新型钢-UHPC组合桥面板抗弯承载力模型试验与理论分析方法

为综合解决正交异性钢桥面板疲劳开裂和桥面铺装易损两大难题,提出一种由波形顶板、超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete,UHPC)结构层和改进螺旋线(modified clothoide,MCL)形组合销所构成的新型波形顶板-UHPC组合桥面结构.设计2类共12个足尺模型,对所提出...     

Field validation of UHPC layer in negative moment region of steel-concrete composite continuous girder bridge

Improving the cracking resistance of steel-normal concrete (NC) composite beams in the negative moment region is one of the main tasks in designing continuous composite beam (CCB) bridges due to the low tensile strength of the NC deck at pier supports. This study proposed an innovative structural configuration for the negative bending moment region in a steel-concrete CCB bridge with the aid of ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) layer. In order to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of this new UHPC jointed structure in the negative bending moment region, field load testing was conducted on a newly built full-scale bridge. The newly designed structural configuration was described in detail regarding the structural characteristics (cracking resistance, economy, durability, and constructability). In the field investigation, strains on the surface of the concrete bridge deck, rebar, and steel beam in the negative bending moment region, as well as mid-span deflection, were measured under different load cases. Also, a finite element model for the four-span superstructure of the full-scale bridge was established and validated by the field test results. The simulated results in terms of strains and mid-span deflection showed moderate consistency with the test results. This field test and the finite element model results demonstrated that the new configuration with the UHPC layer provided an effective alternative for the negative bending moment region of the composite beam.     

不同类型桩基支撑的整体桥力学性能

以福建永春县上坂大桥作为工程背景建立了全桥有限元模型,通过实桥静载、动载试验对模型进行验证,并在整体式桥台下分别设置了矩形桩、圆形桩、预应力高强混凝土(PHC)管桩、钢管桩、H型钢桩、工型超高性能混凝土(UHPC)桩和工型UHPC-矩形变截面桩,研究了整体桥采用不同类型桩基时对其整体力学性能的影响。结果表明:有限元模型的计算基频较实测值减小了5.5%,第1阶模态均为横向侧飘,主梁在汽车偏载和中载作用下出现的竖向挠度与实测挠度较吻合,验证了有限元模型的合理性; 随着整体温度的升高,不同类型桩基支撑的整体桥主梁和桩基最大正、负弯矩和剪力随之增大,主梁竖向挠度随之减小,梁端水平位移也呈现明显的增长趋势,但在相同温度荷载作用下,整体式桥台下设置不同类型桩基对梁端水平位移的影响很小; 桩身显著变形区主要出现在0～6.4D(D为桩径)埋深处,在更大埋深处基本可忽略,表现出了柔性桩的变形性能; 随着变截面桩的上部UHPC桩段抗弯刚度的增大,主梁最大正、负弯矩与桩身最大弯矩均显著增大,桩顶水平变形显著减小; 随着上部UHPC桩段长度的增加,主梁最大正、负弯矩与桩身最大弯矩先呈现明显的增长趋势,而后趋于稳定,桩顶水平变形则先呈现明显减小趋势,随后趋于稳定; 上部UHPC桩段长度一般取为桩基总长的36%,对整体桥主梁和桩基的受力较好,为UHPC桩段的经济长度; 温差小于15 ℃时,整体桥采用不同类型桩基时对主梁和桩基的受力影响不大; 随着温差继续增大,整体桥采用H型钢桩、工型UHPC桩或工型UHPC-矩形变截面桩时主梁和桩基的受力性能更好。     

Precast steel–UHPC lightweight composite bridge for accelerated bridge construction

In this study, a fully precast steel–ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) lightweight composite bridge (LWCB) was proposed based on Mapu Bridge, aiming at accelerating construction in bridge engineering. Cast-in-place joints are generally the controlling factor of segmental structures. Therefore, an innovative girder-to-girder joint that is suitable for LWCB was developed. A specimen consisting of two prefabricated steel–UHPC composite girder parts and one post-cast joint part was fabricated to determine if the joint can effectively transfer load between girders. The flexural behavior of the specimen under a negative bending moment was explored. Finite element analyses of Mapu Bridge showed that the nominal stress of critical sections could meet the required stress, indicating that the design is reasonable. The fatigue performance of the UHPC deck was assessed based on past research, and results revealed that the fatigue performance could meet the design requirements. Based on the test results, a crack width prediction method for the joint interface, a simplified calculation method for the design moment, and a deflection calculation method for the steel–UHPC composite girder in consideration of the UHPC tensile stiffness effect were presented. Good agreements were achieved between the predicted values and test results.     

