Reliability assessment of FRP-confined concrete columns designed for buildings

Use of the FRP has been incorporated into design guidelines. Detailed probabilistic information to support selected resistance factors in code calibration exercises for Canadian design codes for the design of FRP-confined RC columns is currently lacking. Furthermore, since new load factors and companion load combination formats have been implemented in the 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), verification and calibration of the material resistance factors to be used for the design of the FRP-confined concrete columns are desirable.

The objective of this study is to verify the adequacy of and/or calibrate the concrete resistance factor φ_c for FRP-confined RC columns. Analysis results suggest that to gain economic efficiency and without compromising safety levels, φ_c = 0.75 in designing the FRP-confined RC columns can be adopted to achieve the 50 year target reliability index of about 3.5.     

Performance evaluation of intermittently CFRP wrapped square and circularised square reinforced concrete columns under different loading conditions

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on square and circularised square reinforced concrete (RC) columns intermittently wrapped with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) under different loading conditions. Twelve RC specimens consisting of eight square RC specimens with 150?mm × 150?mm cross-section and 800?mm height and four circularised square RC specimens with 212?mm diameter and 800?mm height were tested under concentric axial load, eccentric axial load and four-point flexural load. The test results showed that intermittent wrapping increased the strength and ductility of square RC specimens. The test results also showed that circularisation combined with intermittent wrapping significantly improved the strength and ductility of square RC specimens. The experimental axial load-bending moment interaction diagram showed that the best performance was achieved by intermittently CFRP wrapped circularised square RC specimens.     

Fire safety design method of circular steel tube confined reinforced concrete columns

对于钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱抗火性能的研究,目前尚无抗火设计方法可供参考。实际工程中大多借鉴钢筋混凝土柱或钢管混凝土柱的抗火设计方法,但由于钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱的受力机理与二者不同,其耐火极限存在明显差异。为此,提出了火灾下圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱的耐火极限计算方法,分析了荷载比、长细比等因素对耐火极限的影响,并与钢筋混凝土柱和钢管混凝土柱进行了对比。研究表明：荷载比对圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱的耐火极限影响显著,荷载比越大,耐火极限越低;长细比、截面尺寸等因素对荷载比较小的构件影响显著。圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱的耐火极限为相同条件下钢筋混凝土柱的14.4%~66.0%,荷载比越大,两种构件的差异越大,按照钢筋混凝土柱的防火设计方法对圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱进行防火设计,结果偏于不安全;与钢管混凝土柱相比,钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱具有更高的耐火极限,是钢管混凝土柱的1.0~3.0倍。     

偏压荷载与海水干湿作用后钢筋混凝土柱滞回性能及微观结构试验研究

为研究沿海地区在役钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的滞回性能及混凝土的微观结构和氯离子含量,对不同前期偏压荷载（0、0.20、0.35倍峰值偏压荷载）作用下,经历100次海水浸泡与大气环境干湿循环后的RC柱进行低周反复加载试验,并对混凝土的微观结构和氯离子含量进行量测。结果表明：前期偏压荷载作用后RC柱的滞回曲线呈现出明显的不对称。当水平反复加载与前期偏压荷载产生的截面应力分布同向时,其峰值荷载、延性及耗能能力随着前期偏压荷载的增加而降低;当前期偏压荷载为0.35倍柱峰值偏压荷载时,其峰值荷载、延性及耗能能力较前期未受偏压柱试件的降幅较大,分别达到26.1%、22.0%和44.6%;当水平反复加载与前期偏压荷载产生的截面应力分布反向时,各参数变化无明显规律。另外,在距受拉区混凝土表面20 mm和40 mm深度处,前期受偏压柱试件的氯离子含量分别是未受偏压柱试件的4.7倍和1.5倍以上,同时前期受偏压柱试件的受拉区混凝土裂缝数量和宽度明显多于未受偏压柱试件。按照现行混凝土结构设计规范计算截面受弯承载力,由于前期偏压荷载造成的滞回曲线不对称,水平反复荷载与前期偏压荷载产生的截面应力分布同向时,试验值小于计算值。由此可见,前期偏压荷载对RC柱的滞回性能劣化、受拉混凝土的氯离子含量和微观结构均有较大影响,进而缩短结构使用寿命。     

