华北东南缘五河杂岩中镁铁质麻粒岩的变质演化

华北东南缘五河杂岩的变质演化过程研究有助于揭示研究区前寒武纪变质基底的形成与演化历史.基于对五河杂岩中镁铁质麻粒岩进行的详细岩相学观察、矿物电子探针及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和微量元素分析,识别出古元古代变质演化的3个阶段,重建了峰期后近等温减压及降压冷却的顺时针P-T-t轨迹.峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段的代表性矿物组合为石榴子石（富Ca核部）+单斜辉石（富Al）+斜长石+石英+金红石±角闪石（富Ti）,所记录的峰期温压条件为850~900 ℃、1.5 GPa;峰期后近等温减压麻粒岩相变质阶段,富Ti角闪石分解在周围形成石榴子石+斜方辉石+斜长石±单斜辉石的矿物组合,所记录的温压条件为~900 ℃、1.1~1.2 GPa;晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段,石榴子石分解产生角闪石+斜长石±石英,所记录的温压条件为600~680 ℃、0.65~0.75 GPa.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,高压麻粒岩相、中压麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质时代分别为~1.90 Ga、~1.85 Ga和~1.78 Ga.因此,研究区镁铁质麻粒岩的变质演化过程与胶北地体可以对比,结合已有的2.1 Ga花岗质岩石的成因和锆石年代学等方面研究成果,进一步证明五河杂岩属于胶-辽-吉带的西延,二者共同构成了华北克拉通东部一条古元古代碰撞造山带.      

山东半岛基性高压麻粒岩的成因矿物学及变质演化

在山东半岛的平度-莱西-莱阳-烟台一带,广泛出露基性高压麻粒岩,它们呈大小不等的透镜体或不规则脉状体产于TTG片麻岩中,且与超镁铁质岩石密切"伴生"。根据岩相学、矿物相转变、变质反应以及温压条件的系统研究结果,确定山东半岛基性高压麻粒岩经历了四个阶段的变质演化。早期进变质阶段(M1)的标志性矿物组合以石榴石及其内部的细粒单斜辉石+斜长石±石英为特征,记录的温压条件为T=740～770℃、P=0.9～1.0GPa;峰期高压麻粒岩相变质阶段(M2)的矿物组合以基质中石榴石(富Ca核部)+单斜辉石(富Al核部)+斜长石(富Na核部)±石英为特征,记录的温压条件为T=850～880℃、P=1.45～1.65GPa;峰后近等温减压(中压)麻粒岩相退变质阶段(M3),以发生一系列典型减压反应和斜方辉石的大量出现为标志,典型的矿物组合为斜方辉石+单斜辉石+斜长石+磁铁矿±角闪石,记录的温压条件为T=780～830℃、P=0.65～0.85GPa;晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段(M4)以石榴石发生降温反应、形成角闪石+斜长石+磁铁矿±石英等退变矿物组合为特征,记录的温压条件为T=590～650℃、P=0.62～0.82GPa。高压基性麻粒岩的变质演化的P-T轨迹具有顺时针型式,先后经历了近等温减压过程(ITD)和近等压降温过程(IBC)变质演化过程,指示研究区基性高压麻粒岩是古老陆块之间在俯冲-碰撞造山过程中加厚下地壳折返地表的产物。该项成果对于重新认识华北克拉通在早前寒武纪古老陆块的碰撞-拼贴及其演化的动力学过程具有重要科学意义。     

喜马拉雅东构造结高压麻粒岩PT轨迹、锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

喜马拉雅东构造结出露了一套基性高压麻粒岩,其峰期矿物组合为石榴石+单斜辉石+石英+金红石+斜长石,利用相平衡计算其峰期温压条件为904℃、1.37GPa,利用锆石U-Pb定年方法确定其变质年龄为20.7±2.3Ma。角闪斜方辉石麻粒岩为其第一阶段退变产物,其变质矿物组合为斜方辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿+磁铁矿,温压条件为压力小于0.6GPa,温度为720~760℃。角闪岩相退变矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿+磁铁矿,温度小于745℃,压力小于0.6GPa。在角闪斜方辉石麻粒岩中变质锆石获得的定年结果为9.38±0.22M,根据锆石中角闪石+斜长石+石英的矿物包体特征,确定该年龄代表角闪岩相退变质年龄。据此,确定了喜马拉雅东构造结基性高压麻粒岩的PTt轨迹为顺时针2阶段折返过程,即第一阶段发生在20Ma左右的由高压麻粒岩相到角闪岩相退变阶段,第二阶段发生在9Ma左右的从角闪岩相深度折返到地表的阶段,计算得到其折返速率分别为2.4mm/y和2.3mm/y,这2个阶段的折返与目前通常认为的青藏高原2个主要抬升阶段是基本一致的。     

