胃癌穿孔21例诊治体会

目的 探讨胃癌穿孔患者的临床特征及手术治疗方式的选择。方法 对21例胃癌穿孔患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。男16例，女5例；平均年龄66．5岁；TNM分期：Ⅱ期7例，Ⅲ期10例，Ⅳ期4例。4例行单纯穿孔修补；4例行穿孔修补加胃、空肠造瘘及胃空肠吻合；8例行姑息性胃大部加大网膜切除；5例行根治性胃癌切除加D1淋巴结清扫。结果 治愈18例，死亡3例。4种术式的平均生存时间分别为5．5、7．0、14．2及24．6个月。结论 胃癌穿孔患者，均应采用手术治疗；根治性胃癌切除加D1淋巴结清扫是胃癌穿孔合理的手术方式，对无根治条件者应争取行姑息性手术切除，单纯穿孔修补容易发生再次穿孔，死亡率高，一般不宜采用。     

改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

囊性肾癌27例诊治分析

目的:探讨囊性肾癌(CRCC)的临床特点,提高其诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析27例CRCC患者的症状与体征、影像学表现、手术方式、病理检查及随访结果。结果:综合B超、CT、MRI、超声造影等检查诊断CRCC 24例,疑似肾癌2例,误诊为肾囊肿1例。行保留肾单位手术15例,根治性肾切除11例,肾囊肿去顶减压后再行根治性肾切除1例。病理检查报告为透明细胞癌26例,乳头状肾细胞癌1例;临床分期T1aN0M08例,T1bN0M012例,T2aN0M05例,T2bN0M02例;组织分级G16例,G221例。27例随访6~78个月,平均21个月,除1例术后3个月局部复发外,其余26例均无复发和转移。结论:综合多种影像学检查能提高CRCC的诊断率,部分患者保留肾单位手术能达到与根治性肾切除术同样的治疗效果。除肾癌囊性坏死型外,其余类型预后较好。     

泌尿系小细胞癌的诊断及治疗（附11例报告）

目的：探讨泌尿系小细胞癌的诊治方法、疗效及预后。方法：回顾性分析我院2003年1月～2012年12月收治的t1例泌尿系小细胞癌的病理、临床特征、诊断方法、治疗方法等资料,并对患者治疗效果、生存期等进行分析。结果：11例患者,男9例,女2例,平均年龄66．9（57～83）岁,肿瘤位于膀胱5例（1例为女性）,右肾3例（1例为女性）,左肾1例,前列腺2例。按TNM分期,膀胱肿瘤：T2bNnM01例,T2bN1M0 1例,2例均行根治性膀胱全切＋肠代膀胱术,分别于术后24个月及13个月死亡;T2bN2M1 1例,T3bN2M1 1例,此2例行根治性膀胱全切＋放疗＋化疗,分别于术后9个月、12个月死亡;T4N2M1 1例,行放疗＋化疗,3个月后死亡。肾脏肿瘤：T1aN0M01例,T1nN0M0 1例,T2bN1M0 1例,T3bN2M1 1例,均行根治性肾切除术＋放疗＋化疗,3例于术后6个月、13个月、24个月死亡,1例至今4年尚存活。前列腺肿瘤：T1cN0M1b 1例,行前列腺电切＋放疗＋化疗;T3bN1M1c 1例,行放疗＋化疗,随访时分别死于术后25个月及15个月。11例患者生存期最短3个月,目前最长48个月,平均17．5个月;1年生存率63．6％（7／11）,5年生存率目前为0。结论：泌尿系小细胞癌恶性度高,预后差,手术联合放化疗可能会延长患者生存期、改善其生活质量。     

胃癌穿孔32例手术治疗不同术式的疗效分析

目的探讨不同胃癌急性穿孑L术式的手术疗效。方法将我院1995年1月至2005年12月间发生的32例胃癌穿孔患者根据术式分为穿孔修补术组、姑息性切除术组和根治性切除术组,对比其手术疗效。结果穿孔修补术组生存期明显短于姑息性切除术组和根治性切除术组（均P〈0．05）;姑息性切除术组生存期明显短于根治性切除术组（P〈0．05）。结论姑息性切除术或根治性切除术可明显延长胃癌急性穿孔患者的生存期并提高患者的生存质量。     