反复荷载作用下混凝土异形柱结构累积损伤分析及试验研究

反复荷载作用下混凝土结构的累积损伤将加重其力学性能的劣化,实用的结构累积损伤评价模型,可以定量确定结构的剩余刚度和强度,为结构安全评估和修复加固提供理论依据。本文以结构在理想无损伤状态下外力所作的功为初始标量,依据能量耗散原理,提出反复荷载作用下结构累积损伤评价模型。应用该损伤模型结合试验数据分别对L形截面柱、异形柱框架节点和异形柱框架结构进行了累积损伤分析,所得到的损伤评价指标,能较好地反映在反复荷载作用下钢筋混凝土结构的累计损伤状态。     

Spatial time-dependent reliability analysis of reinforced concrete slab bridges subject to realistic traffic loading

Resistance and loads are often correlated in time and space. The paper assesses the influence of these correlations on structural reliability/probability of failure for a typical two-lane reinforced concrete (RC) slab bridge under realistic traffic loading. Spatial variables for structural resistance are cover and concrete compressive strength, which in turn affect the strength and chloride-induced corrosion of RC elements. Random variables include pit depth and model error. Correlation of weights between trucks in adjacent lanes and inter-vehicle gaps are also included and are calibrated against weigh-in-motion data. Reliability analysis of deteriorating bridges needs to incorporate uncertainties associated with parameters governing the deterioration process and loading. One of the major unanswered questions in the work carried out to date is the influence of spatial variability of load and resistance on failure probability. Spatial variability research carried out to date has been mainly focused on predicting the remaining lifetime of a corroding structure and spatial variability of material, dimensional and environmental properties. A major shortcoming in the work carried out to date is the lack of an allowance for the spatial variability of applied traffic loads. In this article, a two-dimensional (2D) random field is developed where load effects and time-dependent structural resistance are calculated for each segment in the field. The 2D spatial time-dependent reliability analysis of an RC slab bridge found that a spatially correlated resistance results in only a small increase in probability of failure. Despite the fact that load effect at points along the length of a bridge is strongly correlated, the combined influence of correlation in load and resistance on probability of failure is small.     

New technique for strengthening square-reinforced concrete columns by the circularisation with reactive powder concrete and wrapping with fibre-reinforced polymer

Abstract

This paper presents a new strengthening technique for square-reinforced concrete (RC) columns by circularisation with reactive powder concrete (RPC) and wrapping with fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP). RC column specimens were tested, divided into four groups of four specimens based on the strengthening technique: four reference square specimens (150?mm side length) without any strengthening, four were wrapped with two layers of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and the remaining eight were strengthened by changing the square cross-section to a 240?mm diameter circle with RPC jacket. Four of the RPC jacketed specimens were left unwrapped, while the last four were wrapped with two layers of CFRP. From each group, one specimen was tested under concentric axial load, two were tested under eccentric axial load and one was tested under four-point bending. It was found that using the RPC for circularisation and strengthening of existing square RC columns is an effective technique to significantly increase their axial carrying capacity, ultimate flexural load and energy absorption. Wrapping the circularised RC columns with CFRP prevented the failure of the RPC jacket at the corners of the existing square RC columns under the axial load, and improved the ultimate load as well as the energy absorption of the circularised RC columns.     

