超高性能混凝土大键齿干接缝受剪性能与承载力计算方法

接缝是节段预制拼装超高性能混凝土(UHPC)梁结构中的薄弱部位,其受剪性能不足易引发梁结构的局部剪切破坏,造成结构安全问题。为充分发挥UHPC高强、高韧等优异的力学特性,提出了有无配筋的UHPC大键齿干接缝形式,并通过直剪性能试验分析了大键齿UHPC干接缝的受剪性能。研究结果表明：大键齿UHPC接缝不会发生键齿压碎现象;以大键齿代替多键齿可以提高UHPC接缝的受剪性能;在大键齿UHPC接缝中适当配置抗剪钢筋,可以有效抑制斜裂缝开展,显著提高大键齿干接缝受剪性能。基于试验结果,采用有限元方法进行参数化研究,分析侧向应力、UHPC强度、键齿构型等参数对大键齿干接缝受剪性能的影响。结果表明,对于UHPC大键齿接缝,键齿的深高比设置不宜小于0.167,键齿倾角设置不宜大于45°。基于UHPC材料拉压特性,对美国AASHTO中接缝抗剪强度计算方法进行修正,给出了适用于UHPC键齿干接缝的抗剪强度计算公式。该式计算结果与试验结果的比值为0.89,表明其适用于UHPC键齿干接缝受剪承载力计算。     

钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥拱肋与腹杆节点性能试验研究

钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥的提出,有望解决特大跨径拱桥造价高、难以施工等难题。对1000m钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥拱肋与腹杆关键节点的受力性能进行了研究,计算表明,在荷载基本组合作用下节点拉、压杆的轴力均超过10000kN,为保证节点处钢和UHPC两种材料牢固结合,通过节点受力分析和优化研究,提出了一种带混合连接件钢接头的UHPC箱型拱肋与钢腹杆新型节点连接构造。对最不利受力的节点制作了1∶5缩尺模型,不考虑箱型拱肋底板和腹板对节点受力的贡献,开展了平面三向加载试验和抗拔试验。试验结果表明：平面三向加载试验中节点的破坏模式为UHPC拱肋一侧开裂,另一侧压溃,但节点连接保持完好;抗拔试验中节点的破坏模式为UHPC拱肋沿钢接头的轮廓剪切破坏;平面三向加载试验中,钢腹杆的极限荷载是设计荷载的2.72倍,且UHPC拱肋的名义开裂应力为13.36MPa,是设计应力的1.85倍,表明节点的承载能力和抗裂性能满足设计要求;钢接头与UHPC拱肋结合面的抗剪性能和抗拔性能满足正常使用极限状态和承载能力极限状态的要求。     

面向未来的高性能桥梁结构研发与应用

为从根本上解决混凝土桥、钢桥及钢 混凝土组合桥中的共性技术难题,并提升桥梁结构的性能与品质,笔者团队以超高性能混凝土（UHPC）为基础,研发了面向未来的高性能桥梁结构体系。介绍了笔者团队研发的4类高性能桥梁结构:①钢-超高韧性混凝土（STC）轻型组合桥面结构,其中的STC是钢桥面专用的UHPC;②钢 UHPC华夫板轻型组合桥梁结构;③单向预应力UHPC薄壁连续箱梁结构;④全预制快速架设UHPC城市桥梁结构。通过大量静力和疲劳试验,掌握了各类UHPC桥梁结构的基本受力性能,并建立了计算理论和设计方法。列举了钢 STC轻型组合桥面结构已推广应用于中国的17座钢桥,涵盖了梁桥、拱桥、斜拉桥和悬索桥等各类基本桥型,典型应用包括湖南岳阳洞庭湖二桥等重大工程。到目前为止,各实桥运营状态良好,钢 STC未出现任何病害问题。综合而言,高性能桥梁结构有望突破现有桥梁中的技术瓶颈,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Precast steel–UHPC lightweight composite bridge for accelerated bridge construction

In this study, a fully precast steel–ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) lightweight composite bridge (LWCB) was proposed based on Mapu Bridge, aiming at accelerating construction in bridge engineering. Cast-in-place joints are generally the controlling factor of segmental structures. Therefore, an innovative girder-to-girder joint that is suitable for LWCB was developed. A specimen consisting of two prefabricated steel–UHPC composite girder parts and one post-cast joint part was fabricated to determine if the joint can effectively transfer load between girders. The flexural behavior of the specimen under a negative bending moment was explored. Finite element analyses of Mapu Bridge showed that the nominal stress of critical sections could meet the required stress, indicating that the design is reasonable. The fatigue performance of the UHPC deck was assessed based on past research, and results revealed that the fatigue performance could meet the design requirements. Based on the test results, a crack width prediction method for the joint interface, a simplified calculation method for the design moment, and a deflection calculation method for the steel–UHPC composite girder in consideration of the UHPC tensile stiffness effect were presented. Good agreements were achieved between the predicted values and test results.     

