Effect of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Punica granatum</Emphasis> L.) Leaf and Stem

The effect of commonly used techniques and solvents in the antioxidant activities of Pomegranate leaves and stems were studied. The extraction techniques compared were successive, individual (cold percolation), and decoction methods in both parts using solvents viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, and water. The antioxidant activity of all the different solvent extracts of leaves and stem was evaluated using antioxidant assays like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Total phenol and flavonoid content was also measured. Successive extraction was a better technique to extract the antioxidants from pomegranate than other techniques evaluated in the present study. For the aqueous extraction, decoction method was found to be the best method to extract the antioxidants and it is the most convenient, exhaustive, and time-saving extraction technique for both parts of pomegranate. The results showed that the extracting solvent significantly altered the antioxidant property estimations of pomegranate leaf and stem. High correlations between phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of pomegranate extracts were observed. High levels of antioxidant activities were detected in pomegranate leaf as compared to stem indicating that the leaf may serve as an excellent source of natural antioxidants.     

Antioxidative and antibacterial effects of seeds and fruit rind of nutraceutical plants belonging to the Fabaceae family

In the present study, the seeds and fruit rind of six plants of the Fabaceae family were selected to evaluate their potential as antioxidant and antibacterial agents. The dried powders were individually extracted with various organic solvents by the cold percolation method, were evaluated for antibacterial activity and methanol extracts used for antioxidant activities. Total phenol, protein and sugar contents were also measured. Antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and reducing capacity assessment. Antibacterial activity was measured by the agar well diffusion method against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria. The methanol extract of the fruit rind of C. indica showed the maximum DPPH free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, a high reducing capacity assessment and also had the highest total phenol content. There was a direct correlation between the phenol content and the antioxidant activity. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was more pronounced on Gram positive bacteria than on Gram negative bacteria. Thus, the fruit rind of C. indica showed the best antioxidant and antibacterial activities.     

Antioxidant activity of enzymatic extracts from the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida by electron spin resonance spectroscopy

Enzyme assisted extraction of Undaria pinnatifida was performed using five proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, Trypsin and Protamex) and six carbohydrases (AMG, Dextrozyme, Maltogenase, Promozyme, Viscozyme and Celluclast) in order to acquire extracts rich in antioxidants. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was investigated using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging activity on DPPH and hydroxyl radical, and activity increased with increasing extract concentration. In contrast to DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, extracts showed weak scavenging activity on superoxide radical. Extracts exhibited weak radical scavenging activity compared to vitamin C as a reference compound. However, they are still a good source of antioxidant materials that are safe for consumption and show water-soluble properties.     

樱桃叶黄酮的微波提取及抗氧化性质的研究

考察了影响微波辅助提取樱桃叶黄酮的主要因素,测定了樱桃叶黄酮的总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基能力、清除羟自由基(.OH)能力、清除DPPH自由基能力和对卵黄脂蛋白过氧化的抑制能力。通过与常见的抗氧化剂维生素C进行比较,对樱桃叶黄酮抗氧化和清除游离基活性进行了评价。结果表明,微波辅助提取樱桃叶总黄酮的最佳工艺为:微波时间5min、功率300W、75%乙醇、料液比1∶25(g/mL)和提取温度80℃。樱桃叶黄酮具有良好的抗氧化效果,在一定浓度范围内,樱桃叶黄酮在清除.OH和对卵黄脂蛋白脂质抗氧化的能力优于维生素C,但清除超氧阴离子自由基、清除DPPH自由基和总体抗氧化能力略逊于维生素C。     

响应面优化超声波辅助酶法提取湖北海棠叶抗氧化物

为研究湖北海棠叶中抗氧化物最佳提取工艺,以羟基自由基清除率为参考指标,采用响应面优化超声波辅助酶法对湖北海棠叶抗氧化物提取条件进行研究。结果表明:超声波辅助酶法最佳工艺为超声功率100 W,液料比17:1 mL?g?1,超声时间32 min,加纤维素酶量2.6%,酶解时间49 min。此条件下羟基自由基清除率为89.9%±0.06%,提取物中黄酮含量14.01%,多酚含量8.93%,多糖含量7.65%,相比煎煮法、回流法、酶法和超声波法,提取物活性物质含量提高了10%以上,DPPH清除率和羟基自由基清除均提高20%以上。利用超声波辅助酶法提取湖北海棠叶抗氧化物效果较好。     

The Effect of Sequential Fractionation Technique on the Various Efficacies of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub. Various parts of this plant are used in the treatment of dyspepsia, bronchitis, hypotensive, throat inflammation, etc. and its nutritional value has well been accepted. In the present study, antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of different solvent fractions of P. granatum leaves was investigated. Fractionation was done sequentially in Soxhlet apparatus, using various solvents like petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, and water. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, and reducing capacity assessment. Total phenol and flavonoid content was also measured. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion method against some of the tested food borne, pathogenic, and skin disease causing microorganisms. Antiulcer activity of the P. granatum acetone fraction (PGA) was evaluated using ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. The PGA had maximum phenol content and had higher antioxidant activity. The PGA showed better DPPH free radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than that of the standards. The results demonstrated that acetone fraction had potent gastroprotective and antisecretory effects. This study suggests that sequential fractionation technique is an excellent technique of extracting bioactive components of this plant at least. This study also demonstrated that PGA can serve as a potential natural source for use in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industry.     

