"字形。卵子发生过程分可分为5个时相，在II时相中期卵母细胞周围开始出现滤泡细胞，II时相晚期形成单层滤泡细胞，直至III时相中期滤泡细胞层外形成鞘膜细胞层；卵黄核在II时相中期开始出现至III时相早期消失；卵黄泡在III时相早期的细胞核附近及胞质边缘出现；卵黄颗粒在III时相晚期开始出现于卵黄泡之间，并在IV时相早期填充卵黄泡，至IV时相晚期形成卵黄小板。卵巢发育过程分为6个时期，每个时期都存在不同时相的卵母细胞；V期卵巢的卵径呈双峰分布，分别在50.00~100.00 μm和300.00~350.00 μm区间出现峰值。四指马鲅卵巢发育模式为非同步发育-分批产卵类型。     

细鳞鱼的卵黄发生

从发育生物学—卵黄发生角度,通过光镜和透射电镜对细鳞鱼(Brachymystax lenok)卵黄发生进行观察。结果表明,细鳞鱼的卵黄发生主要集中在初级卵母细胞阶段完成,可分为4个特征时期:初级生长期,皮质泡期,卵黄积累期,卵黄积累完成期。当卵母细胞进入初级生长早期,卵子发生特征物——类核周体出现;进入皮质泡期,其主要特征是皮质泡、卵黄外膜和巴尔比亚尼体结构;处于卵黄积累期,位于其外周细胞质附近会出现卵黄颗粒;进入卵黄积累完成期,卵黄颗粒不断融合增大,占据细胞绝大部分。以上结果为细鳞鱼的卵巢发育分期提供了理论基础,并深入探讨其发育的规律性、特殊性和复杂性,从而指导细鳞鱼的人工繁殖、选育种工作及野生群体的资源保护和合理利用。     

孔雀鱼雌性生殖器官组织结构及卵子发生的研究

应用光镜技术研究了孔雀鱼（Poecilia reticulata）雌性生殖器官组织结构和卵子发生的特点,以期为孔雀鱼的良种繁育工作提供基础资料。结果表明,孔雀鱼雌性生殖器官由卵巢、卵子输送管和泄殖孔构成。卵子发生过程经历了6个时相：第Ⅰ时相主要为卵原细胞;第Ⅱ时相是处于小生长期的初级卵母细胞,形成生长环、卵黄核和单层扁平滤泡细胞膜;第Ⅲ时相是进入大生长期的初级卵母细胞,卵黄开始积累,形成2层滤泡细胞膜和2层卵包膜;第Ⅳ时相为发育晚期的初级卵母细胞,细胞发生了极化,卵包膜发育完善;第Ⅴ时相发育成熟,卵黄颗粒凝结呈块状,卵黄泡主要分布于细胞膜内缘,滤泡细胞膜萎缩;第Ⅵ时相是闭锁卵泡,被滤泡细胞消化和吸收转变为卵巢内结缔组织。     

莱氏拟乌贼卵子发生的组织学观察

2020年8月在福建海域用底拖网捕获雌莱氏拟乌贼Sepioteuthis lessoniana 7尾，未性成熟个体2尾，平均体质量（210±43）g，已性成熟个体5尾，平均体质量为（430±76）g，用组织切片技术观察其卵巢的显微组织学结构，根据卵子的发生特征和变化规律划分卵子发生时期。结果显示：莱氏拟乌贼卵巢内的卵原细胞个体逐渐增大，细胞核由中央偏向一端直至消失；扁平状滤泡细胞和椭圆形滤泡细胞先后包裹卵母细胞，双层滤泡细胞在卵母细胞内增多并形成指状突起；卵黄物质在滤泡细胞解体时形成，最终充满卵母细胞。根据以上特征，将莱氏拟乌贼的卵子发生划分为4个阶段9个时期，即第一阶段卵原细胞期，第二阶段无滤泡细胞期、单层滤泡细胞期和双层滤泡细胞期，第三阶段滤泡细胞增生初期、滤泡细胞增生中期和滤泡细胞增生末期，第四阶段卵黄堆积期及成熟期。本研究认为莱氏拟乌贼卵子内的滤泡细胞起到合成并分泌营养物质的功能。     

养殖金乌贼卵子发生和卵巢发育的组织学观察

为了深入了解金乌贼(Sepia esculenta Hoyle)的生殖生理特性,本研究采用解剖学方法及组织切片技术,观察和描述了金乌贼卵巢形态和卵子各个时相结构特征及其变化规律。研究结果表明,金乌贼卵子发生过程的主要特征表现为,卵子成熟之前滤泡细胞一直存在且伴随着其结构变化,滤泡细胞解体与卵黄物质出现同步发生,卵黄物质从无到有再到大量积累直至充满整个卵母细胞,细胞核则随着滤泡细胞内折逐渐发生偏移直至最后消失。研究还发现金乌贼卵巢内卵子发生不同步且形态差异显著,未成熟的卵子粘连在卵巢基质上,依次环布于卵巢基质周围,越靠近中心,卵母细胞发育程度越低;成熟后的卵子游离在卵巢腔中,经过输卵管排出体外。根据卵巢内卵子的大小和形态、滤泡细胞形态及卵黄形成情况,将金乌贼卵子发生分为增殖期(卵原细胞期)、小生长期(无滤泡期,单层滤泡期,双层滤泡期)、大生长期(滤泡内折期,卵黄形成早期,卵黄形成晚期)、成熟期、退化吸收期共5个时期9个时相。卵巢发育分期则是以卵子时相为基础,根据卵巢的外观形态、性腺系数以及切面上优势卵子的时相,把卵巢分为Ⅰ~Ⅵ共6个时期。金乌贼卵巢发育和卵子发生的动态观察与描述,对丰富头足类繁殖生物学理论及提升人工繁殖技术都具有重要意义。     