Field validation of UHPC layer in negative moment region of steel-concrete composite continuous girder bridge

Improving the cracking resistance of steel-normal concrete (NC) composite beams in the negative moment region is one of the main tasks in designing continuous composite beam (CCB) bridges due to the low tensile strength of the NC deck at pier supports. This study proposed an innovative structural configuration for the negative bending moment region in a steel-concrete CCB bridge with the aid of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) layer. In order to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of this new UHPC jointed structure in the negative bending moment region, field load testing was conducted on a newly built full-scale bridge. The newly designed structural configuration was described in detail regarding the structural characteristics (cracking resistance, economy, durability, and constructability). In the field investigation, strains on the surface of the concrete bridge deck, rebar, and steel beam in the negative bending moment region, as well as mid-span deflection, were measured under different load cases. Also, a finite element model for the four-span superstructure of the full-scale bridge was established and validated by the field test results. The simulated results in terms of strains and mid-span deflection showed moderate consistency with the test results. This field test and the finite element model results demonstrated that the new configuration with the UHPC layer provided an effective alternative for the negative bending moment region of the composite beam.     

DBT(Deck Bulb Tee)梁桥的问题及应用

桥梁快速施工（ABC）法使得DBT（Deck Bulb Tee）梁桥在桥梁工程中广泛采用。然而,由于结构设计材料的原因,导致连接问题突出并影响结构性能,因此DBT梁在大跨度和洲际桥梁中的使用仍受到很多限制。本文旨在总结DBT梁结构设计中的典型技术改进,包括解决纵向连接问题、并探索超高性能混凝土（UHPC）在桥梁应用中的使用。结果表明,UHPC的应用有效地解决了与DBT梁相关的几个技术难点,既带来了新的机遇,也带来了挑战。     

Performance of steel bridge deck pavement structure with ultra high performance concrete based on resin bonding

This research investigated a pavement system on steel bridge decks that use epoxy resin (EP) bonded ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Through FEM analysis and static and dynamic bending fatigue tests of the composite structure, the influences of the interface of the pavement layer, reinforcement, and different paving materials on the structural performance were compared and analyzed. The results show that the resin bonded UHPC pavement structure can reduce the weld strain in the steel plate by about 32% and the relative deflection between ribs by about 52% under standard axial load conditions compared to traditional pavements. The EP bonding layer can nearly double the drawing strength of the pavement interface from 1.3 MPa, and improve the bending resistance of the UHPC structure on steel bridge decks by about 50%; the bending resistance of reinforced UHPC structures is twice that of unreinforced UHPC structure, and the dynamic deflection of the UHPC pavement structure increases exponentially with increasing fatigue load. The fatigue life is about 1.2 × 10⁷ cycles under a fixed force of 9 kN and a dynamic deflection of 0.35 mm, which meets the requirements for fatigue performance of pavements on steel bridge decks under traffic conditions of large flow and heavy load.     

UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪试验及湿接缝直剪承载力统一公式

为得到UHPC键齿湿接缝的直剪受力性能及直剪承载力统一公式,开展17个UHPC试件的直剪推出试验,考察键齿形状、侧向应力等对UHPC键齿湿接缝直剪破坏模式、裂纹发展情况、直剪强度以及剪切滑移性能的影响,并结合前期24个UHPC整体浇筑试件和24个UHPC平(湿)接缝试件的试验结果对UHPC界面直剪承载力计算方法进行研究。结果表明：UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切破坏过程可分为线弹性阶段、裂纹发展阶段、破坏阶段和残余应力阶段;各键齿接缝直剪破坏界面与剪切界面几乎重合;梯形(键齿夹角113°)、矩形、倒梯形(键齿夹角65°)等三种键齿形式的直剪性能基本相同,为方便施工,工程中键齿宜选用梯形;键齿接缝试件的初裂强度、峰值强度提升值(相对于平接缝)与整体试件相应强度提升值之比远小于两者剪切面的整体面积之比;无侧向应力下,UHPC键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度和峰值强度均大于平接缝试件,逊于整体试件,且差距较大;键齿接缝试件峰值强度为整体试件的52.5%;在5MPa侧向应力下,平接缝试件与各键齿接缝试件剪切刚度已差别不大,峰值强度差值变小;键齿接缝试件的峰裂比(峰值强度与初裂强度之比)为1.173～1.319;键齿接缝试件的剪切刚度、延性系数、初裂强度、峰值强度及剪切滑移能力均随着侧向应力的增大而增大;UHPC湿接缝试件初裂强度和峰值强度随侧向应力的增长规律符合库伦准则,其摩擦系数可取1.26。最后,建立物理意义明确、形式简单、精度较高的可适用于未配抗剪钢筋UHPC整体界面、平湿接缝界面和键齿湿接缝界面的直剪承载力计算统一公式。     