外套钢管自密实混凝土加固钢筋混凝土圆形截面短柱轴压性能试验研究

提出外套钢管自密实混凝土加固钢筋混凝土柱的复合加固方法。通过11个加固钢筋混凝土圆形截面短柱试件（其中2个为增大截面加固柱试件、9个为复合加固柱试件）和2个未加固钢筋混凝土圆形截面短柱试件的轴压试验,对不同方法加固的钢筋混凝土圆形截面短柱承载力、刚度和延性进行研究,分析加载方式、含钢率、后浇自密实混凝土强度、界面处理方式等因素对复合加固柱轴压性能的影响。试验结果表明：复合加固柱试件的承载力和延性均优于未加固钢筋混凝土圆柱试件和增大截面加固柱试件。仅核心混凝土受压的试件承载力略大于全截面受压的试件;随着含钢率的增大,复合加固柱试件的承载力和延性提高显著;随着后浇自密实混凝土强度的提高,复合加固柱试件的承载力略有提高,但延性有所下降;界面处理方式对复合加固柱试件轴压性能影响不显著。在试验研究的基础上,提出复合加固钢筋混凝土圆形截面短柱的承载力计算式,得出的计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

高温下钢筋混凝土异形柱的试验研究

进行了11根钢筋混凝土异形柱和1根钢筋混凝土方形柱在ISO834标准升温过程下的明火试验,分析了轴压比和受火方式对高温下不同截面形状的钢筋混凝土柱的破坏形态、轴向变形,以及耐火极限等的影响。试验结果表明:(1)钢筋混凝土异形柱的耐火性能明显低于方形柱。(2)轴压比对异形柱的耐火极限影响较大。(3)一般而言,十字形柱的耐火性能比T形柱好,T形柱比L形柱好;但当轴压比较大(例如0.55)时,T形柱的耐火性能有可能好于十字形柱。最后,利用三种高温下钢筋混凝土异形柱的数值分析模型对12根试验柱的耐火极限进行了计算,比较了不同模型的模拟效果。     

Experimental and numerical evaluation of the strength and ductility of regular and cross spirally circular reinforced concrete columns for tall buildings under eccentric loading

This research investigates the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) columns subjected to eccentric loading (combination of axial loading and bending moment) for tall buildings with experimental and numerical methods. The columns are reinforced and confined with regular spiral and cross spiral (new technique). The new confinement technique uses two opposing spirals (cross spirals) to confine RC circular columns in order to enhance their strength and ductility. Fourteen RC circular columns subjected to different load eccentricities with two different grades of spirals steel are experimentally tested. The force, axial and lateral displacement and concrete strains in different locations are measured during the testing. The columns are 1000‐mm long with two hunched heads of 500‐mm height. The experimental and numerical results are compared and utilized to develop design guidelines of RC columns using the new confinement technique. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柱失效方程中荷载相关特性对承载力抗震设计可靠度的影响

以竖向荷载和水平地震作用组合下的钢筋混凝土柱和钢柱为对象,研究了失效方程中荷载相关特性对柱承载力抗震可靠性的影响。根据现行《混凝土结构设计规范》和《钢结构设计规范》分析了不同柱弯矩轴力相关曲线的特性。结合多个框架结构实例,对比了柱失效方程中荷载相关曲线与规范考虑情形的异同。实例分析表明:水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,小偏压RC柱和工字型钢柱的荷载相关曲线与规范考虑的情形较为符合,均近似为负相关的直线;水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,大偏压RC柱的荷载相关曲线则与规范考虑的情形有较大出入,存在明显的正相关段部分。在此基础上,考虑失效方程复杂特性,依据已有的荷载和抗力变量概率模型,采用Monte Carlo法分析了水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下柱的可靠性。结果表明:钢柱和小偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化幅度较小,与规范模式计算结果较接近;大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化会有较大幅度波动,与规范模式计算结果差异较大;当轴压力荷载效应比值为负时,大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度会低于规范计算值较多,现行柱可靠性设计方法会偏于不安全。     

Zur Traglastoptimierung von rechteckigen Verbundstützen aus einbetonierten I‐Profilen – Lohnt sich der Einsatz von hochfestem Beton oder sind konventionelle Modifikationen genauso effizient?

