辽宁兴城新立屯地区岩浆杂岩岩石学特征、侵位顺序及地质意义

辽宁兴城新立屯地区岩浆杂岩主要由4种不同的岩石单元组成,分别为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,中细粒石英闪长岩,花岗细晶岩和花岗伟晶岩,前两者分布广泛且为研究区的主要岩石单元,后两者则呈脉状侵入到前两者中。应用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,测得似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,中细粒石英闪长岩及花岗细晶岩的年龄分别为2 496±18 Ma,2 490±19 Ma,2 479±29 Ma,形成于古元古代早期。结合野外地质特征,侵位顺序由早到晚依次为:似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,中细粒石英闪长岩,花岗细晶岩,花岗伟晶岩。岩石地球化学特征显示,新立屯地区岩浆杂岩主量元素方面具高硅(SiO2=61.38%~74.99%),富碱(Na2O+K2O=6.86%~9.41%),富Mg#(56~70)特征;A/CNK=0.91~1.18,属准铝质-过铝质岩石;微量元素方面,相对富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,具有Eu异常(δEu=0.50~0.96);富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素;锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征εHf(t)值为-1.12~+6.13;TDM2(Hf)介于2 594~2 937 Ma,显示该套岩浆杂岩可能为地幔物质加入新生地壳再造的产物。     

北祁连东段冷龙岭地区毛藏寺岩体和黄羊河岩体的岩石成因及其构造意义

文中研究了北祁连东段冷龙岭地区毛藏寺岩体和黄羊河岩体的年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素组成。毛藏寺岩体主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩。锆石U Pb定年获得花岗闪长岩岩浆结晶年龄为（424±4） Ma。花岗闪长岩具有高的Mg#（约55）,K2O/Na2O=0.77~0.91,A/CNK=0.92~0.94,表明岩石属准铝质。在微量元素组成上,花岗闪长岩富集LILE、亏损HFSE,轻重稀土分异明显［(La/Yb)N=16.9~19.5］,具有弱的Eu负异常（Eu/Eu*=0.75~0.83）;花岗闪长岩具有ISr=0.706 3~0.706 5,εNd(t) =-1.5~-1.1,TDM=1.10~1.16 Ga。这些地球化学特征和Sr Nd同位素组成表明,花岗闪长岩岩浆源区为基性下地壳变玄武质岩石,但在成岩过程中有少量幔源物质的加入。黄羊河岩体主要由钾长花岗岩组成,其岩浆结晶年龄为（402±4） Ma。岩石富碱（K2O+Na2O=6.91‰~7.66%）,K2O/Na2O>1,A/CNK=0.97~1.05。钾长花岗岩富集LILE及HFSE,轻重稀土元素分馏中等［(La/Yb)N =10.6~17.8］,并具有明显的负Eu异常（Eu/Eu*=0.43~0.68）,表明钾长花岗岩具有铝质A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。钾长花岗岩具有ISr=0.710 3~0.711 3,εNd(t)=-6.7~-6.0,TDM=1.46~1.55 Ga,反映岩浆主要来自地壳中长英质物质的部分熔融。冷龙岭地区花岗岩类的岩石成因及其岩浆演化揭示了北祁连山造山带从加里东早期的挤压构造体制向加里东晚期的伸展构造体制的演化。这些花岗岩类形成于碰撞后构造背景,岩浆的产生可能与俯冲的北祁连洋板片的断离作用有密切联系。     

北祁连中段毛藏寺花岗闪长岩U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学特征

笔者研究了北祁连中段毛藏寺花岗闪长岩体的岩石学、年代学和地球化学特征。毛藏寺岩体主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年获得花岗闪长岩结晶年龄为(456±3)Ma。花岗闪长岩的SiO_2含量较高,介于65.1%～73.0%,较低的Mg#值(18～32),K_2O/Na_2O介于0.82～1.37,A/NKC=0.9～1.1,总体为高钾钙碱性准铝质花岗岩;岩石微量元素组成具富集LILE元素,亏损HFSE元素,轻重稀土分异明显[(La/Yb)N=11.1～34.1],具弱负Eu异常。综合地球化学特征和区域构造演化表明,花岗闪长岩岩浆源区为下地壳变玄武岩石,形成于同碰撞构造背景。     

柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究

柴北缘牛鼻子梁地区的花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究结果表明,该花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄为393.2~395.6Ma,对应的加权平均年龄为(394.4±2.4)Ma,表明该岩石形成于中泥盆世。岩石主量元素具有较高的SiO_2(65.70%~69.22%)和Al_2O_3(14.96%~16.03%)、较低的MgO(1.37%~1.89%)含量,A/CNK值为0.95~0.98,属于钙碱性、准铝质系列,具有I型花岗岩的特征,表明其岩浆起源于下地壳部分熔融。岩石稀土总量较高,无明显的Eu异常(δEu=0.95~1.30),富集轻稀土元素和K、Rb、Ba、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损重稀土元素和Nb、Ta、Ti、Th、Zr等高场强元素。综上可知,岩石具有碰撞后花岗岩的地球化学特征属性,结合区内晚泥盆世牦牛山组陆相火山岩和区域构造演化特征,认为牛鼻子梁地区的花岗闪长岩形成于柴达木地块与南祁连地块碰撞后的伸展环境。     

北祁连甘肃毛藏寺铜-钼矿床花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

甘肃毛藏寺铜钼矿是与花岗质岩石有关的斑岩型矿床,矿区内花岗质岩石类型主要为似斑状二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩。对矿区岩体进行年龄、地球化学研究,以约束其形成时代,并探讨岩石成因及其与成矿的关系。LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb测年分别获得似斑状二长花岗岩与花岗闪长岩谐和年龄为455.8±3.1Ma和425.0±2.8Ma,属于晚奥陶世和晚志留世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学数据显示,似斑状二长花岗岩属于过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列,花岗闪长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性岩浆系列,二者均富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显。似斑状二长花岗岩具有弱正Eu异常(δEu=1.18～1.24),显示埃达克岩的地球化学特征,形成于北祁连洋俯冲消减阶段,由俯冲洋壳(含海洋沉积物)部分熔融形成,源区主要残留物为石榴子石。花岗闪长岩显示弱负Eu异常,形成于碰撞后伸展环境,是洋壳板片断离后软流圈上涌诱发的下地壳玄武质岩石部分熔融的产物。似斑状二长花岗岩符合成矿期埃达克岩特征,具有较好的成矿条件。结合前人资料,在北祁连东段寻找和勘查与埃达克岩有关的铜-钼-金矿可能是一个新的方向。     

中南祁连西缘肃北三个洼塘地区古生代两类花岗质侵入岩年代学及其地质意义

中南祁连西缘三个洼塘附近花岗质岩石由花岗岩、石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩构成。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果表明,花岗岩、石英闪长岩和花岗闪长岩侵位年龄分别为416.7±4.3Ma(MSWD=0.52)、442.5±4.7Ma(MSWD=0.46)和443.9±1.3Ma(MSWD=0.17),指示本区发生了两期岩浆活动事件。花岗质岩石均表现为过铝质,花岗岩高钾、K/Na,低Mg、Fe、Ca的主量元素特征,富集高场强元素,亏损大离子亲石元素,∑REE为122.0×10-6,δEu为0.05,具明显负铕异常。花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩多数富钠,高场强元素含量相对花岗岩较低,而大离子亲石元素含量相对花岗岩略高,∑REE为133.3×10-6~247.6×10-6,δEu为0.73~1.09,铕异常特征不明显。综合研究表明,本区花岗岩可能属于造山活动结束后伸展环境下地壳物质部分熔融形成的A型花岗岩,花岗闪长岩和石英闪长岩则可能属于洋壳俯冲环境下引起岛弧岩浆活动而形成的I型花岗岩,这一成果对于研究中南祁连的构造演化有着重要意义。     

