倍频Nd:YAG激光治疗早产儿视网膜病变疗效分析

Objective To analyze the treatment efficacy of frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser indirect photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods The clinical records in 39 preterm infants (76 eyes) treated by 532nm frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser were retrospectively analyzed. Various risk factors were compared between the patients with zone Ⅰ ROP and zone Ⅱ ROP. Results Seventy-six eyes with ROP were cured via the laser photocoagulafion with the curative rate 93.42%. The mean birth weight, gestational age in 16 infants of zone Ⅰ ROP was 1232±325g, 28.79±1.93 weeks, and the data above mentioned had no significant difference in comparison with the 23 infants with zone Ⅱ disease group (1333±264g,29.47±2.11 weeks) (P >0.05 ). The corrected gestational at the time of operation with zone Ⅰ disease (34.29±1.44weeks ) was less than that zone Ⅱ disease group ( 36.00±2.03weeks ) (P <0.05 ). The laser spots of zone Ⅰ ROP (1618±607 ) were much more than that of zone Ⅱ ROP (813±470 )(P<0.05).Conclusions Patients with zone Ⅰ ROP always progress quickly and show a poor outcome. Frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser retinal photocoagulation is a safe and effective procedure for treatment of zone Ⅰ and Ⅱ of ROP.     

Clinical features and changes of disease spectrum of zone Ⅱ retinopathy of prematurity: a 10-year review

AIM: To report the clinical features and evolution of zone Ⅱ retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS: RetCam images of preterm infants with zone Ⅱ ROP at our hospital between January 2009 and January 2019 were reviewed. The location, extent, and severity of ROP were recorded. Eyes were classified as type 1 zone Ⅱ, type 2 zone Ⅱ, and mild zone Ⅱ ROP. The clinical features and evolution of zone Ⅱ ROP were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 184 infants (302 eyes) were enrolled. Of these, 55 eyes (18%) developed type 1 zone Ⅱ ROP, 39 eyes (13%) developed type 2 zone Ⅱ ROP, and 208 eyes (69%) developed mild zone Ⅱ ROP. The proportion of type 1 zone Ⅱ ROP significantly decreased over the 10y. The onset of type 2 zone Ⅱ and mild zone Ⅱ ROP were 1wk earlier than type 1 zone Ⅱ, and both regressed at 45wk. Isolated neovascular tuft (popcorn) and double track signs were characteristic manifestations of zone Ⅱ ROP. Eighty-seven percent of type 1 zone Ⅱ ROP regressed completely with an unfavorable outcome that emerged in seven eyes after laser treatment. CONCLUSION: Zone Ⅱ is an area with ROP disease at various risk levels. Zone Ⅱ ROP has unique clinical presentations like popcorn and double track signs. Over time, the proportion of zone Ⅱ ROP with high risk gradually decreased and responded well to therapy.     

Comparison of structural outcome between intravitreal bevacizumab and laser treatment for type 1 retinopathy of prematurity after long-term follow-up

Background:To compare the structural outcome of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and laser treatment for type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study. From December 2002 to April 2009, patients with type 1 ROP according to criteria of Early Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) study were treated by peripheral retinal diode laser photocoagulation in nearly confluent pattern. From May 2009 to January 2015, we performed IVB for patients with type 1 ROP. The patients were closely followed until disappearance of retinal neovascularization in the laser group and regression of avascular zone in the bevacizumab group. The demographical data, postmenstrual age (PMA) for treatment, and fundus ifndings were recorded by chart review. The difference between laser and bevacizumab groups was compared by Studentt-test and Fisher exact test. Results: We collected 43 patients (86 eyes) with type 1 ROP, including 30 male and 13 female infants. Their mean gestation age and birth body weight (BBW) were 27.5 weeks and 1,034 gm. Zone I and zone II disease were found in 8 and 35 patients. The mean PMA for treatment was 37.3 weeks. The mean follow-up period was 54.4 months. Laser treatment was administered in 26 patients, and bevacizumab injection for 17 infants. Single session of laser was performed in all patients of laser group without recurrence of retinal neovascularization. Complete regression of ROP was found in 15 infants of bevacizumab group following the ifrst IVB. Four eyes in two patients (2/17, 11.7%) had recurrence of ROP and received additional injections and adjuvant laser treatment. There was no unfavorable anatomical results such as retinal detachment or macular ectopia or complications such as cataract or endophthalmitis in either bevacizumab or laser management. Conclusions: Laser therapy and IVB were both effective treatments for type 1 ROP to cause favorable anatomical outcomes. Single session of laser ablation in nearly conlfuent pattern was sufifcient for complete regression of ROP in laser group. Single IVB was appropriate for managing most of cases with ROP in bevacizumab group, but a small proportion (nearly one tenth) of them had recurrent episodes requiring adjuvant therapies.     