华北克拉通孔兹岩带东端孤山剖面石榴石基性麻粒岩的变质作用及年代学研究

大同孤山石榴石基性麻粒岩出露在华北克拉通孔兹岩带与中部带的构造接触部位,以大小不等的透镜体形式产于孔兹岩带内的夕线石榴片麻岩和紫苏二长片麻岩中.根据岩相学观察、矿物化学研究、P-T视剖面图和传统温压计计算结果,揭示孤山石榴石基性麻粒岩经历了4个阶段的变质演化:早期进变质阶段(M1)的主要矿物组合为石榴石核心及其内部包体矿物单斜辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿±金红石.反环带斜长石富钠核部记录了早期压力可达11k bar;峰期变质阶段(M2)的矿物组合是石榴石斑晶和基质中的单斜辉石+斜方辉石+斜长石+钛铁矿+石英,记录的温压条件为850～900℃、9～10kbar;峰期后降压阶段(M3)的标志是石榴石外围发育的后成合晶和冠状环,主要有单斜辉石+斜长石、斜方辉石+斜长石和角闪石+斜长石组合,其形成温压条件为760 ～820℃、5～8kbar;晚期低角闪岩相角闪石的生长表明岩石又经历了降温冷却的过程(M4),温度降至690℃以下.石榴石基性麻粒岩记录了含有近等温降压(ITD)阶段的顺时针变质作用P-T轨迹,揭示了阴山地块与鄂尔多斯地块之间俯冲碰撞加厚下地壳的折返过程.石榴石基性麻粒岩的变质锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年得到了两组变质年龄数据,分别为1945±25Ma和1828±36Ma,它们与阴山地块、鄂尔多斯地块碰撞形成孔兹岩带的时代及华北克拉通东、西陆块碰撞形成中部带的时代一致.结合该地区其他研究结果推断,石榴石基性麻粒岩在～ 1.95Ga鄂尔多斯地块与阴山地块碰撞过程中俯冲进入下地壳底部,经历早期的高压麻粒岩阶段,随后缓慢地抬升到下地壳上部;之后在～1.85Ga东、西部陆块碰撞过程中,石榴石基性麻粒岩折返到中上地壳.     

北大别饶拔寨石榴辉石岩P-T-t轨迹及其构造意义

P-T-t轨迹作为变质岩的重要研究方法之一，对揭示岩石的构造演化过程具有重要意义。北大别饶拔寨镁铁-超镁铁岩形成的构造环境和就位过程长期以来尚存争议。本文通过岩相学观察、矿物化学研究和温压计计算，揭示出饶拔寨石榴辉石岩经历了四个变质演化阶段：1）超高压变质阶段（M1）：主要根据石榴子石中金红石的出溶，单斜辉石中石英的出溶和磷灰石中不透明矿物的出溶，结合前人研究，认为饶拔寨石榴辉石岩经历过超高压变质阶段（≥2.5GPa）；2）高压麻粒岩相阶段（M2）：矿物组合为石榴子石（变斑晶）和单斜辉石（基质）+斜长石（基质），记录的温压条件为T=648~700℃，P=1.47~1.94GPa；3）中压麻粒岩相阶段（M3）：以石榴子石外围发育的主要由斜方辉石+斜长石组成的内圈"白眼圈"为特征，形成的温压条件为T=781~796℃，P=0.92~0.98GPa；4）角闪岩相阶段（M4）：以石榴子石变斑晶周围发育的外圈"白眼圈"为特征，其矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石的后成合晶，形成的温压条件为T=663~685℃，P=0.50~0.58GPa。石榴辉石岩的锆石SIMS U-Pb定年得到了3组不同的交点年龄，分别为208.1~202.1Ma、227.6Ma和817.7Ma。根据锆石包裹体中角闪石+斜长石的组合，推断208.1~202.1Ma代表了角闪岩相变质年龄的下限，227.6Ma则是高压麻粒岩相的下限年龄，而新元古代年龄（817.7Ma）与区域上的变质岩原岩年龄一致，可能代表了其原岩年龄。结合前人研究，饶拔寨石榴辉石岩记录了顺时针的P-T-t轨迹，揭示了板片俯冲（超高压变质）-碰撞-折返（降压升温过程，~227Ma）-抬升（降压降温过程，208~202Ma）的完整过程。     