联合脏器切除治疗T4b期胃癌的临床疗效分析

目的评价联合脏器切除术治疗T4b期胃癌的治疗效果。探讨其手术适应证及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析2001—2005年间在天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院接受联合脏器切除治疗的96例T4bN0-3bM0期胃癌患者的临床和随访资料。结果12例（12．5％）患者出现术后并发症,其中胰瘘4例,腹腔感染5例,肺部感染3例;均经保守治疗后治愈,全组未出现围手术期死亡病例。全组患者均获随访,中位随访时间为73个月,术后1、3和5年生存率分别为70．5％、42．1％和23．5％。单因素预后分析显示,Borrmann分型、病理类型、淋巴结分期及胰腺侵犯与TAb期胃癌患者的生存有关（均P〈O．05）：多因素预后分析显示,淋巴结分期和病理类型是本组‘I曲期胃癌的独立预后因素（均P〈0．05）。结论淋巴结分期为pN0或pN,的高分化T4bM。期胃癌患者,在接受根治性联合脏器切除后可获得较好的预后。     

临床诊断为局限性肾癌病例中区域淋巴结转移情况分析

目的 分析临床诊断为局限性肾癌病例中区域淋巴结转移情况. 方法 回顾性研究1999年10月至2007年12月267例诊断为局限性肾癌患者的资料.所有患者均通过CT扫描确定术前分期,采用AJCC2002年制定的TNM分期系统进行分期.分析术后病理证实有淋巴结转移患者的临床病理资料的特点及预后. 结果 267例临床诊断为局限性肾癌病例中有6例术后病理证实有区域淋巴结转移,其中T1aN1M0 1例,T1bN1M0 1例,T2N1M0 3例,T2N2M0 1例.6例均为透明细胞癌;核分级II级1例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级4例;肿瘤直径4～10 cm(平均7.7 cm);均为中央型肿物.清扫区域淋巴结后5例患者无瘤生存,1例于术后18个月死于复发转移. 结论 临床诊断为局限性肾癌病例病理证实为淋巴结转移者,多为高级别、中央型、体积较大的肾癌,区域淋巴结清扫后多数能无瘤生存.     

pT1-4aN0M0胃癌淋巴结微转移检测的临床意义

目的：探讨淋巴结微转移及临床病理因素对 pT1-4aN0M0期胃癌患者术后5年无瘤生存率的影响。 方法：纳入2008年1月—9月期间pT1-4aN0M0期胃癌患者行根治术者45例849枚HE染色阴性淋巴结,应用免疫组化法检测这些淋巴结中CK19表达,观察其淋巴结发生微转移情况,并分析发生微转移胃癌患者的临床病理特征及微转移的发生对患者5年无瘤生存率的影响。 结果：经免疫组化染色,849枚HE常规染色阴性淋巴结中CK19阳性表达率为8.13%（69/849）;有31.11%（14/45）患者的淋巴结CK19表达阳性。术后随访时间13~69个月（平均随访时间55.08个月）,淋巴结中CK19阴性表达、阳性表达患者的5年总生存率分别为83.87%、42.86%;两者无瘤生存率差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.112,P=0.003）。淋巴结CK19阳性表达与胃癌患者的肿瘤直径（P=0.007）、浸润胃壁深度（P=0.032）有关,5年无瘤生存率与临床病理因素无关（P>0.05）。Cox生存回归分析显示淋巴结微转移为独立预后因素,14例患者被检测出微转移,建议重新分期,重新分期率为31.11%（14/45）。 结论：胃癌pT1-4aN0M0期患者,免疫组化染色能检出常规HE染色阴性淋巴结中的微转移,有助于细化分期、判断预后及指导治疗。     

