第六次全国工程哲学学术会议综述

2013年8月17-19日,由中国自然辩证法研究会工程哲学专业委员会、中国工程院工程管理学部和哈尔滨工业大学主办的“第六次全国工程哲学学术会议”在哈尔滨工业大学召开.本次会议旨在展示和交流中国工程哲学研究的新成果,推动工程哲学研究的深入发展,促进工程哲学的理论研究与工程实践的深入对话,探讨中国工程技术发展的重大理论与现实问题.来自我国工程界和哲学社会科学界的百余位专家学者与会,大家围绕“工程与哲学”、“工程、社会与文化”、“大科学与大工程”、“工程伦理”、“工程评估”、“工程教育”等主题进行了交流和研讨.     

社会工程视域下新型城镇化刍议

工程造物正在面临一个“大工程时代 ”的来临,工程活动的成败将不仅取决于“工程职业共同体”的职业素养,也取决于“工程活动共同体”的综合素养.如果说“工程职业共同体”关注的是工程科学与技术,那么“工程活动共同体”则还要关注工程协作与社会反馈,因此,以社会为工程建构背景的社会工程视域是分析“大工程”特征、促进“大工程”发展的必然选择.新型城镇化作为典型的政府主导的“大工程”造物,其实施过程时间长、规模大、投资多、对经济社会影响深远.在社会工程的视域下,推动新型城市化按照科学发展的轨道运行,要加强对工程决策和工程建构过程中的目标设计和模式调控,同时,认识到政府决策者是理性有限的、具有可错性的“社会人”,对于避免乌托邦式的造物工程、实施渐进式工程活动、推进以人为本的新型城镇化建设具有重要意义.     

工程退役问题

工程退役指在工程目标完成、功能失效、设计寿命完结、危害生态环境,或人为原因、不可抗力等致使工程中止运行的情况下,对工程的处置过程;是工程运行过程的末端环节,是工程生命周期中不可或缺的部分.提出物质工程三元分类法,创造性地提出工程退役概念;结合对建设工程、制造工程、资源工程三大类物质工程的分析,阐释了工程退役的主功能退役和全功能退役两大层次,给出工程退役关系图,提出工程退役的六大类原因和四大类方式;结合案例分析了工程退役可能产生的问题及对策.     

国家目标引导下的大科学工程——以北京正负电子对撞机为例

大科学工程是实现国家重要科学技术目标的大型科研设施,在推进国家科学技术发展与实现国家目标过程中具有不可替代的作用。北京正负电子对撞机是我国大科学工程的代表。自20世纪80年代以来,其建设、运行和改造都紧密结合国家目标,在推进科学研究、发展高新技术、实现成果产业化等方面,做出了突出贡献。本文以此为案例讨论大科学工程与国家目标之间的关系。     

大科学工程与先进制造业的双向驱动效应研究——以高功率固体激光装置研制为例

本文提出国家大科学工程与先进制造业之间的双向驱动概念,梳理了大科学工程与先进制造业之间的双向驱动关系,举例阐述了大科学工程对先进制造的需求牵引拉动效应,以及先进制造业对大科学工程的推动支撑效应,构建了基于大科学工程拉动和先进制造业推动的双向驱动效应模型,并对双向驱动效应下的驱动机制——创新与科技资源整合进行了初步探讨和分析。     

“内部工程社会学”与“外部工程社会学”——建构工程社会学体系的一种尝试

目前工程社会学在我国正逐渐兴起,出现了"工程共同体论"、"社会评价论"和"建设工程系统论"三种不同研究范式,各学者对系统的工程社会学体系莫衷一是。本文首先批判性梳理了上述三种范式,指出其对于工程社会学建构的作用和意义;其次,借鉴英国科学社会学家约翰·齐曼对科学社会学知识的类型划分,将工程社会学体系划分为"内部工程社会学"和"外部工程社会学",并提出"工程域"和"工程社区"两个概念,它们是工程社会学的基本范畴,也分别是内部工程社会学和外部工程社会学的核心概念;最后,展望工程社会学发展前景,指出工程社会学必将成为社会学"学术大家庭"中的重要一员。     

工程建造技术需要地方性、自组织与复杂性思想——读哈桑·法赛的《为穷人造房子》有感

从哈桑·法赛的《为穷人造房子》著作的写作叙述中,体会到工程建造技术需要尊重本地文化及其多样性,这就需要汇入地方性、自组织和复杂性思想。本文以读后感的形式,详述了地方性、自组织和复杂性的概念,及其工程建造技术需要这些概念和思想汇入的意义。     

从上海城市发展史看“大虹桥”战略的意义

本文首先对上海的城市发展进行了简要的历史回顾,分析了城市建设当前面临的主要问题；在此基础上,从跨学科工程研究的视野,对上海虹桥综合交通枢纽工程进行了分析,论述了“大虹桥”战略产生的理论与现实依据及其历史的必然性,由此深入讨论了“大虹桥”战略的实施对于当前及未来上海城市发展的作用与意义.     