Spontaneous regression of retinopathy of prematurity:incidence and predictive factors

AIM:To evaluate the incidence of spontaneous regression of changes in the retina and vitreous in active stage of retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) and identify the possible relative factors during the regression.METHODS: This was a retrospective, hospital-based study. The study consisted of 39 premature infants with mild ROP showed spontaneous regression (Group A) and 17 with severe ROP who had been treated before naturally involuting (Group B) from August 2008 through May 2011. Data on gender, single or multiple pregnancy, gestational age, birth weight, weight gain from birth to the sixth week of life, use of oxygen in mechanical ventilation, total duration of oxygen inhalation, surfactant given or not, need for and times of blood transfusion, 1,5,10-min Apgar score, presence of bacterial or fungal or combined infection, hyaline membrane disease (HMD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), duration of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and duration of ROP were recorded.RESULTS: The incidence of spontaneous regression of ROP with stage 1 was 86.7%, and with stage 2, stage 3 was 57.1%, 5.9%, respectively. With changes in zone Ⅲ regression was detected 100%, in zoneⅡ 46.2% and in zoneⅠ 0%. The mean duration of ROP in spontaneous regression group was 5.65±3.14 weeks, lower than that of the treated ROP group (7.34±4.33 weeks), but this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.201). GA, 1min Apgar score, 5min Apgar score, duration of NICU stay, postnatal age of initial screening and oxygen therapy longer than 10 days were significant predictive factors for the spontaneous regression of ROP (P＜0.05). Retinal hemorrhage was the only independent predictive factor the spontaneous regression of ROP (OR 0.030, 95%CI 0.001-0.775, P=0.035).CONCLUSION:This study showed most stage 1 and 2 ROP and changes in zone Ⅲ can spontaneously regression in the end. Retinal hemorrhage is weakly inversely associated with the spontaneous regression.     

【In Press】 Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, oral glucocorticoids, and laser photocoagulation combination therapy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: preliminary report

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined anti-VEGF, oral glucocorticoid, and laser photocoagulation therapy for macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: This study included 16 eyes of 16 patients with RVO-associated ME. Patients were initially treated with oral prednisone and an intravitreal anti-VEGF agent. Two weeks later, patients underwent standard laser photocoagulation. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and retinal vessel oxygenation were examined over 12 mo.? RESULTS: Patients received 1.43±0.81 anti-VEGF injections. Mean baseline and 12-month logMAR BCVA were 0.96±0.51 [20/178] and 0.31±0.88 [20/40], respectively, in eyes with CRVO (P=0.000), and 1.02±0.45 (20/209) and 0.60±0.49 [20/80], respectively, in eyes with BRVO (P=0.000). At 12 mo, CRT had significantly decreased in eyes with CRVO (P=0.000) and BRVO (P=0.000). Venous SO2 had significantly increased in eyes with CRVO (P=0.004) and BRVO (P=0.002). No examined parameters were significantly different between the 2 RVO groups. No serious adverse effects occurred. CONCLUSION: Anti-VEGF, glucocorticoid, and photocoagulation combination therapy improves visual outcome, prolongs therapeutic effect, and reduces the number of intravitreal injections in eyes with RVO-associated ME.     

Foveal structure changes in infants treated with anti-VEGF therapy or laser therapy guided by optical coherence tomography angiography for retinopathy of prematurity

AIM: To evaluate foveal vessel density(VD) and foveal thickness using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA) in retinopathy of prematurity(ROP) children treated with laser photocoagulation or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) injection. Additionally, we assessed the relationship between foveal microvascular anomalies and different therapies in ROP children.METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of type 1 ROP. Twenty-three eyes(14 patients) treated with anti-VEGF injection and twentynine eyes(17 patients) treated with laser coagulation were included in this study. The foveal VD, inner thickness and full thickness were measured at the central 0°, 2° to 8°, and 8° of the retina(centered on the fovea) using OCTA and cross-sectional OCT, respectively.RESULTS: Foveal VD, inner thickness and full thickness were significantly smaller within the central 8° of the retina in ROP children treated with anti-VEGF injection than in those treated with laser photocoagulation(P=0.013, 0.009, 0.036, respectively). The full thickness was also smaller in the anti-VEGF group than in the laser group at the central 0° of the retina(P=0.010). The grade of foveal hypoplasia is lower in the anti-VEGF group than in the laser group(P=0.045). Multivariable analysis did not find any risk factors associated with visual acuity in our study.CONCLUSION: In children with type 1 ROP, the better structural development of fovea in those who were treated with anti-VEGF injection compared with laser photocoagulation are identified. However, visual acuity outcomes are similar 70 mo after the treatments.     

