表面铝含量对Q235钢电化学腐蚀性能的影响

用粉末渗铝技术在Q235钢表面上制备了不同铝含量的渗铝层,通过阳极极化曲线测试了渗铝试样在35 g/L NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀性能.试验结果表明:不论铝含量如何,Q235钢在35 g/L NaCl溶液中的阳极极化曲线上均表现为活化溶解,未出现钝化.试样的耐腐蚀能力随Q235钢表面铝含量的增加而增强;当表面铝含量低到2.6%(质量分数)时,即使表面未形成连续的渗铝层,其耐蚀性能仍高于不含铝试样;当表面铝含量为51.2%时,其耐蚀性能低于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢,这与有关文献报道的含铝钢的耐蚀性能高于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的不同.     

H2S-3 %NaCl-H2O体系中渗铝钢及其中间相的腐蚀行为

为防止H2S腐蚀,采用热镀铝法制取了渗铝钢,探讨了渗铝钢在不同浓度的H2S－3％NaCl-H2O体系中的腐蚀行为,熔炼了FeAl3,Fe2Al5,Fe2Al等铁铝合金;并采用阳极溶解技术获得了渗铝钢扩散层中不同的中间相层,测量了其在500mg/LH2S－3％NaCl-H2O溶液中的自然腐蚀电位、极化曲线和电化学阻抗,结果表明渗铝钢在该体系中腐蚀速率较Q235钢低2－3个数量级。     

包埋渗铝法制备Fe-Al渗层及其扩散机制

包埋渗铝法可在钢基体表面制备出一层致密、坚固、连续的Fe-Al渗层，以改善基体性能。本文在不同温度和不同时间下对Q235低碳钢进行包埋渗铝，形成Fe-Al渗层，采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法研究了渗铝层的物相结构、表面及截面形貌和成分，采用显微硬度仪测量了截面硬度。结果表明，不同渗铝温度下获得的渗铝层，主要含有Fe₂Al₅和FeAl₃两相，且750℃得到的渗层存在较多Fe₂Al₅相；随着渗铝温度升高，Fe-Al渗层厚度增加，Al原子扩散系数增大，但显微硬度降低；不同渗铝时间下制备的渗铝层，物相仍以Fe₂Al₅和FeAl₃为主，但随着渗铝时间延长，FeAl₃含量减少，且Al原子扩散系数变大，渗层显微硬度略有降低。在进一步分析Fe-Al渗层形成的热力学与动力学基础上，总结了渗铝层形成的扩散机制。     

Q235钢热浸渗铝层的组织结构和耐高温腐蚀性能

分析了Q235钢渗铝层的显微组织,并对其耐高温氧化和热腐蚀性能进行了研究。能谱分析（EDS）结果表明,热浸渗铝层由表层纯铝层和内层η相（Fe2Al5)组成,经扩散退火后,渗层组织由表及里依次出现η相（Fe2Al5)、ζ相（FeAl2)、β2相（FeAl)、β1相（Fe3Al)和固溶体α相。高温氧化和热腐蚀试验结果表明,渗铝Q235钢的耐高温氧化性能和1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢相当,而耐热腐蚀性能明显优于后者。     

温度、溶解氧对Q235B钢在脱硫液中腐蚀行为的影响

为了给Q235B钢管道防腐蚀设计与工艺参数设置提供依据,采用挂片试验、SEM、动电位极化曲线和交流阻抗谱,研究了Q235B钢在不同温度、溶解氧脱硫液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:由失重法计算出的Q235B钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高而升高,并在45℃达到峰值,之后开始减小;随氧含量升高,腐蚀速率加大。极化曲线和交流阻抗测定中,脱硫液温度、溶解氧变化时,Q235B钢的极化曲线上均未出现钝化区,自腐蚀电位随温度的升高先负移后正移,但随溶解氧含量的升高变化不大。Nyquist谱均由高频区的容抗弧和低频区的感抗弧组成,容抗弧半径随温度升高先减小后增大,随溶解氧含量的升高而减小。扫描电镜形貌显示,温度升高时,Q235B钢表面的絮状腐蚀产物变成球状,堆积紧密;脱硫液中氧含量升高,腐蚀产物出现球状。脱硫液温度和溶解氧含量升高时,都能加速阴极反应,使Q235B钢的腐蚀加剧;而溶解氧含量升高会促进腐蚀反应,并且使得产物层的致密性降低,腐蚀速率显著增大。     

