番禺口岸2000～2005年出入境人员传染病监测结果分析

目的 为有效开展传染病监测和预防控制工作提供科学依据.方法 对2000～2005年番禺口岸出入境人员的传染病监测结果进行分析,并对流行病学资料进行统计学分析.结果 8841名出入境人员中,共检出各类传染病感染者865例,总检出率为9.78%.其中HBsAg检出率为9.44%;梅毒检出率为0.20%;开放性肺结核检出率为0.10%;HIV抗体阳性3例,检出率为0.03%.男性与女性感染率比较无显著性差异(X2=3.545,P>0.05);35～55岁之间的传染病感染者占总感染者的57.34%;港澳台同胞和国际航行交通员工的检出率明显高出其他监测人群,不同监测人群之间有显著性差异(X2=45.377,P<0.01).结论 应加强对出入境人员的传染病监测工作,制定有效的防制对策,以防止传染病通过口岸进一步传播.     

番禺口岸2000年～2008年出入境人员传染病监测结果分析

目的了解番禺口岸出入境人员传染病感染情况,为有效开展传染病监测和防控工作提供科学依据。方法对2000～2008年番禺口岸11 399名出入境人员的传染病监测结果进行统计分析。结果共检出各类传染病感染者1 210例,检出率为10.61%,其中检出HBsAg阳性者1151例,检出率为10.10%;检出梅毒患者47例,检出率为0.41%;检出开放性肺结核9例,检出率为0.079%;检出HIV抗体阳性3例,检出率为0.026%。港澳台同胞和外籍人员、交通员工的检出率明显高出其他监测人群。结论HBsAg感染是番禺口岸出入境人员中流行的主要传染病,应制定有效的防制对策,加大卫生知识宣传咨询力度,提高出入境人员的自我防控意识,防止传染病通过国境口岸传播。     

铁岭地区出入境人员传染病监测结果分析

〔目的〕为有效地开展传染病监测和预防控制工作提供科学依据。〔方法〕对2004～2006年铁岭地区4836名出入境人员的传染病监测结果进行分析,并对感染者的流行病学资料进行统计学分析。〔结果〕共检出各类传染病感染者207例,检出率为4.28%,其中检出HBsAg阳性者160例,检出率为3.31%;检出梅毒23例,检出率为0.48%;检出活动性肺结核23例,检出率为0.48%;检出HIV抗体阳性1例,检出率为0.02%。不同监测人群传染病感染率比较,差异无显著性(!2=22.65,P>0.05);各年度传染病感染率进行比较,差异无显著性(!2=12.19,P>0.05)。〔结论〕应加强对出入境人员的传染病监测工作,建立和完善国境口岸局与属地局传染病监测体系,铁岭出入境检验检疫应将移民、旅游探亲、劳务以及入境人员作为传染病监测的重点人群。     

湛江口岸人群梅毒血清学监测结果的分析

〔目的〕掌握湛江口岸人群中梅毒的流行动态。〔方法〕湛江国际旅行卫生保健中心从1998年～2001年4月,对11 571名出入境人员和口岸饮服从业人员进行了梅毒血清学监测。〔结果〕检出梅毒感染者50例(男性44例;女性6例),感染率为0.43％。不同职业人员感染率为:交通员工0.34％;劳务人员1.13％;口岸饮服从业人员0.30％;其他人员0.08％。〔结论〕劳务人员、交通员工应作为梅毒感染监测的重点人群;对口岸涉外宾馆的饮服从业人员应结合年度体检工作,加强性病监测。     

连云港口岸出入境人员传染病监测报告

〔目的〕掌握连云港口岸出入境人员传染病流行情况,为今后该口岸传染病监测工作提供科学依据。〔方法〕对连云港口岸2000～2001年12226名出入境人员传染病监测情况进行分析。〔结果〕在连云港口岸出入境人员中以劳务输出人员最多,占体检总人数的77.64％。检出传染性疾病334例,总患病率为2.73％。传染病患者其中HB_sAg阳性300例;梅毒17例;活动性肺结核15例;疟疾2例。〔结论〕HBsAg阳性是连云港口岸影响出入境人员健康的主要传染病,劳务人员、交通员工、口岸饮食服务人员及归国人员是重点监测人群。     