【In Press】 The prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in retinopathy of prematurity

AIM: To evaluate the associations between development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and serum lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed, involving infants who were screened for ROP from January 2015 to December 2015. Preterm newborns of ≤32 gestational weeks with ROP were enrolled as the observation group, and non-ROP infants were enrolled as the control group, whose complete blood cell were measured within the first 24h of life. The levels of NLR, LMR and PLR were determined in all groups. The data obtained were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In this study, 40 cases of ROP were enrolled and 40 cases of non-ROP as controls. The LMR levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in ROP group (3.96±1.16) compared to non-ROP group (2.85±0.79). The NLR levels were significantly lower (p=0.035) in ROP group {median [interquartile range (IQR)], 0.88 (0.67-1.46)} compared to non-ROP group [median (IQR), 1.20 (0.85-1.89)]. The median PLR values were 61.99 (IQR, 50.23-75.98) in ROP group and 69.24 (IQR, 55.52-88.12) in non-ROP group (p=0.104). Logistic regression analysis suggested that LMR was an independent risk factor for ROP (OR: 0.275; 95% CI: 0.134-0.564; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that higher LMR is independently and significantly associated with the development of ROP, and the LMR may be invoked as a predictive tool for identifying risk for ROP.     

The prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in retinopathy of prematurity

AIM: To evaluate the associations between development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and serum lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed, involving infants who were screened for ROP from January 2015 to December 2015. Preterm newborns of ≤32 gestational weeks with ROP were enrolled as the observation group, and non-ROP infants were enrolled as the control group, whose complete blood cell were measured within the first 24h of life. The levels of NLR, LMR and PLR were determined in all groups. The data obtained were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In this study, 40 cases of ROP were enrolled and 40 cases of non-ROP as controls. The LMR levels were significantly higher (P<0.001) in ROP group (3.96±1.16) compared to non-ROP group (2.85±0.79). The NLR levels were significantly lower (P=0.035) in ROP group {median [interquartile range (IQR)], 0.88 (0.67-1.46)} compared to non-ROP group [median (IQR), 1.20 (0.85-1.89)]. The median PLR values were 61.99 (IQR, 50.23-75.98) in ROP group and 69.24 (IQR, 55.52-88.12) in non-ROP group (P=0.104). Logistic regression analysis suggested that LMR was an independent risk factor for ROP (OR: 0.275; 95% CI: 0.134-0.564; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that higher LMR is independently and significantly associated with the development of ROP, and the LMR may be invoked as a predictive tool for identifying risk for ROP.     

Effects of diode laser photocoagulation treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity

AIM:To investigate the effects of diode laser treatment on ocular biometric parameters in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity(ROP).METHODS:Premature infants who received diode laser treatment for ROP(n=68)and premature infants with spontaneous regressed ROP without treatment(n=50)were performed longitudinal ocular biometric measurements including anterior chamber depth,lens thickness and axial length as follows:1 d prior to laser treatment,and 3,6,9,and 12 mo after the laser treatment.RESULTS:The mean birth weight,gestational age and initial examination time values were 936.53±302.07 g,26.66±2.42 wk,36.26±2.73 wk in the treatment group and 959.78±260.08 g,27.28±2.10 wk,36.56±2.54 wk in the control group.There was no statistically significant difference in these demographic characteristics of the groups.Anterior chamber depth,lens thickness and axial length demonstrated statistically significant linear increases during the study period in the two groups(P<0.001 for each).There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of anterior chamber depth after laser treatment.Measurements of the lens thickness at 9 th and 12 th months(9 th month 3.70±0.22 vs 3.60±0.21 mm,P=0.017;12 th month 3.81±0.21 vs 3.69±0.22 mm,P=0.002)and the axial length at 12 th month(19.35±0.79 vs 19.13±0.54 mm,P=0.031)after laser treatment were statistically higher in the treatment group.CONCLUSION:Diode laser retinal photocoagulation treatment in premature infants seems to increase the lens thickness and axial length.     