辽河油田原油输送温度对管线钢内壁腐蚀行为的影响

为了探究高强度钢与低碳钢在原油输送过程中腐蚀性的差异,采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术,并结合金相显微镜,研究了辽河油田不同原油输送温度对X70钢和Q235钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响规律。结果表明:2种管线钢在原油中的极化曲线均呈活化溶解特性;当温度变化范围为40~70℃时,随着输油温度的升高,X70钢和Q235钢的腐蚀速率均增大,腐蚀现象越来越显著;相同温度条件下,X70钢的腐蚀速率明显低于Q235钢,X70钢在辽河油田原油中的耐蚀性优于Q235钢。     

Q235钢在武汉土壤中的腐蚀行为研究

为了评价武汉土壤对Q235钢的腐蚀性,通过对湖北武汉地区典型土壤进行取样,成分分析,采用实际土壤埋片试验和控制温度、湿度的加速腐蚀试验,应用超景深显微镜、聚焦离子束扫面电镜(FIB-SEM),电化学工作站等设备研究了Q235钢在武汉土壤中的腐蚀行为。试验结果表明：武汉土壤环境为“轻”腐蚀等级,Q235钢发生了由非均匀腐蚀向全面腐蚀的转变,表面出现了点蚀和剥落,且其程度随时间的延长而增大,其腐蚀速率随时间的延长而降低并趋于稳定。随着腐蚀的进行,Q235钢的自腐蚀电位上升,自腐蚀电流密度降低。综上,Q235钢在武汉土壤环境中抗腐蚀性能尚可,适合作为结构材料大量使用。     

新型3Ni钢和Q235碳钢、普通耐候钢在热带岛屿大气环境中暴晒后的锈层对比分析

为给高镍钢在热带海洋大气环境下的应用提供一定的数据支撑,通过短期户外暴晒试验对比了热带岛屿大气环境中Q235碳钢、普通耐候钢和新型3Ni钢表面锈层的结构、组成和电化学行为。结果表明:在热带岛屿大气环境中,3Ni钢表现出更低的腐蚀速率,归因于其表面锈层良好的物理结构、合理的元素分布和更低的电化学活性; 3Ni钢锈层平整致密,裂纹孔洞等缺陷较少,能够有效隔绝腐蚀液的进入;内层Ni元素的富集能够更好地抵挡Cl-的入侵,将其阻隔在锈层外侧;而在3.5%NaCl溶液中表现出更大的腐蚀产物膜电阻和电荷转移电阻,有效降低了电化学活性,保持较低的腐蚀溶解过程。因此,相比于Q235碳钢和普通耐候钢,3Ni钢锈层对基体具有更好的保护性,从而降低了在严酷热带岛屿大气环境中的腐蚀速率。     

典型接地材料在陕北黄土高原土壤模拟液中的短期腐蚀行为

目前,有关陕北黄土高原土壤对典型接地材料的腐蚀研究鲜有报道。采用浸泡试验、EIS测试和表面分析方法,研究了Q235碳钢、镀锌钢、镀铜钢、紫铜和304不锈钢在陕北黄土高原土壤模拟液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:5种典型接地材料在其土壤模拟液中的耐蚀性大小顺序为304不锈钢紫铜镀铜钢镀锌钢Q235碳钢;Q235碳钢的腐蚀产物具有明显的层状结构,腐蚀产物内层紧密,对基体有较好的保护作用,外层疏松,氧化充分;镀锌钢、镀铜钢和紫铜的表面腐蚀产物分别主要为锌和铜的氧化物;304不锈钢的表面未见明显的腐蚀产物。     

延迟焦化炉辐射管失效分析

通过宏观和金相分析以及力学性能测试，分析了延迟焦化炉辐射管出现不同失效形式的原因，结果表明，严重短时超温服役是造成渗铝炉管发生高温蠕变失效的直接原因，而未渗铝炉管的实际服役温度比渗铝管低，但已远超过该钢抗氧化、腐蚀的最高温度，因而仅因严重氧化和腐蚀已足以导致管壁显著减薄而失效。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.