面向未来的高性能桥梁结构研发与应用

为从根本上解决混凝土桥、钢桥及钢 混凝土组合桥中的共性技术难题,并提升桥梁结构的性能与品质,笔者团队以超高性能混凝土（UHPC）为基础,研发了面向未来的高性能桥梁结构体系。介绍了笔者团队研发的4类高性能桥梁结构:①钢-超高韧性混凝土（STC）轻型组合桥面结构,其中的STC是钢桥面专用的UHPC;②钢 UHPC华夫板轻型组合桥梁结构;③单向预应力UHPC薄壁连续箱梁结构;④全预制快速架设UHPC城市桥梁结构。通过大量静力和疲劳试验,掌握了各类UHPC桥梁结构的基本受力性能,并建立了计算理论和设计方法。列举了钢 STC轻型组合桥面结构已推广应用于中国的17座钢桥,涵盖了梁桥、拱桥、斜拉桥和悬索桥等各类基本桥型,典型应用包括湖南岳阳洞庭湖二桥等重大工程。到目前为止,各实桥运营状态良好,钢 STC未出现任何病害问题。综合而言,高性能桥梁结构有望突破现有桥梁中的技术瓶颈,具有广阔的应用前景。     

重度疲劳开裂钢桥桥面的UHPC加固技术

武汉军山长江大桥在服役17年后,桥面板出现了严重的疲劳开裂问题,难以修补,为此提出一种钢桥面板不修补,上铺带横向钢板条的UHPC桥面加固方案。以军山长江大桥为研究背景,应用子模型技术对比计算了钢面板重度开裂时纯钢梁和加固后钢面板的应力状态;制作了双层钢筋网+UHPC的传统轻型组合桥面结构与钢板条+UHPC及三层钢筋网+UHPC两类新型加固结构,开展了横向抗弯静力试验及疲劳试验。研究结果表明：采用UHPC加固技术后,正交异性钢桥面的疲劳应力大幅度下降,其中钢面板-U肋焊趾处的横向拉应力沿纵、横桥向的分布降幅达78.8%～86.4%;UHPC拉应力方面,由于钢面板不修补,UHPC层下缘拉应力高达12.9MPa,UHPC层下缘布置80mm宽间距200mm的钢板条后,其底面名义开裂应力可达43.2MPa,远高于设计拉应力,钢板条+UHPC的钢桥面加固方案经过应力幅22MPa的1000万次疲劳试验,UHPC层具备800万次疲劳寿命(裂缝宽度小于0.05mm),且刚度无折减,因此可作为永久结构层与重度开裂的钢桥面构成轻型组合桥面结构,经UHPC加固后,原钢桥面的疲劳裂缝有望不再发展。     

地毯式沥青混合料结构在小西冲大坡度弯道钢桥的创新研究地毯式沥青混合料结构在小西冲大坡度弯道钢桥的创新研究

可卷曲和延展性沥青混合料结构在安徽小西冲大坡度弯道钢桥的首次应用研究,地毯式沥青混合料创新了钢桥面的铺筑结构类型。混合料具有较高的耐疲劳性、反复弯曲应变性、抗高温变形和抗低温抗裂的复合性能。通过室内混合料的理论行为研究与现场铺筑工艺行为特征的演变过程,对今后特殊钢桥面的设计结构类型奠定了理论与实践基础。     