Optimization of the load bearing capacity of rectangular composite columns and beam‐columns of fully encased I‐sections – is it worth to use HSC or are conventional modifications just as efficient? Composite columns and beam‐columns are efficient compression members. The question arises how far the usage of HSC can contribute to an increase of the load bearing capacity or if the restriction to f_ck ≤ 50 N/mm² acc. to current standards is sufficient. The efficiency of HSC and usual strengthening measures are shown and discussed in the following paper.     

斜向水平荷载作用下钢筋混凝土框架柱受剪性能的试验研究

通过对两组8根钢筋混凝土框架柱的试验和分析,主要研究了斜向水平荷载作用下两个主轴方向上配箍量不等的柱的破坏形态和受剪性能,其中第一组采用单调加载,第二组采用低周反复加载。试验结果表明,两个主轴方向上配箍量不等的柱在斜向水平荷载作用下的破坏形态与配箍量相等的情况相似,柱受压侧的两个角边容易发生钢筋与混凝土的粘结破坏。理论分析表明,其受剪承载力满足偏上限的类椭圆方程。有限元计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

爆炸作用下钢筋混凝土柱非线性动力响应及破坏模式分析方法

为建立爆炸作用下钢筋混凝土柱非线性动力响应及破坏模式的高效分析方法,从材料应力-应变关系出发,分别应用截面分层法、修正压场理论方法（MCFT）和Krauthammer模型建立了单调加载条件下抗力曲线（包括截面弯矩-曲率关系、平均剪应力-平均剪应变关系和直剪剪力-直剪滑移关系）,并以单调加载条件下抗力曲线为骨架,提出了加卸载条件下RC柱截面抗力曲线;在此基础上,根据Timoshenko梁理论和有限差分方法,建立了爆炸作用下RC柱非线性动力响应的显式分析方法。研究结果表明：本文方法能够定量分析爆炸作用下RC柱的动力响应和破坏模式,计算结果与相关试验数据有较好的一致性。     

RC柱双向单调加载试验与分析

完成了截面尺寸、配筋、混凝土强度基本相同的8个正方形钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的单向和双向水平单调加载试验.结果表明,单调加载的RC柱的破坏现象比较轻;受力次方向的水平力降低了受力主方向的极限承载力,轴压比大,降低幅度也大;正方形对称配筋的RC柱,截面的极限承载力、破坏时的极限变形能力,与两个方向施加的位移比例无关.用负刚度模型、承载力离散化空间相关性和复合结构法进行了理论分析,所得水平力-位移关系曲线与试验结果吻合较好.     

Investigating the vulnerability of nonductile reinforced concrete columns in moderate seismic regions to gravity load collapse

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are important components of the lateral load‐resisting structural system of RC buildings. In moderate seismic regions, where stringent seismic reinforcement detailing requirements are usually not considered, RC columns are categorized as nonductile. Postearthquake studies have shown that gravity load collapse of RC columns can trigger the progressive collapse of RC buildings. The current study presents the seismic response behavior of nonductile RC columns in moderate seismic regions, with a particular focus on gravity load collapse. Six RC columns, three with lap splices and three without lap splices with variable aspect ratios, were tested under reversed cyclic loading. Experimental results show that the column failing in shear could tolerate the maximum drift in order of 2.7–3.5%, whereas the columns failed in flexural mode could achieve the maximum drift of 4.5%. For the columns with lap splice, the lateral strength was significantly degraded, but all spliced columns could sustain gravity load even when their displacements were more than 4% drift. This very large drift without axial collapse, observed in the current study, is associated with the splice slip causing the large rotation just above the splice region.     