膀胱恶性嗜铬细胞瘤3例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨膀胱恶性嗜铬细胞瘤的临床诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析3例膀胱恶性嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献综合分析讨论本病的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。结果:3例患者起病均有排尿时一过性血压升高症状,B超、CT扫描和膀胱镜检查可见膀胱占位性病变。膀胱肿瘤TNM分期,3例患者分别为T2aN0M0、T2aN0M0、T2bN0M0;3例患者均行膀胱部分切除术,术后病理检查示膀胱恶性嗜铬细胞瘤。随访12～120个月,平均随访3年。1例随访6年后因肺部转移而死亡:2例于术后2、3年因广泛盆腔淋巴结浸润又行盆腔淋巴结清扫术,术后恢复顺利,随访无其他不适。结论:膀胱恶性嗜铬细胞瘤需经膀胱镜检查及术后病理确诊,TNM分期在Tis、T1、T2期的肿瘤行膀胱部分切除术,分期在T3期以上或位置在膀胱颈口附近,则行根治性膀胱全切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术。     

原发性肾肉瘤的诊治及预后(附6例报告及文献复习)

目的：探讨原发性肾肉瘤的诊断方法、病理学特点、治疗手段及影响预后的因素。方法：回顾性分析1998～2007年期间收治的6例原发性肾肉瘤患者的临床资料：男5例，女1例，年龄39～72岁，平均58岁。左肾肿瘤3例，右肾肿瘤3例。表现为腹痛3例，腹部包块1例，阴囊坠胀1例，无症状1例。肿瘤直径2．5～13cm·平均8．1cm。T1N0M0期2例，T2T0M0期1例，L3bN1M0期1例，T4NxM1期2例。6例患者术前影像学资料均诊断为肾脏恶性肿瘤。2例T1N0M0期、1例T2N0M0期及2例T1N0M1期患者均行肾癌根治术，1例T3bN1M0期患者行肾脏姑息性切除术。4例术后实施化疗。结果：术后病理检查示平滑肌肉瘤5例，癌肉瘤1例。术后3例随访6个月～3年，其中1例（T2N0M0）于术后2年发现腹膜后转移，并于术后3年死亡，1例（T4NxM1）于术后2个月发现双肺转移，1例（T1N0M0）无瘤存活。结论：腹痛及包块是肾肉瘤的常见症状，其恶性程度高，预后差。病理分期是影响预后的重要因素。手术是其主要治疗方式，术后是否化疗尚存在争议。     

Evaluation of the Seventh Edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM Staging System for Gastric Cancer: Results from a Chinese Monoinstitutional Study

Background

To investigate the validity of the 7th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging system for gastric cancer with special attention paid to pT2/pT3, pN1/pN2, and pN3a/pN3b category.

Materials and Methods

Clinicopathologic data of 1998 patients underwent R0 surgery for histologically proven gastric cancers with >15 lymph nodes retrieved were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Prognoses were significantly different between pT2 and pT3 categories, between pN1 and pN2 categories, or between pN3a and pN3b categories. Each stage in the 6th edition was divided into the 7th edition stage with different survival rates. Moreover, stage IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC in the 7th edition system was divided into the 6th edition stage with different survival rates. Prognoses for patients in 7th edition T4aN1M0/T3N2M0/T2N3aM0, T4bN0-1M0/T4aN2M0/T3N3aM0, and T4aN3aM0/T4bN2M0 were similar to that of patients in T1N3bM0, T2N3bM0, and T3N3bM0, respectively, but significantly better than that of patients in T2N3bM0, T3N3bM0, and T4aN3bM0, respectively. However, no significant difference could be observed among patients in T4bN3aM0, T4aN3bM0, T4bN3bM0, and stage IV. A revised TNM system was proposed, in which T1N3bM0 was incorporated into stage IIIA, T2N3bM0 into stage IIIB, T3N3bM0 into stage IIIC, T4bN3aM0/T4aN3bM0/T4bN3bM0 into stage IV. Further analyses revealed the revised TNM system had better homogeneity, discriminatory ability, and monotonicity of gradients than the 6th and the 7th edition system.

Conclusions

It is reasonable to subclassify the 6th edition pT2 category and pN1 category into the 7th edition pT2/pT3 category and pN1/pN2 category, respectively. However, for better prognostic stratification, it might be more suitable for pN3a and pN3b categories to be considered individual determinants of the 7th edition TNM staging system.     