广西口岸2000～2001年出入境和涉外婚检人员HIV感染监测结果分析

〔目的〕对口岸人群艾滋病病毒感染监测结果进行分析,为有效地在口岸实施艾滋病防治和控制措施提供科学依据。〔方法〕对2000～2001年到广西出入境检验检疫系统接受传染病监测体检的出入境人员和涉外婚检人员进行了滋病病素抗体检测。〔结果〕2000年,监测人数28405人次,检出HIV感染者4例,检出率为1.41/万;2001年,监测人数28537,检出HIV感染者15例,检出率为5.26/万。2年的检出率进行比较.经统计学处理,差异有显著性(x~2=6.32,0.025>P>O.01)。〔结论〕随着出入境人员和口岸流动人员的增加以及艾滋病感染人数的快速增长,开展口岸HIV感染监测对预防和控制艾滋病传播发挥着越来越重要的作用;同时,口岸HIV感染监测方式、方法必须适应口岸人群HIV感染流行的特点。     

大连口岸出境人员梅毒血清学检测结果分析

〔目的〕掌握大连口岸出入境人员中梅毒感染情况,以便有针对性的开展防治工作。〔方法〕对2000年度18313名经大连口岸出入境的人员进行了梅毒感染监测。采用快速血浆反应索试验(RPR)进行初筛;采用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)进行确证。〔结果〕在18313名出入境人员中检出梅毒感染者28例,总检出率为0.15％。其中男性检出率为0.11％;女性检出率为0.23％,2者进行比较,差异有显著性(x~2=4.05,P<0.05)。从感染者的年龄上看,20～30岁年龄组感染率最高,为0.38％。〔结论〕出入境人员中的梅毒感染者大多为隐性感染者,是造成梅毒传播的主要传染源,应加强对口岸出入境人群梅毒感染情况的监测。     

日照口岸出入境人员传染病监测结果分析

〔目的〕了解日照口岸出入境人员传染病感染情况,有针对性地开展国际旅行卫生保健中心的传染病监测工作,为制定有效的防治措施提供依据。〔方法〕对2008—2009年经日照口岸出入境的16994名出入境人员的传染病监测结果进行统计分析。〔结果〕2008—2009年共监测体检人员16994名,检出各种传染病281例,总检出率为1.65%,位居前4位的传染病为乙型肝炎(HBsAg)阳性235例,检出率为1.38%;抗HCV阳性22例,检出率为0.13%;开放性肺结核16例,检出率为0.09%;梅毒8例,检出率为0.05%;阳性人群在性别、年龄、职业分布均具有统计学意义。〔结论〕HBsAg阳性是日照口岸出入境人员中流行的主要传染病。针对此类人群制定传染病监测和卫生保健知识的宣传咨询策略,提高出入境人员的自我防护意识以有效地防止传染病在国际间的传播。     

黑河口岸出入境人员3种传染病监测结果分析

目的通过2000～2002年黑河口岸出入境人员传染病监测结果分析,了解黑河口岸出入境人员中乙型肝炎、梅毒、艾滋病的感染情况,为制订预防控制措施提供科学依据.方法采用传染病诊断国家标准对黑河口岸出入境人员进行了乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、梅毒、HIV抗体的血清学检测.结果3年共检测15 148人次,检出HBsAg阳性1291例,检出率8.52%;梅毒41例,检出率0.27%;未检出HIV感染者.各类人员之间HBsAg阳性率比较差异具有显著性;男性HBsAg阳性率高于女性;20岁以下年令组HBsAg阳性率高于其它4个年龄组.各类人群中,交通员工、餐饮从业人员未检出梅毒感染者,其它人群间相比,归国人员梅毒感染率明显高于公务、商务和出国劳务人员;不同性别间梅毒检出率差异无显著性;20岁以下年龄组未检出梅毒感染者,其它4个年龄组梅毒感染率差异无显著性;2000～2002年,梅毒检出率无明显上升或下降趋势.结论20岁以下年龄组HBsAg阳性率最高,应在该人群中积极推广乙型肝炎疫苗接种,降低其感染率.应将归国人员作为梅毒检测的重点人群.     

湖南口岸出入境人员传染病监测结果及防控对策

目的 了解湖南口岸出入境人员的传染病流行分布特点及趋势,为有效开展疾病监测体检和预防控制工作提供科学依据.方法 对2004-2008年湖南口岸的35 668名出入境人员的部分传染病监测情况进行统计分析.结果 共检出各类传染病感染者3 167例,总检出率8.88%;其中以HBsAg检出率最高,为2 519例,五年HBsAg总检出率为7.06%,占五类传染病感染率构成比79.54%;而近年来HIV与梅毒检出率上升幅度较大.五类传染病感染者均以出国劳务人员为最多,占总检出量的46.16%.各年度传染病感染率比较,差异有显著性(χ2=37.88,P<0.005).监测人群各年龄组除去20岁以下的五类传染病阳性率最低,为3.67%外,其他年龄组传染病检出率无显著性差异(χ2=3.25,P>0.05).结论 应进一步加强重点人群和重点传染病的卫生监管,完善疾病监测体检工作,采取有针对性的预防措施.有效控制传染病的蔓延.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.