考虑层间状态的沥青路面温度与荷载耦合行为分析

沥青路面是典型的层状体系,层间黏结状态的好差直接影响到路面的使用性能.采用三维非线性有限元软件ABAQUS,同时考虑沥青混合料的劲度模量随温度变化的特性,数值模拟计算了沥青路面在不同温度场状况下分别与水平及竖向荷载耦合作用的关键力学响应,分析各响应指标随层间接触状态变化的特性.研究结果表明由于接触模型作用机理的不同,其关键力学指标响应要比连续模型下的大;除路表竖向变形大小几乎与层间接触状态无关外,其他指标在低温状况下,层间接触条件变化对其影响较小,而在高温状况下,特别当层间接触摩擦系数μ＜0.6时影响很大,尤其对基层、底基层的最大拉应力及面层的最大剪应力影响显著.研究成果为科学解释沥青路面在不同环境温度与车辆荷载综合作用下的破损特征与行为机理提供了有力依据,为改善层问黏结条件有利于提高路面整体性能提供了理论支撑.     

钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥拱肋与腹杆节点性能试验研究

钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥的提出,有望解决特大跨径拱桥造价高、难以施工等难题。对1000m钢-UHPC组合桁式拱桥拱肋与腹杆关键节点的受力性能进行了研究,计算表明,在荷载基本组合作用下节点拉、压杆的轴力均超过10000kN,为保证节点处钢和UHPC两种材料牢固结合,通过节点受力分析和优化研究,提出了一种带混合连接件钢接头的UHPC箱型拱肋与钢腹杆新型节点连接构造。对最不利受力的节点制作了1∶5缩尺模型,不考虑箱型拱肋底板和腹板对节点受力的贡献,开展了平面三向加载试验和抗拔试验。试验结果表明：平面三向加载试验中节点的破坏模式为UHPC拱肋一侧开裂,另一侧压溃,但节点连接保持完好;抗拔试验中节点的破坏模式为UHPC拱肋沿钢接头的轮廓剪切破坏;平面三向加载试验中,钢腹杆的极限荷载是设计荷载的2.72倍,且UHPC拱肋的名义开裂应力为13.36MPa,是设计应力的1.85倍,表明节点的承载能力和抗裂性能满足设计要求;钢接头与UHPC拱肋结合面的抗剪性能和抗拔性能满足正常使用极限状态和承载能力极限状态的要求。     

膨胀剂对约束条件下UHPC早期抗裂性能影响的试验研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)在钢桥面铺装结构中由于铺装材料受到钢板、栓钉等的约束,加上材料本身水胶比小,更易收缩,早期容易承受拉应力导致开裂。通过在拌和过程中添加膨胀剂可以起到减小收缩的作用,但该方法对于约束条件下的UHPC铺装的早期抗裂性能提升是否有促进作用,仍需通过更多试验进行合理评估和深入研究。通过圆环法对3组不同配方的UHPC在均匀约束条件下的早期抗裂性能进行定量测试,并将试验数据进行回归分析和计算,得到了各组的平均应力发展速率,进而评估了各组的开裂风险等级。试验结果表明,通过在UHPC中加入适量膨胀剂,可使其最终收缩应力减小,并可降低其收缩应力发展速率,进一步降低其在约束条件下的开裂风险。     

正交异性钢桥面铺装层疲劳寿命的断裂力学分析

计算和分析正交异性钢桥面铺装层表面裂缝应力强度因子,在此基础上应用Paris扩展公式预测铺装层疲劳寿命。将奇异单元布置在铺装层表面裂缝前沿,建立正交异性钢桥面系三维断裂力学有限元模型,计算铺装层表面裂缝的应力强度因子;分析裂缝应力强度因子随轴载作用位置的变化规律,确定了带裂缝铺装层轴载作用的最不利荷位;以最不利荷位作为轴载作用的标准荷位,计算应力强度因子随裂缝扩展深度的变化,并数值拟合得到了应力强度因子与裂缝深度的关系式;将应力强度因子的深度关系式代入Paris公式,积分得到铺装层的疲劳寿命。计算结果表明,基于钢桥面铺装层带裂缝工作的事实,应用断裂力学方法预测钢桥面铺装层疲劳寿命是可行的。     

