3D slicer辅助微创手术治疗高血压脑出血的应用及患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨基于3D slicer辅助微创手术治疗高血压脑出血(hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, HICH)的应用及患者预后的影响因素分析。方法回顾性分析60例HICH病人的相关临床资料,根据其治疗方案分成3D slicer辅助微创手术治疗组与单纯微创手术治疗组。分析比较两组患者血肿清除率、术中失血量、手术时间及预后。通过单变量与多变量分析筛选出可能影响HICH患者术后神经功能恢复的因素。结果应用3D slicer可以更为精准的计算血肿体积;相较于单纯微创手术治疗组,基于3D slicer辅助微创手术治疗HICH可以减少术中失血量、提高血肿清除率、改善预后;手术方式及血肿体积可能是影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结论 3D slicer辅助微创手术治疗HICH可以实现术前精准定位,模拟手术入路,有效清除颅内血肿,提高手术疗效,改善临床预后;颅内血肿体积和3D slicer辅助的微创手术方式可能是影响患者预后的独立危险因素;基线NIHSS评分、基线GCS评分、血肿清除率对经3D slicer辅助微创手术治疗HICH患者的预后有影响。     

3Dslicer联合Sina软件辅助神经内镜下微创治疗幕上高血压脑出血的应用研究及其预后影响因素分析

目的 研究3Dslicer联合Sina软件辅助神经内镜下微创手术治疗幕上高血压脑出血(Supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage, SHICH)的优势，分析患者的预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析188例SHICH病人的相关临床资料，根据其微创手术方案分成3Dslicer联合Sina软件辅助神经内镜微创手术组与单纯显微镜下微创手术组。比较并分析两组患者血肿清除率、骨窗面积、骨窗与血肿投影重合率、手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期并发症及预后的差异。通过单变量及多变量回归分析筛选出可能影响SHICH术后神经功能预后的相关因素。结果 3Dslicer联合Sina软件辅助神经内镜与单纯显微镜下微创组相比骨窗与血肿投影重合率、血肿清除率增高，手术时间及术中出血量减少，术后3月GOS评分明显提升而围手术期并发症发生率减少；多因素二元Logistic回归分析显示：术前GCS评分、术前血肿体积及手术血肿清除率、血肿部位、手术方式、围手术期并发症及术后综合康复治疗为幕上高血压脑出血手术患者预后独立影响因素。结论 3D-slicer联合Sina软件辅...     

影响脑出血患者预后有关因素的分析

目的 探讨影响脑出血患者预后的有关因素。方法 对１３１９例脑出血的临床资料进行单、多因素分析。结果 出血部位、中线移位、血肿破入脑室、起病时意识状态及有否并发症对预后有非常显著的异常（均Ｐ〈０．００１）；出血量的大小、高血压病史及治疗情况、血糖、肾功能及白细胞计数的异常、发病后的血压水平对预后的影响有显著的差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）；年龄、性别、发病季节、血脂水平对预后无显著影响。结论 出血部位、中线移     

影响脑出血患者预后的有关因素的分析

目的探讨影响脑出血患者预后的有关因素。方法对１３１９例脑出血的临床资料进行单、多因素分析。结果出血部位、中线移位、血肿破入脑室、起病时意识状态及有否并发症对预后有非常显著的差异（均Ｐ＜０．００１）；出血量的大小、高血压病史及治疗情况、血糖、肾功能及白细胞计数的异常、发病后的血压水平对预后的影响有显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；年龄、性别、发病季节、血脂水平对预后无显著影响。结论出血部位、中线移位、血肿破入脑室、起病时意识状态及有否并发症是影响脑出血预后的重要因素。     

经额部微创钻孔引流术治疗基底核区高血压性脑出血临床疗效及再出血影响因素分析

目的探讨经额部微创钻孔引流术治疗基底核区高血压性脑出血(HICH)患者的临床疗效,并分析患者术后再出血的危险因素。方法分析2015年3月至2018年3月本院神经外科收治的基底核区HICH患者98例临床资料,患者均经额部行微创钻孔引流术治疗,统计两组治疗效果,并将再出血患者纳入观察组,未复发患者纳入对照组,统计两组患者一般资料,采用t或χ2分析患者术后再出血的危险因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析再出血高危因素。结果患者术后3d和7d的血肿残余量分别为(23.64±3.96)ml、(10.72±1.29)ml,患者术后24h内再出血率为13.27%,患者术后3个月的NIHSS评分、ADL-Barthel评分分别为(18.96±2.17)分、(67.13±9.91)分,均较术前显著改善(P0.05),患者NIHSS评分优良率为60.20%,ADL-Barthel评分优良率为58.16%;单因素分析发现,观察组和对照组性别、年龄、术前血肿量、术中活动性出血率,差异比较无统计学意义(P0.05),对照组发病至手术时间显著短于观察组(P0.05),术前收缩压显著低于观察组(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析发现,发病至手术时间和术前收缩压均为影响基底核区HICH经额部微创钻孔引流术后再出血的独立危险因素。结论经额部微创钻孔引流治疗基底核区HICH疗效确切,可显著改善患者神经功能,提高患者生活质量,发病至手术时间和术前收缩压为基底核区HICH经额部微创钻孔引流术后再出血的危险因素。     