保留部分前列腺外科包膜对原位新膀胱功能的影响

目的　探讨全膀胱切除术中保留远端部分前列腺外科包膜及其周围横纹括约肌对原位新膀胱功能的影响。　方法　对 2 3例男性膀胱癌患者行全膀胱切除并肠道原位新膀胱术。分两组 :①改良手术组 :13例 ,在膀胱切除时保留远端部分前列腺外科包膜及其周围横纹括约肌 ,新膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合 ;②常规手术组 :10例 ,行常规全膀胱切除 ,新膀胱与后尿道间断缝合。对两组新膀胱术后的控尿和排尿功能进行随访和比较。　结果　术后病理分期 :T2aN0 M0 13例 ,T2bN0 M0 6例 ,T1N0 M0 1例 ,T3aN0 M0 1例 ,T3bN1M0 1例和T4aN0 M0 1例。术后随访 3～ 4 0个月。改良手术组无瘤生存 11例 ;带瘤生存 2例 ,其中 1例为低分化移行细胞癌 ;另 1例为低分化腺癌。 13例新膀胱排尿良好 ,剩余尿 0～ 70ml;完全控尿 12例 ,夜间尿失禁 1例。常规手术组 10例均无瘤生存 ,7例排尿好 ,剩余尿 10～ 10 0ml,3例剩余尿 10 0～ 2 5 0ml,需要不定期间歇导尿 ;完全控尿 7例 ,昼夜尿失禁 1例 ,夜间尿失禁 2例。　结论　保留部分前列腺外科包膜及其周围横纹括约肌可改善原位新膀胱术后患者的排尿和控尿功能。     

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: oncological evaluation after 1,000 cases a Montsouris Institute

PURPOSE: We performed a prospective oncological evaluation of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in regard to local tumor control and biochemical recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1998 and March 2002, 1,000 consecutive patients with a mean age +/- SD of 63 +/- 6.2 years and clinically localized prostate cancer underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy at 1 institution. Preoperative 1997 TNM clinical stage was T1a in 6 patients (0.6%), T1b in 3 (0.3%), T1c in 660 (66.5%), T2a in 304 (30.4%) and T2b in 27 (2.7%). Mean preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) +/- SD was 10 +/- 6.1 ng./ml. (range 1.5 to 55). Postoperatively, surgical specimens were assessed and positive surgical margins recorded. Factors that could influence the surgical margins status were evaluated. Irrespective of pathological stage or surgical margin status, no adjuvant treatment was proposed before an increasing PSA. PSA recurrence was defined as PSA greater than 0.1 ng./ml. and was confirmed by a second increase. Recurrence time was defined as the time of the first increase in PSA. RESULTS: Postoperative pathological stage was pT2aN0/Nx in 203 patients (20.3%), pT2bN0/Nx in 572 (57.2%), pT3aN0/Nx in 142 (14.2%), pT3bN0/Nx in 77 (7.7%) and pT1-3 N1 in 6 (0.6%). Positive surgical margin rate was 6.9%, 18.6%, 30% and 34% for pathological stages pT2a, pT2b, pT3a and pT3b, respectively (p <0.001). The main predictors of a positive surgical margin were preoperative PSA (p <0.001), clinical stage (p = 0.001), pathological stage (p <0.001) and Gleason score (p = 0.003). The overall actuarial biochemical progression-free survival rate was 90.5% at 3 years. According to the pathological stage, the progression-free survival rate was 91.8% for pT2aN0/Nx, 88% for pT2bN0/Nx, 77% for pT3aN0/Nx, 44% for pT3bN0/Nx and 50% for pT1-3N1 (p <0.001). Of the patients 94% with negative surgical margins and 80% with positive margins had progression-free survival (p <0.001). Preservation of the neurovascular bundles in patients with localized tumors had no significant effect on the subsequent risk of positive surgical margins or progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Based on followup, our evaluation confirms that laparoscopic radical prostatectomy provides satisfactory results in regard to local tumor control and biochemical recurrence.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion: Preliminary experience