Experimental and analytical study on fatigue behavior of composite truss joints

In order to fully understand the performance of composite joints in a truss bridge with double decks, fatigue tests of three composite joints with different connectors such as headed studs, concrete dowels and perforated plates under constant repeated loading were carried out, and the responses of displacement, strain distribution, crack development, relative slip between concrete and steel were observed after different loading cycles. The experimental results showed that the deflection increased almost linearly with applied load even after certain repeated loading cycles, but the stiffness reduced gradually with the repeated loading cycles. No serious damage occurred except tiny cracks at the steel–concrete interface caused by slip after 2 million repeated loading cycles, which means all three composite joints have good fatigue performance. Based on experimental works, three dimensional finite element models of composite joints were established. The results from finite element analysis were consistent with those from tests in terms of strength and stiffness. Finally, the fatigue details involving reinforcing bars, welding seams and shear connectors were evaluated according to related specifications. The presented overall investigation may provide reference for design and construction of composite joints in composite truss bridges.     

华南地区浇筑式钢桥面铺装MA性能研究

浇筑式桥面铺装方案MA是当前钢桥面铺装应用较为广泛的一种铺装方案,然而该铺装方案在我国华南地区应用状况却不是很好。由于目前仍然没有标准的MA混合料设计规范,而MA由于其较小的孔隙率都具有较好的水稳定性。通过大量调查发现MA混凝土在我国华南地区应用的主要破坏形式是车辙和疲劳开裂。通过硬度值、马歇尔试验和车辙试验研究了MA的高温性能,采用四点弯曲试验研究了MA混合料的疲劳性能,结果表明通过调整MA混合料的级配可以改善MA的高温性能和疲劳性能,最后通过试验路段得到验证。     

正交异性钢桥面板疲劳裂纹的维修加固方法

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳裂纹是既有钢桥的常见病害,其维修加固难于新桥建设,必须遵守耐久性等基本原则。钢桥面板的维修加固方法分为三类:第一类是改进铺装层结构,减小整个钢桥面板所有部位的应力;第二类是局部补强或者改进纵向加劲肋的构造;第三类是直接对发生疲劳裂纹的局部进行维修。如果疲劳裂纹比较严重,如纵向加劲肋与横肋之间的连接失效、或者纵向加劲肋与面板的连接焊缝处裂纹向上贯穿面板等,则需要同时采用第一类和第三类加固方法。     

钢纤维混凝土在路面桥面工程中应用

钢纤维混凝土是一种新型的复合材料 ,具有优良的抗裂性、抗弯性、耐冲击性、耐疲劳性等特点 ,在公路路面、桥面、机场跑道等工程中应用表明 ,钢纤维混凝土具有减薄面层厚度、加大缩缝间距、改善路面的使用性能、延长路面使用寿命等优点。对钢纤维混凝土路面的经济性应从长期和短期效益 ,一次投入与维修保养费用等进行综合合理评定 ,以便更好地推广应用钢纤维混凝土路面。     

Fatigue life estimates for a slender orthotropic steel deck

Fatigue cracks in several types of welded joints and geometrical details have been reported to occur in a large number of slender orthotropic decks of existing steel bridges in many parts of the world. Some of these cracks are initiated very early, a few years after the bridge is brought into service. That is why it is said that fatigue life estimation for the welded joints of orthotropic decks is not an easy designing task. This is so because the random variation of local stresses is sensitive to many factors, in particular to those involved in the dynamic interaction between the vehicle’s tyres, the pavement and the steel structure.This paper presents and discusses the main causes for the observed cracks and the outcome of the ultimate fatigue life estimates for typical welded and geometrical details of a slender orthotropic deck with trapezoidal cross-section longitudinal ribs. This is the deck of an existing long-span steel bridge, which has been strengthened by adding a reinforced concrete layer fixed with shear studs to the steel deck top plate. This was done to avoid continued and extensive repair work and to enhance the fatigue life expectancy of the steel deck structure. The fatigue life estimation is done with the aid of refined numerical modelling and in situ experimental strain measurements and also by taking into account all the built-in structural alterations, changes in volume of traffic and in vehicles loading which have occurred during this bridge’s 32 years of service life.     