高血压脑出血微创外科治疗588例总结

高血压脑出血（hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage，HICH）是指由高血压病引起的脑实质内出血。我院自1999年至今对588例高血压脑出血行微创小骨窗血肿清除、立体定向血肿抽吸术等微创外科治疗，并进行了随访及临床分析，旨在探讨高血压脑出血的微创、规范化外科治疗。     

星形细胞肿瘤的预后因素分析

目的探讨影响星形细胞肿瘤预后因素,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法复习167例星形细胞肿瘤患者的资料,使用Kaplan-Meier单因素生存分析法及多因素Cox比例风险模型进行分析。结果单因素分析结果显示性别、年龄、术前癫痫、组织学分级、术前高级神经功能状态、术后患者机能状况评分等因素与患者预后有显著相关性（P〈0.01）;肿瘤切除程度、术后高级神经功能状态、综合治疗情况与预后有相关性（P〈0.05）。高级别星形细胞肿瘤病例COX多因素分析则显示性别、术后KPS评分、术后个体化综合治疗情况与患者预后显著相关（P〈0.01）。结论患者性别、年龄、病理组织学分级、术前癫痫、高级神经功能状态对预后影响较大,多因素分析显示综合治疗与高级别星形细胞肿瘤患者预后显著相关。     

微创血肿清除术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血预后的影响因素分析

目的分析微创血肿清除术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血患者预后的影响因素。方法选择2016-01—2018-12符合纳入标准的120例高血压基底节区脑出血患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者采用微创血肿清除术治疗,分析影响预后的因素。结果单因素分析显示,年龄50岁、术前GCS评分9～15分、术前血肿量40～60 mL、术前空腹血糖7.8 mmol/L、未破入脑室、超早期手术、未合并肺部感染的患者术后预后较好(P0.05)。多因素分析显示,术前GCS、术前血肿量、术前空腹血糖、破入脑室、手术时机、合并肺部感染是影响预后的独立相关因素。结论影响微创血肿清除术治疗高血压基底节区脑出血患者预后的因素较多,而超早期手术、术后预防肺部感染等能改善患者预后。     

微创颅内血肿清除术后再出血的临床分析

目的分析微创术在治疗高血压脑出血中再出血的相关因素.方法对实施微创颅内血肿清除术的脑出血患者114例分成非再出血组与再出血组.针对手术时间、手术前后血压状态、术前血肿量、血肿形态及既往是否有大量饮酒史、卒中等进行对比分析.结果 （1）6h内手术组再出血发生率明显增高（P〈0.01）;（2）再出血组收缩压明显高于非再出血组（P〈0.05）;（3）再出血组中大量出血及不规则出血例数存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;（4）大量饮酒、慢性肝病、长期服用阿司匹林史与再出血明显有关（P〈0.05）.结论 6h内手术、收缩压明显增高、大量出血及不规则出血及既往大量饮酒、慢性肝病、长期服用阿司匹林史是微创颅内血肿清除术后再出血发生的相关因素.     

微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术早期预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血的近期手术疗效,并寻找影响近期手术疗效的 相关因素。 方法 收集自2010年7月至2014年2月收入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经内科重症监护室,接 受微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术的幕上脑出血患者作为研究对象,收集了卒中危险因素、血液学指标、患 者的临床特征及手术相关信息,并随访患者术后30 d或出院时格拉斯哥评分（Glasgow score,GCS）, 通过单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析,寻找对近期手术疗效有影响的因素。 结果 入组患者共94例,其中男性60例,年龄23～84岁,平均（54.85±12.70）岁。术后30 d/出院时 预后,清醒或轻度意识障碍（GCS 13～15分）者62例（65.9%）,中重度意识障碍（GCS≤12分）或死 亡者32例（34.1%）。多因素Logistic回归分析中年龄较高（OR 1.06,95%CI 1.00～1.12）、术前GCS较低 （OR 0.59,95%CI 0.43～0.80）是患者预后不良的独立预测因素。 结论 微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血的短期预后不良与患者年龄较高、术前GCS评分低 有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]