AIM: We present our experience with the fi rst eight patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion. Patients, operative data and the surgical techniques are presented. METHODS: Between June 2003 and April 2004, seven men and one woman with organ-con fi ned muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. The age range was 41-73 years. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed using fi ve ports by a transperitoneal approach. An ileal conduit diversion or ileal W-neobladder was constructed through the site of specimen retrieval. RESULTS: We performed eight radical cystectomies with ileal conduits (six cases) or orthotopic ileal W-neobladders (two cases). Conversion to open surgery was necessary in one due to technical dif fi culty in urethroneobladder anastomosis. Mean operating time was 560 min (range 455-680). Mean estimated blood loss was 675 mL (range 400-1050). Two of the eight patients needed blood transfusion (800 mL each). Mean days to oral intake and ambulation was 4.4 (range 2-6) and 4.1 (range 3-5), respectively. Mean hospital stay was 12.8 days (range 7-28). Mean follow up was 6.1 months (range 4-14). Histopathological examination of the specimens revealed stage T2N0M0 in fi ve cases, T3aN0M0 in one, T3aN1M0 in one and T3bN1M0 in one. No metastases have been detected and all are alive and free of disease. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is feasible, although dif fi cult and technically demanding, and our results are promising. With more experience and improvement of the surgical technique, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may become an alternative surgical method for treating the selected patients with localized muscle invasive bladder cancer.     

Histopathological evaluation of radical prostatectomy in the treatment of localized prostate cancer

Incidence of prostate cancer has risen dramatically in the past decade. Radical prostatectomy is indicated in patients who have disease localized to the prostate. The aim of the study is to make histopathological evaluation of radical prostatectomy in the treatment local prostate cancer. Authors analyzed 49 cases of radical prostatectomy due to cancer localized to the prostate in period 1996-2000 in Clinic of Urology in Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade. The average age of the patients was 65, 6 years (range 44-76, pick 61-70). The most cases 25 (51%, p < 0.001) we found in pT2a N0M0, in pT2b N1M0 9 (18.36%), in pT3bN0M0 10 (20.4%), in pT3bN1M0 3 (6.12%), in pT4aN0M0 2 (4.08%). Nodal status positive was in 12 cases: 9 (18%) in pT2bN1M0- iliac 3 (right 2, left 1), obturatory 6 (right 1, left 5) and 3 cases in pT3bN1M0-iliac left 1 and obturatory 2 (1 right and 1 left). We found Gleason score 8 in 9 cases (18.36%) in pT2bN1M0 versus 7 cases (14.5%) without nodal metastases. Gleason score 9 we found in 3 cases (6.1%) in pT3bN1M0 versus one case without nodal metastases (difference is not significant). Gleason score 3 was in 6.1%, 4 in 12.2%, 5 in 8.1%, 6 in 16, 3%, 7 in 24.5%. Grade 1 of tumors we found in 9 cases (18%), grade 2 in 11 (22%), grade 3 in 29 (60%). HG PIN was in 18 cases (36.7%), LG PIN in 10 (20.4%). In all cases was elevated PSA: 4-10 mmol/L in 24 pts, 11-20 in 15 pts and > 20 in 10 pts. Radical prostatectomy is most adequate method in surgical treatment cancer localized in the prostate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is necessary for staging purposes in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Early detection adenocarcinoma of the prostate is important factor in decreasing rate of death.     