Shear failure analysis on ultra-high performance concrete beams reinforced with high strength steel

A new deck system for moveable bridges was developed that makes use of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) reinforced with high strength steel (HSS) rebar to achieve the light weight and high strength requirements in moveable bridge applications. However, the typical deck strips of this deck system failed predominantly due to shear cracks in simply supported beam proof tests. This paper investigates the mechanism of the deck strip shear failure experimentally and analytically. Experimental studies were performed at several scales, including material characterization, bond strength tests, small-scale prism tests, and full-scale beam tests. Specimens with traditional shear strengthening techniques were also tested. Several existing formulas were utilized to predict the shear strength, and the results were compared to the experimental results. The accuracy and limitations of these formulas are discussed. The shear failure of UHPC-HSS beams is not characterized by brittle response or catastrophic load reduction as with normal reinforced concrete. Therefore, this particular shear failure mode is regarded as acceptable. However, the additional shear resistance caused by the localized deformation of the longitudinal reinforcement is not recommended to be considered for design capacity formulas.     

Behavior and strength of headed stud shear connectors in ultra-high performance concrete of composite bridges

This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the static behavior of headed stud shear connectors in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) of composite bridges. Four push-out specimens were tested. It was found that no cracking, crushing or splitting was observed on the concrete slab, indicating that UHPC slab exhibited good performance and could resist the high force transferred from the headed studs. The numerical and experimental results indicated that the shear capacity is supposed to be composed of two parts stud shank shear contribution and concrete wedge block shear contribution. The stiffness increment of a stud in UHPC was at least 60% higher than that in normal strength concrete. Even if the stud height was reduced from 6d to 2d, there was no reduction in the shear strength of a stud. Short stud shear connectors with an aspect ratio as small as 2 could develop full strength in UHPC slabs. An empirical load-slip equation taking into account stud diameter was proposed to predict the load-slip response of a stud. The reliability and accuracy of the proposed load-slip equation was verified by the experimental and numerical load-slip curves.     

Assessment of prestressed concrete bridge girders with low shear reinforcement by means of a non-linear filament frame model

The safety of existing bridges and the efficiency of strengthening measures can be accurately studied through non-linear numerical models, assisting decisions of dismantle, repair or change of use and avoiding unnecessary or inappropriate interventions. In this ambit, filament beam models due to their inherent simplicity and low computational demand are adequate for the engineering practice. Accordingly, in this paper, the structural assessment of a prestressed concrete bridge presenting low shear reinforcement, the Wassnerwald Viaduct in Switzerland, is presented. The bridge was dismantled due to, among other reasons, not complying with the safety standards related to shear. The girders of the bridge, which were submitted to full-scale in situ load tests, were numerically simulated by means of a non-linear filament beam model considering axial force (N)–shear (V)–bending (M) interaction. Hypothetical strengthening solutions for this bridge were also numerically studied: a shear strengthening through vertical prestressing and a bending strengthening through external longitudinal prestressing.     

Fügen von Bauteilen aus UHPC durch Kleben. Voruntersuchungen und Anwendung bei der Gärtnerplatzbrücke in Kasse

Adhesive Assembling of Structural UHPC Elements Preliminary Investigations and Application at the Gaertnerplatz Bridge in Kassel The Gaertnerplatz Bridge in Kassel with a length of 136 m is the first large pedestrian and cyclist bridge in Germany that was built from ultra high performance concrete (UHPC). For the first time in the world the precast constructional elements made from this steel‐like concrete were supportingly glued by an epoxy resin. For the approval in this particular case extensive investigations were accomplished at the University of Kassel to get mechanical characteristic data. With these results it is possible to dimension the glued joints regarding mechanical strength and durability. The results of these investigations and process of building are presented in this article. The practical characteristics of the hybrid bridge construction with its shear stressed glued joints is being monitored by an extensive number of online sensors for several years.     