早产儿视网膜病变激光光凝治疗后视网膜功能发育状况观察

Objective To observe the development of cone/rod functions in children with retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)after laser photocoagulation.Methods 30 ROP patients(60 eyes)treated with laser photocoagulation(case group)and 30 preterm infants(60 eyes)without ROP(control group)were enrolled in this study.Flash Electroretinogram(F-ERG)was performed on all the children, and the response of rod cells and cone cells,maximal mixed responses and oscillatory potentials were recorded.Results Compared with the control group,the amplitude of response of rod cells was obviously decreased(t=-2.385,P＜0.05),while the latency phase of rod cells was obviously prolonged(t=-2.799,P＜0.05);the amplitudes of a-and b-wave of maximal response were significantly decreased in the case group(t=-2.967.-4.037;P＜0.05).But there was no significant difference of amplitudes(t=-1.402)and latency phase (t=-1.637,0.465)0f b-/a-wave of the maximal mixed response between two groups(P>0.05).In the response of cone cells,there was no significant difference of the latency phase(t=1.222)and amplitude (t=-0.636)of a-wave as well as amplitude(t=-1.927)of b-wave between two groups(P>0.05).The latency phase of b-wave of cone cells in the case group was longer than that in the control group(t=-2.466,P＜0.05).Conclusions Compared to no-ROP preterm infant retina,laser-treated ROP retina has normal cone function development and delayed rod function development.     

Treatment of retinal detachment of the course of retinopathy of prematurity

Cryo- and laser therapy of stage 3 have reduced, but not eliminated the occurrence of retinal detachment in stages 4a, 4b and 5 of ROP. In this disease the treatment of these stages is still the greatest challenge to the ophthalmologist. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present our up-to-date possibilities of treatment of different kinds of retinal detachments in ROP, including segmental scleral buckling, encircling scleral buckling, scleral resection, vitrectomy and its modifications in ROP. Guidelines of surgery of retinal detachment in active stage 4 and 5 of retinopathy of prematurity have been described.     

Analysis of some of the possible neonatal risk factors of development of retinopathy of prematurity

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate some of the possible risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated with laser photocoagulation or cryocoagulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study comprised 71 preterm infants with ROP needing treatment and 118 prematures without ROP or with ROP requiring no treatment, as a control group. All infants were born with gestational age < or = 32 weeks and birth weight < or = 1500g. The perinatal variables, including some of clinical data, the length of mechanical ventilation as well as continous positive airway pressure (CPAP), duration of total parenteral nutrition and some of laboratory data were analyzed, to evaluate their correlation with the development of ROP. RESULTS: Gestational age before 28 weeks (OR = 5.11), episodes of convulsiones (OR = 2.15), mechanical ventilation for more than 20 days (OR = 5.86) and > 30 days (OR = 7.47), CPAP for more than 5 days (OR = 4.15) and > 10 days (OR = 2.84), total parenteral nutrition for more than 10 days (OR = 7.84) and > 20 days (OR = 9.02) and elevated peak of alanine aminotransferase (AIAT) levels (OR = 3.17) were significant risk factors for ROP requiring treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The opthalmic examination for retinopathy of prematurity requiring laser photocoagulation or cryocoagulation should be obligatory for prematures born < or = 32 weeks of gestational age, with birth weight < or = 1500 g.The frequency of the consecutive ophthalmic examinations depends on the severity of prematurity and on the presence and intensification of the risk factors for ROP.     

角膜曲率的分析

目的：探讨我国人角膜曲率半径的正常值及不同性别、不同年龄的角膜曲率半径差异。方法：对10998只眼的角膜曲率进行检测，并按男、女10岁一组进行统计分析。结果：（1）K1为7.65mm,K2为7.71mm，平均K值为7.67mm。较眼科学正常值K:7.77mm短0.1mm。（2）K的平均值男性较女性的长0.1155mm。且女性各年龄段角膜曲率半径均男性的有不同程度的减短。（3）男女均随年龄的增长，角膜曲率半径大致呈递减趋势，即：角膜曲率半径与年龄成反比关系。（４）男女K1,K2之比，均随年龄增长而增长，即K1逐渐增长而增长，即　K1值逐渐增长，K2逐渐减短。结论：本文测定的角膜曲率较眼科文献中的提供的正常值短0.1mm，并且存在着年龄、性别上的差异。     

亟待新型早产儿视网膜病变动物模型的问世

早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）病因和发病机制尚不完全清楚,制约了其有效防治和相关研究的深入开展。尽管氧诱导视网膜病变动物模型为探索ROP复杂的病因和发病机制发挥了重要作用,但特异性较差,与人类ROP临床本质存在一定差异。因此,有必要对现有动物模型进行改良或建立新动物模型。通过更新观念、在多学科交叉中寻求突破,融合更多ROP危险因素,并结合新兴的转基因技术以及完善模型评价系统,建立科学的实验研究平台,为更好地开展ROP防治研究奠定基础。