UHPC华夫板在桥面铺装更换中的应用研究

为了解决传统钢筋混凝土桥面铺装开裂破损、工艺复杂、质量难以保证及耐久性差等问题,本文提出一种用UHPC华夫板更换桥面铺装的结构并采用数值模拟的方法对UHPC华夫板的结构设计参数进行对比研究,分析得出在单块UHPC华夫板尺寸一定的情况下,顶板厚度、钢筋直径及纵肋数量对结构受力性能影响幅度较小且平缓,横肋数量对华夫板受力性能影响较大,随着横肋和纵肋数量的增加,结构最大应力及挠度减小幅度在产生一次突变后趋于平缓。本文归纳总结了用UHPC华夫板更换桥面铺装的构造要求、现浇接缝的结构形式和施工要点以期为桥面铺装的病害处治提供一些借鉴。     

Stress concentration in steel bridge orthotropic decks

The structural behaviour of orthotropic steel decks is characterized by the complex interaction between its components (deck plate, ribs and floorbeams) and also by the interaction between the structure, the pavement and the vehicle’s wheels tyres. Stress concentration resulting from out-of-plane bending of deck components at typical welded joints can make these structures quite susceptible to traffic-induced fatigue cracks. This paper addresses some of these issues through numerical modeling of orthotropic decks with trapezoidal closed ribs, via finite element method and elastic analysis of the structure under heavy vehicle wheel loading. The numerical model was calibrated with experimental results obtained from laboratory tests on a deck model. The obtained numerical results lead to a better understanding of the complex structural behaviour of slender orthotropic decks, with emphasis on the stress distribution and concentration at the rib to deck plate welded connection. A parametric analysis was performed to determine possible and rational combinations of the geometric parameters leading to the lowest values of stress peaks and the best consequent fatigue performance of the focused welded connection. Hence, the overall output can be addressed towards a safe and rational design as far as fatigue life is concerned.     

Field investigation of ultra-high performance concrete shear key in an adjacent box-girder bridge

Adjacent box girders are widely used in short to intermediate span bridges in several states because they make bridges quick and easy to build. However, the strength and serviceability of this type of bridge can frequently be compromised by the reductions in efficiency of load transfer and shear resistance due to joint degradation at the shear keys. Because of its superior mechanical properties and improved durability, ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has been proposed as an alternative grout material to eliminate shear key degradation. In this project, a single-span adjacent box-girder bridge was instrumented and monitored to investigate the performance of the UHPC shear keys under truck loads. The parameters of primary importance to shear key performance were identified from the response data. A finite element (FE) model of the bridge was developed to evaluate the efficiency of the load transfer mechanism at the UHPC joints. The UHPC shear key and transverse shear reinforcement bars fully transferred the load through the joints due to high bond strength of UHPC. The maximum relative displacement for all load cases was 0.151?mm (0.00594 in.) insufficient to cause damage to the UHPC shear key interface.     

Performance of geosynthetic-reinforced flexible pavements in full-scale field trials

The paper presents the results of a series of full-scale trials carried out in Thailand examining the performance of geosynthetics as reinforcement for flexible pavements. The geosynthetics were embedded at different pavement depths and the structural response was monitored across four test sections by means of strain gauges, pressure sensors, deflection points and deflection plates. The results show that all reinforcement configurations helped reduce the vertical static stresses developed at the base of the pavement by up to 66% and by up to 72% for dynamic stresses. The performance enhancement expected to prolong the lifespan of the base layers. The reinforcement layers closer to the base experienced the highest lateral strains of up to 0.13%, providing evidence that geosynthetics can also effectively reduce lateral spreading. All reinforcement configurations helped enhance rut resistance with maximum traffic benefit ratio (TBR) of 13.70, effectiveness ratio (EF) of 12.70 and minimum rutting reduction ratio (RRR) of 0.74. The best configuration included a geotextile within the asphalt concrete layer and a geogrid under the base layer. Non-linear finite element analyses of the test sections predicted very well the strains and stresses in the pavement. The study provides a benchmark for future studies in this field and concludes that geosynthetics can help increase maintenance periods and extend the lifetime of flexible pavements.