Innovative steel-UHPC composite bridge girders for long-span bridges

Steel and steel-concrete composite girders are two types of girders commonly used for long-span bridges. However, practice has shown that the two types of girders have some drawbacks. For steel girders, the orthotropic steel deck (OSD) is vulnerable to fatigue cracking and the asphalt overlay is susceptible to damage such as rutting and pot holes. While for steel-concrete composite girders, the concrete deck is generally thick and heavy, and the deck is prone to cracking because of its low tensile strength and high creep. Thus, to improve the serviceability and durability of girders for long-span bridges, three new types of steel-UHPC lightweight composite bridge girders are proposed, where UHPC denotes ultra-high performance concrete. The first two types consist of an OSD and a thin UHPC layer while the third type consists of a steel beam and a UHPC waffle deck. Due to excellent mechanical behaviors and impressive durability of UHPC, the steel-UHPC composite girders have the advantages of light weight, high strength, low creep coefficient, low risk of cracking, and excellent durability, making them competitive alternatives for long-span bridges. To date, the proposed steel-UHPC composite girders have been applied to 14 real bridges in China. It is expected that the application of the new steel-UHPC composite girders on long-span bridges will have a promising future.     

装配式钢筋混凝土简支板梁桥铰缝接触面应力分析

装配式钢筋混凝土简支板梁桥的铰缝性能直接影响各板梁共同工作性能。目前,在役的这类桥数目庞大,其铰缝损伤较为严重,甚至有些出现了单板梁受力状况。虽然铰缝的构造措施不断加强,但铰缝损伤仍比较普遍。本文通过装配式钢筋混凝土简支板梁桥铰缝接触面应力有限元计算,找出接触面各应力控制位置,然后据此进行其极限承载力分析,给出接触面的薄弱位置,提出了铰缝构造的改进措施。     

采用UHPC-RC阶梯桩的整体桥试设计

为了增大桥台基础柔度,适应整体桥纵桥向变形需要,提出了上部采用超高性能混凝土（UHPC）材料、下部采用普通混凝土（RC）材料的UHPC-RC阶梯桩,进行了这种新型桩基整体桥的试设计,在桩顶3 m范围内用截面尺寸为30 cm×30 cm的UHPC代替原来的70 cm×50（70） cm普通混凝土,并采用MIDAS软件建立了全桥空间有限元模型。研究结果表明:恒载作用下,试设计桥梁端负弯矩相比于原桥明显减小;在偏载和中载作用下,试设计桥主梁在桥台处的负弯矩分别减小14.2%和22.8%;整体降温作用下,主梁的轴力和弯矩均都有显著减小,桩身的最大剪力和最大弯矩出现在桩顶位置,分别减小52.2%,59.8%;在整体升温作用下,桥台的最大剪力和最大弯矩出现在桥台顶部位置,分别减小32.6%,45.8%;UHPC-RC阶梯桩是一种适合中国国情、有发展前景的无缝桥桩基新结构。     

钢 超薄UHPC轻型组合桥面短钢筋连接件#br# 抗剪性能研究

为解决钢-超薄UHPC轻型组合桥面板由于UHPC层过薄而难以采用常规剪力连接件的问题,提出一种新型剪力连接件 短钢筋连接件。通过静力推出试验以及疲劳推出试验对短钢筋连接件的抗剪性能进行初步研究。静力推出试验结果表明：①该试验存在焊缝剪断和UHPC局部破坏(短钢筋拔出)两种破坏模式;②短钢筋连接件承载力随着焊缝长度增加而提高;③短钢筋连接件抗剪承载力高于栓钉,略低于钢筋网焊接件。疲劳推出试验结果表明：80MPa剪应力幅下,3个试件疲劳寿命分别为194.2、271.0、195.8万次,去掉最大值,剩余两者平均疲劳寿命为195万次,略低于规范相应的200万次。通过Miner-Palmgren线性累积损伤理论对不同应力幅下的疲劳次数转化,可得200万次疲劳下的剪应力幅为79.6MPa。仿真结果表明：在纵横向间距200mm×200mm布置方式下,两类疲劳细节(连接件位置与钢顶板位置)均能够满足抗剪疲劳设计要求。文章研究成果可为今后实桥应用提供理论依据。     