北山独龙包地区晚石炭世陆缘弧岩浆作用——花岗闪长岩锆石U Pb年龄及地球化学证据

本文报道了北山地区独龙包南花岗闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄与全岩地球化学,以确定其形成时代、岩石成因及构造环境。花岗闪长岩中的锆石呈短柱状或近等轴粒状,具典型的振荡环带,Th/U值介于0.42~0.75之间,指示岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石的定年结果显示,独龙包南花岗闪长岩形成于303.4±2.1 Ma。该期花岗闪长岩的Si O2含量为63.73%~69.12%,Na_2O=3.69%~4.03%,K_2O=2.23%~2.73%,全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)为6.08%~6.44%,Al2O3含量较高(14.83%~15.89%),K2O/Na2O为0.58~0.74,A/NCK=0.91~0.99;该区花岗闪长岩富集轻稀土(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、U、Pb,亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、P、Ti,且轻重稀土元素分馏较强,(La/Yb)N变化于4.77~6.35,具有弱的负铕异常,δEu为0.79~0.94。上述特征表明,该期花岗闪长岩属于准铝质钙碱性I型花岗岩,岩浆源区为下地壳,受到地幔物质的混染,形成构造背景为陆缘弧。结合邻区特征,得出红石山—百合山—蓬勃山蛇绿岩带代表的洋盆于晚石炭世可能发生了南北双向俯冲。     

琼东南盆地松南低凸起花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及构造环境

为了探讨琼东南盆地松南低凸起花岗岩的岩石成因及构造环境,本文对其进行了岩相学、锆石年代学与地球化学研究。研究结果显示：潜山岩性主要为花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩;花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩LAICPMS锆石UPb定年结果分别为228.6和243.7 Ma,为三叠纪岩浆活动产物;岩体属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有高硅（w（SiO2)为54.94%~79.71%）,中等质量分数的碱（w（K2O+Na2O）为3.53%~6.43%）、铝（w（Al2O3）为9.82%~18.23%）、钙（w（CaO）为1.24%~9.55%）和镁（w（MgO）为0.37%~2.28%）的特征;铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为1.09~2.13,兼有准铝质和过铝质花岗岩;岩石整体富集K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损 Ta、Nb、Ti 等高场强元素,中等—弱的Eu负异常（δEu为0.50~0.85）。岩相学和地球化学特征显示花岗闪长岩为准铝质I型花岗岩、二长花岗岩为过铝质S型花岗岩,形成于壳内沉积物的部分熔融。综合分析认为该花岗岩具有后碰撞花岗岩的特征,形成于伸展构造环境,与华南、印支块体碰撞后的反向伸展作用有关。     

东昆仑沟里地区花岗岩年代学、岩石地球化学及其地球动力学意义

东昆仑沟里地区位于青藏高原北缘东昆仑造山带东段,区内发育花岗闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩、似斑状二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩、花岗岩。花岗闪长岩样品中锆石呈半自形-自形柱状,震荡环带较发育,为岩浆成因锆石,样品的U-Pb加权平均年龄为(225±1.7)Ma,代表其岩浆侵位时代为晚三叠世。岩石地球化学特征显示该地区花岗岩具有高硅、富碱和低钛特征,为准铝质-过铝质岩石,富集轻稀土元素(LREE)及Rb、Ba、U、K等大离子亲石元素,具有弱的Eu负异常,属于高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。岩石地球化学、年代学研究以及区域构造演化表明,东昆仑沟里地区花岗岩形成在晚三叠世碰撞到后碰撞造山阶段,且该岩体的形成与布青山-阿尼玛卿洋俯冲作用有很大的关系。     

青海南山当家寺花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

青海南山构造带发育北西—南东向展布的印支期花岗岩带,其研究对厘清古特提斯演化阶段西秦岭造山带与南祁连构造带的衔接转换关系具有重要意义。当家寺花岗岩体是由花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩组成的复合花岗岩基。本文对当家寺花岗岩体进行了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究。结果表明,花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩的结晶年龄分别为240.1±2.1 Ma和241.0±2.6 Ma,属于中三叠世。地球化学研究显示岩体相对高硅(SiO_2=66.37%~73.99%)和富钾(K_2O=3.37%~4.73%),属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩。岩石稀土配分曲线表现为轻稀土富集的右倾型,具中等程度的铕负异常(δEu=0.32~0.64)。微量元素显示富集大离子亲石元素Cs、Rb、K,相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti。岩石成因研究表明其形成于下地壳基性岩为主的源岩的部分熔融,同时存在一定程度幔源岩浆贡献。结合区域地质背景资料,认为当家寺花岗岩体形成于洋壳俯冲阶段,可能为宗务隆洋向南俯冲的地球动力学背景下的产物。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the