LAMOST工程的立项、建设与运行

本文梳理了我国在"九五"计划中实施的大型科学工程LAMOST巡天望远镜从概念设计到工程的立项审批和施工建设,直至最终完成的整个历史发展脉络,回顾了工程在演化过程中经历的困难以及取得的令人瞩目的成绩。据此,本文分析了大科学工程的特点,提出,大科学工程是基于科学又为了科学的工程、大科学工程是基于研究的创新性工程、大科学工程是资产专用性奇高的工程、大科学工程是以科学家为核心力量的工程、大科学工程是扎根于国际合作的工程。     

从北京观象台造仪看“工程”的若干特征

17 世纪,欧洲耶稣会士来华,并以传播科学助力传教.他们为明清两朝的历法制订做出贡献,并将欧洲的天文仪器技术介绍到中国.为满足制订历法的需求,耶稣会士南怀仁及其中国合作者在1669-1674 年制造了赤道浑仪、黄道浑仪、地平经仪、象限仪、纪限仪和天体仪.这些仪器装备了清朝的北京观象台,完成了观象台的改造工程,满足了当时制订历法的需求.这些天文仪器的规划、设计、制造和使用表明了工程的若干特征：以需求为导向,制订系统的工程规划;追求高成功率,尽量采用可靠的技术;以有效的技术集成为工程创新奠定基础;工程团队由工程师、工匠和管理者等不同角色构成;现代工程将技术、科学与管理等知识整合并运用于人们的实践,实现更大规模的工程.     

Construction and Application of Tectonic and Environmental Observation Network of Mainland China

The tectonic and Environmental Observation Network of mainland China is a key national scientific infrastructure project carried out during the eleventh five-year plan period in China. It is composed of three main parts: reference network, regional network and data system. The main purpose of the project is to monitor the crustal movement, gravity field, perceptible water vapor (PWV), total electron content (TEC), and many other tectonic and environmental elements around mainland China, by mainly using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and other space-based geodesy tools, together with traditional leveling and gravity measurements. The output of the project will serve the earthquake prediction, surveying and mapping, weather forecast and scientific research, and so on. In this paper, we introduce the main purpose and content of the project, and its characteristics in technology and management, and we also summarize the multiple applications of the project.     

袁隆平与中国杂交水稻工程

中国杂交水稻育种理论研究及其成果的推广应用是世界作物育种及其推广史上一项伟大的科学工程。本文阐述了近50年时间里以袁隆平为代表的中国杂交水稻育种学家、技术专家勇于探索,独创中国杂交水稻育种理论与技术方法的关键点;讨论了此项成就的产生、形成与发展过程。本文认为,杂交水稻科研成果及推广是新中国科技领域自主创新、社会主义大协作的标志性成就;袁隆平在他50多年的作物育种科研生涯中,实现了从育种专家向育种学家的转变;中国杂交水稻事业的巨大成就,得益于袁隆平院士的献身科学与不懈追求,得益于全国成千上万杂交水稻研究者的无私奉献和勇于实践,得益于从中央到地方各级领导的重视和相关部门的鼎力支持。     

大飞机工程的战略意义、实施瓶颈及改革建议

Large Aircraft Project is a major ongoing strategic engineering project of China. This project will have historical impact on China's future society, economy, national defense, and the advancement of the scientific technology as a whole in particular. This paper systematically expounds the strategic significance of the Large Aircraft Project on China's national economy and analyzes the technological as well as insititutional bottleneck of this Project. At last, in response to these bottleneck, the paper proposes corresponding recommendation for change.     

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程是我国“十一五”时期的一项重大科学工程。工程从2004年初开工建设,经过五年的努力,按指标、按计划、按预算、高质量地完成了各项建设任务,并于2009年7月通过了国家验收。本文报告了北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程的建设进程,总结了在激烈的国际竞争中改造方案的选择和工程的质量、经费和进度控制等方面的经验。     

Tech-economic Analysis on West Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion

The western route project is in a relatively stable area and the construction technology of dam and long deep tunnel is feasible. This project is economically reasonable, with 11.8% economic internal rate of return, 108.395 billion Yuan economic net present value, and 1.7 economic benefits cost ratio. In addition to the quantitative calculation of the benefits of the project, there are more important social and environmental benefits. The project promotes the economic and social development of Yellow River Basin and the Northwestern area. This project enlarges the water supply of Yellow River and alleviates substantially the contradiction between supply and de-mand of the Yellow River water resources, and further protects and improves the ecological environment. The ef-fects of this project on the intake areas include: 1) the range of the water supply is extensive; 2) maintain the eco-logical development of Yellow River; 3) improve the ecological environment of the intake areas; 4) maintain the ecological safety of China. The project’s positive effects on the society and economy of the water supply areas in-clude: 1) bring economic opportunities for the water supply areas; 2) promote the upgrading of local economic structure; 3) promote the urbanization of water supply areas; 4) improve local citizens’ scientific and cultural qual-ity. The project’s negative effects on the society and economy of water supply areas include: 1) the adverse impact on farming industry of water supply areas; 2) the adverse impact on migrates and religious facilities; 3) the adverse impact on the development of hydroelectric resources of downstream areas.     