超高性能混凝土-普通混凝土界面抗剪性能试验研究

力学性能和耐久性优异的超高性能混凝土(UHPC)非常适用于损伤普通混凝土(NC)结构的修复加固,其中UHPC-NC界面的抗剪性能对确保良好的加固效果至关重要。论文通过7组抗剪推出试验,评估NC表面光滑、凿毛、露筋、刻槽、钻孔和植筋等UHPC-NC界面的抗剪性能和破坏模式;并利用斜剪试验,探讨UHPC龄期、NC基体湿润度、NC表面粗糙度和UHPC养护条件对界面抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,UHPC-NC界面抗剪黏结性能优异,界面破坏方式基本为NC剪切破坏或界面+NC破坏两种模式,未出现完全的界面剥离破坏。NC表面粗糙度是影响界面抗剪强度的主要因素,凿毛或刻槽的UHPC-NC界面获得了最佳的抗剪承载力,植筋和刻槽界面在抗剪破坏时表现出较好的延性。此外,NC越湿润,UHPC-NC界面的抗剪强度越高,在UHPC早期龄期(3～7d)时界面可获得绝大部分抗剪强度(88.5%～95.0%),在常温养护条件下UHPC-NC界面的抗剪性能优于高温养护界面。     

超高性能轻型组合桥面沥青磨耗层界面抗剪性能研究

为研究沥青磨耗层-UHPC层间抗剪性能，基于剪切破坏能量分析原理，提出剪切断裂能计算方法；针对新、旧两种界面状况，开展沥青磨耗层-UHPC层间斜剪试验，得到荷载-界面位移全过程曲线；通过模拟不利环境复合试件老化过程，研究新、旧界面抗剪性能劣化规律；探究重铺磨耗层黏结剂用量对于修复效果的影响。研究表明：剪切断裂能综合反映层间剪切强度和剪切推移量的大小，能够更加全面地表征层间抗剪特性；荷载-界面位移全过程曲线呈现出四个阶段；在水损害、高温湿热、氯盐侵蚀等不利自然环境下，复合试件层间抗剪性能劣化规律具有相似性，但老化程度存在差异，环境影响排序为：水损坏＞氯盐高湿＞湿热环境；修复过程中黏结剂的用量对于修复效果影响显著，建议采用0.7kg/m2的黏结剂用量；旧界面试件的剪切强度、剪切断裂能均小于新界面试件，两者差值随着循环次数增加而逐渐增大，修复后层间耐老化性能有所降低。     

Collapse test and moment capacity of the Ruytenschildt reinforced concrete slab bridge

A large number of existing reinforced concrete solid slab bridges in the Netherlands are found to be insufficient for shear upon assessment. However, research has shown additional sources of capacity in slab bridges, increasing their total capacity and possibly changing their failure mode. Previous testing was limited to half-scale slab specimens cast in the laboratory. To study the full structural behaviour of slab bridges, testing to failure of a bridge is necessary. Research on load testing is carried out in order to develop load testing guidelines. In August 2014, a bridge was tested in two spans. The bridge was load tested, and additional cycles until yielding occurred in the reinforcement were added to the experiment. Though calculations with current design provisions showed that the bridge could fail in shear, the field test showed failure in flexure before shear. The unity check for flexure was determined. The experiment shows that the methods for rating of existing reinforced concrete slab bridges are conservative.     

非一致氯离子侵蚀下近海桥梁时变地震易损性研究

近海桥梁往往处于氯离子空间分布不均匀的复杂环境,在服役过程中往往会遭受非一致氯离子侵蚀,导致材料及结构性能不断退化,降低桥梁抵御地震的能力。为研究非一致氯离子侵蚀下桥梁地震损伤风险变化规律,文章以氯离子扩散规律及钢筋锈蚀机理为基础,基于Duracrete模型及以往试验结果,确定不同环境参数及锈蚀参数的概率分布类型及统计特征,建立钢筋及混凝土材料退化规律。结合地震易损性分析理论,建立非一致氯离子侵蚀环境下桥梁时变地震易损性评估流程。随后,以一座多跨连续梁桥为例,分析退化桥梁抗震能力变化特征,研究不同构件的地震损伤时变规律。研究结果表明,氯离子侵蚀下的桥墩截面抗弯承载力和曲率延性均表现出明显的退化,并且曲率延性退化程度高于抗弯承载力。非一致氯离子侵蚀会导致桥墩损伤分布发生演变,桥墩易损位置可能从墩顶、墩底转移至低水位处。随着服役时间增加,桥墩损伤概率明显增大,而支座、挡块及桥台的损伤概率略有降低。