扬子克拉通古元古代变质演化——来自黄陵穹窿石榴斜长角闪岩的证据

为探讨扬子克拉通古元古代变质作用特征及其形成的构造背景,对黄陵穹窿北部石榴斜长角闪岩开展了岩相学、地球化学和年代学研究。结果表明,石榴斜长角闪岩中主要矿物有石榴子石、斜长石、角闪石、单斜辉石、石英、钛铁矿等,其中保留有3个阶段的不同变质期次的矿物组合,进变质矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿,峰期矿物组合为石榴子石+角闪石+斜长石+单斜辉石+石英+钛铁矿,退变质矿物组合为石榴子石+角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿。石榴斜长角闪岩原岩为亚碱性玄武岩,属于拉斑系列,Mg^#较低,表明其原岩经历了一定程度的分异作用。使用传统地质温压计计算不同变质阶段的温压条件分别为：进变质阶段,t=596～625℃,p=0.70～0.82 GPa;峰期变质阶段,t≈760℃,p≈1.35 GPa;退变质阶段,t=692～738℃,p=0.68～0.74 GPa,并建立了一条顺时针的p-t轨迹,显示出先升温升压至峰期阶段,随后发生近等温减压的过程。这一p-t轨迹体现了汇聚板块边缘俯冲-碰撞的构造背景,对石榴斜长角闪岩中的锆石进行U-Pb定年,获得了2 008±11 Ma的谐和年龄,并结合该...     

中喜马拉雅日玛那地区退变榴辉岩岩石地球化学及年代学研究

喜马拉雅造山带是目前最年轻的仍处于碰撞阶段的陆陆碰撞造山带。高喜马拉雅结晶岩系内产出的（退变）榴辉岩记录了印度板块俯冲和折返的重要信息。本文对中喜马拉雅日玛那地区的（退变）榴辉岩进行了岩石学、全岩地球化学及锆石年代学研究,确定了其变质演化、原岩性质及构造背景。日玛那榴辉岩呈透镜状或岩墙状与花岗片麻岩接触,基于矿物组合识别出3个变质阶段：(1)峰期榴辉岩相：石榴子石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+金红石+石英;(2)高压麻粒岩相：以单斜辉石+斜长石后成合晶、黑云母+斜长石的后成合晶为代表;(3)角闪岩相：以基质中角闪石的大量出现为特征。锆石U-Pb定年给出两期年龄,峰期榴辉岩相锆石年龄为约15.5～14 Ma,具平坦的HREE分配模式,缺失Eu负异常,麻粒岩相的年龄约为12 Ma,锆石显著富集HREE,并呈现出Eu负异常的特征,指示石榴子石分解和斜长石生长。矿物温压计限定日玛那榴辉岩峰期变质条件为约730℃、1.9～2.1 GPa。榴辉岩记录了顺时针的变质p-T轨迹,从峰期榴辉岩相经近等温快速降压至麻粒岩相,最后降温降压至角闪岩相。另外,日玛那榴辉岩的原岩为亚碱性玄武岩并沿着拉斑玄武岩趋势演化,地...     

胶北地块斜长角闪岩的岩石学与年代学研究

胶北地块位于华北克拉通东部陆块,胶-辽-吉活动带的南端.胶北地区荆山杂岩中存在一组与高压基性麻粒岩密切共生的斜长角闪岩,是构成前寒武纪变质基底的重要组成部分.岩石学矿物学研究表明,斜长角闪岩记录了3个阶段的变质作用:峰期变质矿物组合（M1）为角闪石1+斜长石+榍石,根据NCKFMASHTO体系的成分视剖面图和角闪石压力计估算出温度条件T=660~715 ℃,压力条件P=0.65~0.71 GPa;其后经历了退变质作用（M2）,矿物组合为角闪石2+绿帘石+斜长石+绿泥石+钠长石,估算温压条件为537~630 ℃/0.41~0.58 GPa;晚期发生前绿片岩相退变质作用（M3）,其矿物组合为钠长石+葡萄石+绿泥石+方解石,其温压条件 < 400 ℃/0.35 GPa.斜长角闪石的CL图像显示其具有较弱的阴极发光效应和弱震荡环带,Th/U比值相对较小（0.06~0.43）,锆石形态和内部结构指示锆石形成于深熔作用过程,21个锆石的LA-ICP-MS定年研究的结果表明,斜长角闪岩记录的最老206Pb/238U年龄为2 075±25 Ma,上交点年龄为1 845±23 Ma（MSWD=0.35）,该组年龄记录了斜长角闪岩峰期变质作用时代的上限.斜长角闪岩在原岩形成以后,可能曾经历麻粒岩相变质作用,并记录了在胶-辽-吉带~1.85 Ga碰撞闭合过程中的深熔事件,此后经历了角闪岩相变质作用,及其二次退变质作用,终结于前绿片岩相的变质温压条件.      

俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区含绿纤石榴辉岩的岩石学特征及其变质演化

俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区榴辉岩中发现的绿纤石形成于榴辉岩化早期亚绿片岩相阶段。该绿纤石多以包体形式存在于退变榴辉岩的变斑晶石榴石矿物中,并与榍石、金红石、单斜辉石、绿泥石、绿帘石、石英等矿物伴生,极少量单颗粒绿纤石包裹在基质单斜辉石(透辉石)矿物中,呈浑圆状。绿纤石成分上属于铝绿纤石和铁绿纤石,其中以铝绿纤石为主。在详细的岩相学研究基础上,通过相平衡计算,结合矿物温压计计算结果,发现含绿纤石榴辉岩共经历了4阶段的变质演化:Ⅰ早期进变质阶段,以石榴石中的绿纤石+绿泥石+绿帘石+石英等矿物包裹体为特征,依据实验岩石学研究的矿物组合绿纤石+绿泥石+石英和铁绿纤石+绿帘石稳定域,估算该变质阶段温压条件t=160~320℃,p=0.2~0.8 GPa;Ⅱ峰期榴辉岩相阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+Di-Pl后成合晶推测的绿辉石+金红石±角闪石+石英,石榴石核部镁等值线和绿辉石硬玉分子等值线限定其峰期温压条件为t=725~740℃,p=1.4~1.5 GPa;Ⅲ高压麻粒岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合为石榴石+透辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英,石榴石-单斜辉石温度计和后成合晶中斜长石钙等值线限定该阶段的温压条件t=725~750℃,p=1.1~1.3 GPa;Ⅳ晚期角闪岩相退变质阶段,矿物组合角闪石+斜长石±黑云母+石英,相平衡计算和角闪石-斜长石温度计限定温压条件为t=670~700℃,p=0.7~0.9 GPa。综上,确定了俄罗斯白海活动带Uzkaya Salma地区含绿纤石榴辉岩具有顺时针的p-T演化轨迹,峰期对应的地温梯度为15℃/km,俯冲进变质阶段经历了绿纤石-绿帘石相变质,由峰期榴辉岩相到退变质高压麻粒岩相具近等温降压的特征。研究表明,板块的"冷"俯冲作用在地球演化早期太古宙时期就可能出现了。     

天水地区李子园高压麻粒岩的发现:西秦岭晚泥盆纪造山的证据

西秦岭造山带北缘的天水李子园地区发现一套高压石榴石单辉麻粒岩,在变质的早古生代岛弧火山-沉积岩系中呈透镜状岩块产出。其峰期矿物组合为石榴石+单斜辉石+角闪石+斜长石+钛铁矿/榍石。利用地质温压计得到的温压条件为T=757~792℃、P=1.3~1.5GPa,达到中压相系的高压麻粒岩相变质条件。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年显示,锆石变质增生边的谐和年龄为384±1.6Ma,表明高压麻粒岩相变质作用的时代为中-晚泥盆世。结合区域地质资料,这一期变质作用要晚于北秦岭造山带中普遍记录的中低压麻粒岩-角闪岩相变质作用,可能与商丹洋闭合之后碰撞造山阶段的地壳加厚过程有关。岩浆锆石核部的谐和年龄为796±2.2Ma,代表石榴石单辉麻粒岩的原岩形成年代。其锆石核部的Hf同位素组成变化较大,对应的εHf(t)值为-7.3~+13.2,显示出不同源区岩浆混合的特征或者陆壳混染。高压麻粒岩全岩地球化学特征同样显示其经历壳幔岩浆混合作用。结合原岩的形成时代、区域上与裂解相关的岩浆作用和构造背景,我们认为原岩可能是造山带垮塌伸展阶段的壳-幔岩浆混合作用的产物,可能与新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解事件有关。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the