采用改进纵筋连接的足尺装配式钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为满足钢筋混凝土结构建筑工业化中对拼装节点性能和装配效率的要求,研究了两种装配式拼装节点构造形式的合理性。通过5个足尺装配RC柱和2个现浇RC柱的低周往复加载试验,研究装配构造形式和轴压比对试件承载力、刚度、变形性能和滞回耗能等的影响,并提出合理的拼装节点构造和施工工艺。研究表明：在不同轴压比下,两种拼装节点的装配式RC柱总体上与现浇RC柱具有相当的抗震性能,并且部分指标略优于现浇RC柱;装配RC柱在不同位移角下的刚度、承载力退化和滞回耗能与现浇RC柱差异较小;在较大位移角（大于1/30）下,装配RC柱搭接区域纵筋在反复压屈和拉伸作用下可能发生断裂,建议采取搭接段加密箍筋的方法予以改善和避免。     

RC柱双向单调加载试验与分析

完成了截面尺寸、配筋、混凝土强度基本相同的 8个正方形钢筋混凝土 (RC)柱的单向和双向水平单调加载试验。结果表明 ,单调加载的RC柱的破坏现象比较轻 ;受力次方向的水平力降低了受力主方向的极限承载力 ,轴压比大 ,降低幅度也大 ;正方形对称配筋的RC柱 ,截面的极限承载力、破坏时的极限变形能力 ,与两个方向施加的位移比例无关。用负刚度模型、承载力离散化空间相关性和复合结构法进行了理论分析 ,所得水平力 -位移关系曲线与试验结果吻合较好。     

钢筋混凝土柱弯矩-转角骨架线特征点及性能点转角研究

基于不同抗震等级钢筋混凝土（RC）柱拟静力试验研究,建议了RC柱四折线弯矩 转角(M-θ)骨架线。采用规范公式计算得到的RC柱的正截面承载力作为M-θ骨架线的峰值弯矩M_p,0.8M_p作为M-θ骨架线名义屈服点弯矩,下降至0.8M_p及0.75M_p（不考虑P-Δ效应）分别作为M-θ骨架线极限点的弯矩及失效点的弯矩,根据继续使用性能点IO及生命安全性能LS的转角表达式,分别确定其弯矩为0.9M_p及下降至0.925M_p。基于由OpenSEES数值计算得到的按规范最小配箍特征值配置箍筋的22根RC柱的水平荷载 位移（F-Δ）滞回曲线得到的M-θ骨架线,确定了RC柱四折线M-θ骨架线特征点及性能点的转角,确定的转角与试验值符合较好;对于生命安全性能点LS、避免倒塌性能点CP及失效点的转角,当轴压比为0.5时,其与美国标准的规定基本一致,当轴压比为0.9时,其大于美国标准的规定。提出了RC柱的损坏程度与其M-θ骨架线特征点及性能点转角的关系,可用于判别地震作用下RC框架柱的损坏程度以及是否达到其预定的抗震性能目标。     

Cyclic performance of concrete-filled steel CHS columns under flexural loading

Concrete-filled steel CHS (circular hollow section) columns are currently being increasingly used in the construction of buildings. Limited information is available on the models for the moment (M) versus curvature (?) response, and the lateral load (P) versus lateral displacement (Δ) relationship of these columns subjected to axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading.Eight concrete-filled steel CHS specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading. The parameters in the study included the concrete strength (f_cu) and the axial load level (n). A mechanics model is developed in this paper for concrete-filled steel CHS columns subjected to constant axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading. The predicted cyclic responses for the composite columns are in good agreement with test results.Based on the theoretical model, parametric analysis was performed on the behaviours of the moment (M) versus curvature (?) response, and the lateral load (P) versus lateral displacement (Δ) relationship, as well as the ductility coefficient (μ) for the composite columns. Finally, simplified models for the moment (M) versus curvature (?) response, and the lateral load (P) versus lateral displacement (Δ) relationship are suggested. A formula for the calculation of the ductility coefficient (μ) of the composite columns under constant axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading is developed.