3种食品天然植物包材的抗氧化活性成分对比研究

The antioxidant components and antioxidant functions of three commonly used natural food packaging materials, including Indocalamus leaves, reed leaves and lotus leaves were investigated. The active components were extracted by ultrasonic extraction. The contents of total phenols and total flavonoids, the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radicals scavenging activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and reducing power of plant extracts were determined. The relation between antioxidant functions and antioxidant active ingredients was tested. The results indicated that the contents of total phenols and total flavonoids in lotus leave were higher than these of Indocalamus leaves and reed leaves, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The total phenol content of three plants was extremely significantly correlated with the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radicals scavenging activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS+ scavenging activity, total antioxidant and reducing power (P<0.01). The total flavonoid content was extremely significantly correlated with the total antioxidant and reducing power (P<0.01), and significantly correlated with the ABTS+ free radical scavenging ability (P<0.05). The content of isoquercitrin was high in Indocalamus leaves, and reed leaves and the content of luteolin-6-c-glucoside was high in reed leaves and lotus leaves. These ingredients contained the 4-carbonyl group, 2, 3-double bond and o-dihydroxy group of B ring. In summary, Indocalamus leaf, reed leaf and lotus leaf contained many kinds of polyphenols, which have strong free radicals scavenging activity and other antioxidant function.     

猕猴桃酒酿造过程中多酚及抗氧化性的研究

对猕猴桃酒酿造过程中多酚含量及抗氧化能力检测分析,以还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子清除能力及羟基清除能力为抗氧化指标;使用福林酚法测定猕猴桃酒的总酚含量和紫外分光光度计法测定黄酮。结果表明,猕猴桃酒在酒精发酵阶段的还原能力、对DPPH、超氧阴离子和羟基自由基清除能力的变化不稳定,具有较大的波动,但在陈酿阶段趋于稳定,总酚和黄酮的含量表现出先上升后趋于稳定。结果表明,猕猴桃酒中含有较多的多酚及黄酮功能性物质,且表现出较强的抗氧化性。     

Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts from wild ginseng leaves

Water, methanol and ethanol extracts of freeze-dried leaves of wild ginseng were examined for their antioxidant properties. All leaf extracts were capable of free radicals scavenging activity. Among solvent extracts of wild ginseng leaves, ethanol extract showed the highest DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activity. Otherwise, the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity was found in water extract followed by ethanol and methanol extracts of wild ginseng leaves. Ethanol extracts contained more phenolics (2333.2 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (1199.1 mg/100 g) than other extracts. These differences in concentrations of key antioxidants among various solvent extracts seemed to be responsible for their differences in antioxidant activities. When various solvent extracts were hydrolysed by acid, two aglycons of flavonoid, quercetin and kaempferol, were detected. According to the results obtained from this study, wild ginseng leaves showed marked antioxidant activities due to their abundant antioxidants.     

微波辅助提取银杏叶多糖工艺及其体外抗氧化活性研究

以水作为提取溶剂、银杏叶多糖提取率为指标,采用微波辅助提取法,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验对银杏叶多糖的微波辅助提取工艺进行优化,并采用清除DPPH自由基、 ·OH和O2 ·模型对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价,并与VC进行比较。结果表明：微波辅助提取银杏叶多糖的最佳出工艺条件为微波功率480W、液料比30:1(mL/g)、提取时间8min、提取2次,多糖得率为14.70%。银杏叶多糖具有较强的清除DPPH自由基、 ·OH的能力,并与质量浓度呈一定正相关关系,清除O2 ·能力弱,清除率与多糖质量浓度的关系不显著。     

Antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) pericarp and seed extracts

In this study, we examined the antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.) pericarp and red pepper seed extracts. The extracts were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, [2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid)] (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferrous chelating activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reducing power, along with the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity by the testing methods. The red pepper pericarp extract exhibited strong ferrous chelating activity and high scavenging activity against free radicals, including both the hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, but it exhibited weaker scavenging activity for the superoxide anion radical and for SOD. In contrast, the red pepper seed extract exhibited strong SOD activity and high scavenging activity against the superoxide anion radical, but showed weaker ferrous chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and DPPH radical scavenging. We observed that the reducing power level and ABTS radical scavenging activity of the red pepper seed were higher than those of the red pepper pericarp at the highest tested concentration. Most of the test results for the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp extracts increased markedly with increasing concentration; however, the metal chelating, SOD and ABTS radical scavenging activities did not increase with the concentration. Highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were obtained from the red pepper pericarp extracts. Overall, the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp extracts were highly effective for the antioxidant properties assayed, with the exceptions of ferrous chelating activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging and SOD activity.     