中华锯齿米虾卵子发生过程中滤泡细胞的结构研究

利用光镜和透射电镜对中华锯齿米虾卵子发生过程中滤泡细胞的结构进行了研究。结果表明:随着卵子发生,滤泡细胞经历了发生、发育及退化的过程。在卵黄大量生成阶段,单层滤泡细胞紧贴卵母细胞,其内部蕴含着大量的内质网及线粒体。滤泡细胞与卵母细胞通过微胞饮泡和微绒毛进行物质交换。     

中华绒螯蟹离体卵巢发育的调控作用

通过卵巢离体实验研究性激素、大豆黄酮、生物胺及神经组织对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)卵巢发育的影响。结果表明，雌二醇可显著地增大卵黄发生前期、初级卵黄发生期和次级卵黄发生期卵巢卵母细胞的直径，黄体酮可显著增大卵黄发生前期卵巢卵母细胞直径，对初级卵黄发生期和次级卵黄发生期的卵母细胞直径有极显著地促进作用；大豆黄酮具有增大卵母细胞直径的作用，但作用不显著；脑和胸神经团对卵黄发生前期、初级卵黄发生期的卵母细胞直径有显著增大作用，对于次级卵黄发生期卵母细胞直径有极显著增大作用；视神经节作用不明显；5-羟色胺通过脑可显著促进卵黄发生前期、初级卵黄发生期卵巢卵母细胞直径的增大，极显著促进次级卵黄发生期卵巢卵母细胞直径的增大，还通过胸神经节极显著增大各期卵巢的卵母细胞直径；多巴胺作用不明显。     

嘉陵江瓦氏黄颡鱼卵巢组织学的周年变化

采用形态学和连续组织切片技术对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)卵巢的组织形态学进行了研究。结果显示:瓦氏黄颡鱼卵巢发育分为6个时期,卵母细胞发育分为6个时相。从10月至次年的2月份,卵巢处于第Ⅱ期;3—4月份卵巢处于第Ⅲ期;4—5月初卵巢处于第Ⅳ卵期;5—7月卵巢处于第Ⅴ期;8—9月卵巢处于第Ⅵ期。在第2时相的卵母细胞中出现卵黄核和滤泡细胞;第3时相的卵母细胞出现液泡,数目和层数随着卵巢的发育逐渐增加;第4时相的卵母细胞充满卵黄颗粒,并出现了受精孔和精孔细胞。瓦氏黄颡鱼是一次产卵类型。     

金钱鱼性腺发育及其组织结构观察

采用常规石蜡切片,H.E染色研究了金钱鱼性腺发育及组织结构特征.结果显示,2+龄的金钱鱼性腺发育成熟.金钱鱼精巢为管型,可分为:精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞生长期、精母细胞成熟期、精子细胞变态期、精子成熟期等5个时期.从Ⅱ期精巢起,金钱鱼精巢的成熟系数(GSI)为0.2％～1.5％,精巢成熟系数在发育到精子细胞成熟期(Ⅴ期)达到峰值,肝重指数(HSI)在精子细胞变态期(Ⅳ期)达到峰值.金钱鱼卵巢的卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时相,相对应的卵巢发育亦分为5个时期.从Ⅱ期卵巢起,金钱鱼卵巢的成熟系数为1.2％～14.9％,在发育到Ⅴ期时达到峰值,HSI在Ⅳ期达到峰值.Ⅱ时相卵母细胞出现卵黄核和滤泡膜.Ⅲ时相卵母细胞中开始出现油滴,卵黄颗粒.Ⅳ时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒与油滴的数量迅速增多.Ⅴ时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,在卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒与油球之间在数量上没有明显的差异.根据切片观察,Ⅴ期卵巢中,除了Ⅴ时相卵母细胞外,还有一定数量的Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ时相卵母细胞,卵母细胞发育呈现非同步型.并且发现在多数产完卵后的卵巢中,除空的滤泡外亦存在一定数量的Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期卵母细胞,因此推测,金钱鱼的产卵类型为分批非同步产卵类型.     

大鳞副泥鳅卵巢发育的组织学研究

采用组织切片方法,对大鳞剐泥鳅的卵巢发育进行了组织学研究,系统地描述了卵巢的形态结构、组织学特征.2个卵巢序有成对,位于体腔中线两侧和消化管的背面,以肠系膜与体壁相连.大鳞副泥鳅卵巢的发育分为Ⅵ个时期,第Ⅱ期卵巢出现产卵板,卵母细胞明显增多,原牛质增长,胞质嗜碱性增强,早期排列紧密,后期排列疏松;第1II期卵巢体积显著增大,扁圆,浅黄色,卵黄颗粒出现在皮质M,单层滤泡层形成,放射带…现;第IV期卵巢体积更加增大,圆筒形,深黄色,能见许多血管分枝;第V期卵巢一般只在繁殖季节达到性成熟的可自然排卵产出体外的雌鳅体内出现;第VI期卵巢呈现排空的滤泡.卵母细胞的发育分为5个时相,在第2时相晚期列第3时相早期,卵母细胞中具有卵黄核.     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.