骨盆骨肉瘤的外科治疗策略探讨

目的 探讨手术治疗骨盆骨肉瘤的切除及重建方式.方法 回顾性分析2000年6月至2009年6月接受肿瘤切除重建手术的21例骨盆骨肉瘤患者的病例资料.其中男性12例,女性9例;平均年龄30岁.肿瘤累及范围:Ⅰ区3例,Ⅰ+Ⅳ区3例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ区4例,Ⅱ+Ⅲ区4例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ区1例,Ⅲ区1例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ区5例.其中经典骨肉瘤19例,高分化骨肉瘤2例.21例均为ⅡB期.所有病例均行整块切除,外科边界为13例广泛切除,8例边缘切除.重建方式包括:可调式人工半骨盆假体重建13例;自体骨移植+钉棒系统重建5例;半骨盆截肢2例;单纯切除1例.患者术后平均随访时间30.3个月(6.0～87.0个月).结果 21例患者中13例存活,总体生存率为61.9%,无瘤生存率23.8%;5年生存率为44.2%.局部复发率为28.6%(6/21),其中累及Ⅱ区肿瘤复发4例(4/13),Ⅰ区肿瘤复发1例(1/3),Ⅰ+Ⅳ区肿瘤复发1例(1/3),Ⅲ区肿瘤单纯切除的1例患者及2例半骨盆截肢患者未发生局部复发.肿瘤广泛切除术后复发率为23.1%(3/13),边缘切除术后复发率为37.5%(3/8).9例患者术后出现肺转移(42.9%),1例患者发生骨及淋巴结转移.13例存活患者MSTS 93功能评分为(20.6±5.4)分.4例自体骨移植+钉棒系统内固定患者功能评分为(22.5±2.1)分;7例町调式人工半骨盆重建患者,于术后8周开始扶拐行走,半年后可去拐行走,功能评分为(17.7±5.5)分.结论 选择合适的切除与重建方式,多数骨盆骨肉瘤患者可以行保肢治疗,可保留部分肢体功能.     

腹膜后腹腔镜肾脏切除术的临床研究(附54例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜肾脏切除术的手术方法及临床效果。方法:2003年6月至2008年6月我院行腹膜后腹腔镜肾癌根治术14例,肾盂癌根治术2例,单纯肾切除术38例。男16例,女38例,21～74岁,平均(48.6±10.3)岁。肾肿瘤直径2.0～6.0cm,平均(3.8±1.2)cm,术前临床分期T1aN0M09例、T1bN0M05例。单纯肾切除患者中肾结核12例,巨大肾积水22例,肾动脉狭窄4例,均经肾图检查证实患肾无功能。记录手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间。结果:除1例脓肾因周围粘连严重,中转开放外,余53例均顺利完成腹腔镜手术。手术时间65～185min,平均(93.5±28.0)min,出血50～1200ml,平均(156±64)ml,平均住院(8.2±4.0)d。随访3～60个月,患者均生存。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜肾脏切除术患者创伤轻,出血少,术后康复快,临床疗效良好。     

Renal cell carcinoma with extension of tumor thrombus into the vena cava: surgical strategy and prognosis

PURPOSE: The outcome of patients who underwent radical resection of renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava was retrospectively analyzed, and risk factors for long-term survival were investigated. METHODS: From 1983 to 1999, 33 patients who had renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena caval tumor extension underwent 34 surgical procedures. There were 27 men and six women with an average age of 60.1 years. Twenty-two cases (64.7%) were classified as stage III (T1-2 N1 M0 or T3 N0-1 M0), and 12 cases (35.3%) as stage IV (T4 or N2-3 or M1). Coexistent lung metastasis was found in seven cases (20.6%). The tumor thrombi invaded into the inferior vena cava below the hepatic hilum in 19 cases, below the orifice of hepatic veins in 12, and above the diaphragm in 3. Cardiopulmonary bypass graft was applied in 13 cases (38.2%). Inferior vena cava was reconstructed by direct suture (n = 19), polytetrafluoroethylene patch angioplasty (n = 13), or graft replacement (n = 2). RESULTS: Two patients died during the early postoperative period because of retrohepatic caval injury and intraoperative pulmonary embolism. Late death occurred in 16 patients; the causes of death were tumor recurrence in 15 and acute pulmonary embolism as a result of graft thrombosis in 1. Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 70%, 44%, and 26.4%, respectively. One- and 5-year survival rates were 81.3% and 52.9% for stage III and 50% and 31.2% for stage IV; a statistically significant correlation was found between surgical staging and survival (P =.049). Patients without lymph node metastasis had a significant survival advantage over those with lymph node metastasis (P =.022). There was no significant difference in survival on the basis of the presence or absence of synchronous lung metastasis (P =.291). The degree of local extension of the tumor or the level of tumor thrombus did not tend to influence survival. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava was determined by the staging of the tumor, especially lymph node status, and not by the level of tumor thrombus or the presence of concurrent lung metastasis. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass graft is recommended for the resection of tumor thrombus extending over the diaphragm.