食醋醇沉上清液的生物活性

对食醋的体外抗氧化活性进行了研究，浓缩食醋在用乙酸乙酯萃取后加入乙醇，收集乙醇沉淀上清液，用Sephadex G25将其分成不同相对分子质量组分，测定不同分离组分对二苯代苦味酰肼自由基（DPPH）的清除活性、还原力、酚质量分数、对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的抑制活性。结果表明：食醋提取物（醇沉上清波）在所有的测试体系中都表现出抗氧化性，在食醋提取物及各分离组分中，总酚质量分数较高的组分具有较强的DPPH自由基清除活性和还原力，在羟自由基体系和超氧阴离子自由基体系中的抗氧化活性与酚质量分数相关性较小，这些结果表明食醋中含有有益于人体健康的抗氧化活性成分。     

吕梁红枣提取物的抗氧化性研究

以浸提法用80％vol乙醇提取吕梁红枣中的非酶类抗氧化物质,从总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力、还原能力以及清除羟基自由基能力4方面对其抗氧化活性进行检测,评价吕梁红枣提取物的体外抗氧化作用。红枣非酶类抗氧化物质溶液浓度设置为：1．34mg／mL、2．69mg／mL、5．38mg／mL、10．75mg／mL、21．5mg／mL。结果表明：红枣乙醇提取物总酚含量为3．22mg／g;DPPH自由基清除能力随提取物质量浓度增大清除自由基能力增强,且高于BHT;还原能力也是随提取物质量浓度增大而增强,明显高于BHT;清除羟基自由基能力随提取物质量浓度增人清除自由基能力呈明显的增强趋势,范围从15．25％增强至62．74％。     

Antioxidant activity of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid isolated from Inula viscosa

Inula viscosa is a perennial herbaceous plant used topically in folk medicine as an anti-scabies, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing agent. We examined the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of I. viscosa. We isolated and identified several polyphenolic antioxidants from I. viscosa leaves and focused on 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (1,3-diCQA). Antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS and DPPH assays, which measure antioxidant activity. The concentrations of 1,3-diCQA required for the inhibition of oxidation were lower than those required by other known antioxidants. 1,3-diCQA inhibited oxidative damage caused by various factors, including FeSO₄ and AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dehydrochloride). Antioxidant activity can also be detected by the ability of a compound to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). 1,3-diCQA was found to scavenge hydroxyl radical and superoxide radicals, as measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). These data demonstrate that 1,3-diCQA exhibits antioxidant properties, probably through the involvement of a direct scavenging effect on several free radicals.     

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of 3 Umbilicaria species

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity of the acetone extracts of the lichens Umbilicaria crustulosa, U. cylindrica, and U. polyphylla. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 5 separate methods: free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, reducing power, determination of total phenolic compounds, and determination of total flavonoid content. Of the lichens tested, U. polyphylla had largest free radical scavenging activity (72.79% inhibition at a concentration of 1 mg/mL), which was similar as standard antioxidants in the same concentration. Moreover, the tested extracts had effective reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging. Total content of phenol and flavonoid in extracts was determined as pyrocatechol equivalent, and as rutin equivalent, respectively. The strong relationships between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant effect of tested extracts were observed. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method. The most active was extract of U. polyphylla with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.56 to 12.5 mg/mL. Anticancer activity was tested against FemX (human melanoma) and LS174 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines using MTT method. All extracts were found to be strong anticancer activity toward both cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 28.45 to 97.82 μg/mL. The present study shows that tested lichen extracts demonstrated a strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. That suggests that lichens may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents.     