论工程在科技及经济社会发展中的创新驱动作用

从工程与科学技术辩证关系的角度,在四个方面讨论了工程在创新驱动发展中的作用和意义.从劳动与劳动工具对人类进化和发展过程中的关键作用入手,讨论了工程的本质以及科学、技术、工程三者的关系,认为三者处于“无首尾逻辑”的不断循环的融合体状态,三者互相依赖、互相推动,而工程直接联系着技术的应用和科学的基础,在这一循环中起着“扳机”和载体的作用.以中国航天经历仿制阶段、自主研制阶段、跟踪发展阶段以及开始步入创新驱动发展新时期的58 年发展历程为例,论述了以重大工程带动科技发展对我国来说是一条成功之路.提出在未来的创新驱动发展中要坚持两项原则：一是坚持通过重大工程带动科技发展和社会进步;二是要将基础科研按其本身的特点并吸纳重大工程的成功经验制定发展规划.讨论了工程成果对于科学发展的基础作用,提出工程成果不仅是现代基础科学取得重大突破的必要手段和基础,还牵引着诸多基础学科的生成,完善和推动基础学科的发展;工程设施所提供的成果,既是设计成果、验证结果,也是运营的伴行装置;既是对象的物理表现,也是模型化认识的基础科学.对工程师的使命强调了三点认识：一是要依据系统工程的原则、方法和程序指导工程实践,一项重大工程系统在其运行中,必然要包括“非拥护性评审”以及相应的机会成本权衡;二是系统工程实施的第一步是工程需求论证,而复杂工程系统的需求论证必须是全域性的,涉及技术、经济、社会的诸多方面,否则可能造成巨大的损失;三是科技进步将人类社会推到高科技时代的同时,也把我们带进了为科技进步和工程建设而付出的各种代价之中,工程师要与科学家携手,通过“科学一技术一工程”无首尾逻辑的综合运用,共同解决当代民生难点课题,这是工程师的?     

Empirical Analysis of Regional Economic Impact Assessment of Large Construction Projects Based on Regional Input-Output Model: Case Study on the Construction Project of Baihetan Hydropower Station

The large-scale construction projects have significant impact on regional development, so the rational evaluation theory and methodology become the key factors on deciding whether the large construction project is feasible or not. However, the related theoretical and empirical research is still very weak, and the analysis and evaluation tends to have a certain degree of subjectivity and arbitrariness. Based on the characteristics of the role of large construction projects on regional development, as well as the objectives and requirements of the project decision-making, we establish a local closed input-output model to analyze the regional economic impact of large construction projects, in order to increase the specification and rationality of the quantitative impact measurement, such as economic growth, industrial structure, employment and urbanization, and improve the scientific nature of decision-making. The Baihetan hydropower station construction project is selected as case study of empirical research. We prepare the comparable local closed-type input-output tables of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces and use the local closed input-output model to analyze and estimate the economic impact of large construction projects on regional economic development. Studies have shown that Baihetan hydropower station construction have positive role and significant impact on the economic development of construction area of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, such as promoting regional economic growth, accelerating the process of industrialization and ur-banization, the expanding employment opportunities, optimizing the industrial structure and so on.     

基础设施项目招标计划的政府监管分析

The past study of infrastructure projects mainly concentrated on project management mode and project risk classification, and rarely discussed the government regulation on project lifecycle, especially on its tender planning phase. In this paper, comparative analysis reveals that the relevant laws, administrative rules and policies on the feasibility study report of the tendering projects are only applicable to the government investment but not to the private investment. In order to effectively regulate the planning of infrastructure projects invested by private company, this paper puts forward the relevant laws, regulations and policies for improvement, concerning investment guarantee, tendering regulation right, project management mode, preliminary tender scheme and selecting method of contractor.     

Study on Ancient Baotun Irrigation Project in Guizhou Province

Baotun Ancient Village Irrigation Works，which lies in Tunpu Area of Guizhou province, is an ancient water project that is still well preserved and in use today. It has a history of 400 years. Based on document research and field work, this paper studies the characteristic of its planning and architecture, its running mechanism, and preservation measures on the basis of sustainable development. It concludes that: 1. Baotun Country Water Project is a complete water project system, and has distinctive regional characteristics. It is the pattern of sustainable country water project because of its proper use of river and its fair use of water resources. 2. Baotun Country Water Project, which reflects creativity and aesthetic taste of the subculture of ethnic group Tunpu, is an important part of Tunpu culture. It has rich cultural connotation and architectural aesthetic value.