两种贮藏温度下“黑琥珀”李果实品质及不同部位抗氧化活性的变化规律

研究不同贮藏温度下李果实品质以及近果皮与近果核部位果肉抗氧化能力的变化。结果表明,在20℃贮藏时,李果实硬度、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH 自由基清除能力不同程度降低,而pH 值、总抗氧化能力、总酚和总黄酮含量升高,2℃贮藏可显著延缓李果实硬度、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH 自由 基清除能力的降低,以及pH 值、总抗氧化能力、总酚和总黄酮含量的升高;相关性分析的结果表明,李果实中酚类、黄酮类物质含量与总抗氧化能力具有极显著相关性(P ＜ 0.01);李果实近果皮及近果核处果肉的总抗氧化能力、羟自由基清除能力、总酚及总黄酮含量均存在显著性差异;李果实SSC 与近果皮果肉总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基及DPPH 自由基能力、总酚含量的相关系数大于近果核,而pH 值与近果核处总抗氧化能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基及羟自由基能力、总酚及总黄酮含量的相关系数大于近果皮果肉。李果采后品质劣变可能与清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基及DPPH 自由基能力的降低有关。     

蓝莓花、茎、叶酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性比较

比较蓝莓花、嫩茎、嫩叶及老叶总多酚、总黄酮、原花青素的含量,并研究其抗氧化性能差异。结果表明:嫩叶中总多酚含量最高,为43.77 mg GAE/g(以干质量计,下同),分别是花、嫩茎和老叶的3.45、1.42、1.12倍;老叶中总黄酮、原花青素含量最高,为68.01 mg RE/g、23.29 mg CAE/g,分别是花的2.57倍和4.61倍、嫩茎的1.79倍和1.23倍、嫩叶的1.03倍和1.98倍。抗氧化性能中,老叶的铁还原能力最大,其次是嫩茎和花,嫩叶较差;清除·OH的能力为嫩茎嫩叶花老叶;清除DPPH自由基能力和总抗氧化能力均为嫩茎嫩叶老叶花甲醇提取物,均高于对照品;蓝莓各部分提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力最强,总抗氧化能力次之,清除·OH能力和铁还原能力较差。     

丝瓜花不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性及其酚类成分分析

以无水乙醇、70%乙醇、40%乙醇和水分别对丝瓜花进行提取,并测定各提取物中总酚、总黄酮含量,采用DPPH·清除能力、超氧化物自由基清除能力、FRAP抗氧化能力和亚铁离子螯合能力等方法评价其抗氧化活性,通过HPLC分析其中酚类成分。结果表明,70%和40%乙醇提取物总酚及总黄酮含量较高,而且DPPH·清除活性、FRAP还原力最强,40%乙醇提取物、水提物分别具有最强的超氧阴离子自由基清除活性和亚铁离子螯合能力。总酚含量与DPPH·清除活性之间存在较强的相关性(R²=0.8688)。HPLC分析检出提取物中9种酚类化合物,其中含量最高的为杨梅素。试验结果说明,70%乙醇、40%乙醇可能是丝瓜花抗氧化性物质提取的较好溶剂。结果表明丝瓜花是一种较好的抗氧剂资源。     

柚皮黄酮类物质的微波辅助提取及其抗氧化活性研究

研究了微波对柚皮中黄酮类物质的提取及其抗氧化活性的影响。同时还研究了水提法、乙醇回流提取法、微波提取法获得的柚皮提取液对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用，以及对小鼠的肝组织脂质过氧化的抑制作用。与水提法、乙醇回流提取法相比，微波法所得提取液对自由基清除率及脂质过氧化的抑制作用较强。其半抑制率浓度分别为33．24，111．78，12．28mg／mL。说明微波提取法能很好的应用于黄酮类物质的提取，同时不会破坏其抗氧化活性。     

柿叶总黄酮提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的:优化柿子叶总黄酮的回流提取工艺,并评价其抗氧化活性。方法:以总黄酮提取量为指标,根据单因素实验的结果,通过响应面法与正交法分别得出最佳的回流提取总黄酮的条件,确定最优工艺条件,并在最优工艺条件下,以V_C作为对照,通过柿子叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基、羟自由基等的清除作用来评价其抗氧化活性。结果:正交试验设计的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为40%,提取温度50 ℃,料液比为1:50 (g/mL)和提取时间为120 min,总黄酮提取量为18.11 mg/g。响应面法的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为50%,提取温度50 ℃,料液比为1:60 (g/mL)和提取时间为120 min,总黄酮提取量为18.21 mg/g。响应面法总黄酮提取量比正交试验法提高了0.55%。但从经济角度考虑,低乙醇浓度和低料液比能节约成本和能耗,而两者提取率几乎没有差别。因此,正交试验更适合柿叶总黄酮提取工艺。同时在正交试验法最佳工艺条件下,柿叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子的IC₅₀分别为8.0、18.0、76.0 μg/mL,体外抗氧化试验结果表明,柿叶总黄酮对DPPH自由基、OH自由基均具有较强的清除能力,明显高于抗坏血酸,而对超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除能力,但清除能力低于同浓度的抗坏血酸。结论:正交试验提取柿叶总黄酮工艺合理可行,经济节约,可适用于工业生产。提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。