基于电流相关性的直流线路单极故障保护方案

目前,柔性直流配电网得到快速发展,但其直流线路保护方案还不成熟,特别是基于模块化多电平换流器（modular multi-level converter,MMC）的直流配电系统,单极接地故障时故障电流不明显,给故障识别增加了难度。针对这一问题,考虑直流线路的分布电容效应,提出一种采用Pearson相关系数计算正负极电流相关性的单极接地故障识别方法。区内故障时,线路每端的正极电流与负极电流均呈强正相关特性,而区外故障时,靠近故障端的线路正负极电流正线性相关性较差。以直流电压变化率作为故障识别启动判据,给出具体的单极接地故障保护方案。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台中搭建了光伏直流接入系统仿真模型并进行了验证,结果表明：该方案可快速、可靠地识别区内外故障,并具有一定耐受过渡电阻的能力。     

计及换流站控制响应的多端混合直流线路后备保护设计

多端混合直流系统故障暂态过程受直流控制响应的影响较大,针对其线路故障特征的分析和保护原理的研究,应当充分计及直流控制特性的影响。为此,根据多端混合直流系统的特点,计及故障后不同换流站的控制响应过程,对其直流线路故障暂态电流的变化趋势关系进行研究分析。并基于此提出了基于滑窗均值电流的多端混合直流线路区内、区外故障识别判据,给出了具体的保护方案。通过PSCAD/EMTDC对所提保护方案的可行性进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所提方案能够可靠识别包含T接汇流母线在内的各种直流线路故障,天然具有故障选极能力,耐受故障过渡电阻能力和抗噪声干扰能力强,且无需数据同步,可作为多端混合直流线路的快速后备保护。     

三相AC/DC变换器的滑模电流控制

针对三相PWMAC/DC变换器的输入电流调节,提出了一种滑模电流控制策略,其直流侧输出电压通过PI控制器调节。在该控制策略下,PWMAC/DC变换器具有功率因数为1的高输入电能质量和极佳的输出电压特性。实验结果证明了该方案的有效性。     

A new control approach to three-phase active filter for harmonicsand reactive power compensation

This paper deals with a new control scheme for a parallel 3-phase active filter to eliminate harmonics and to compensate the reactive power of the nonlinear loads. A 3-phase voltage source inverter bridge with a DC bus capacitor is used as an active filter (AF). A hysteresis based carrierless PWM current control is employed to derive the switching signals to the AF. Source reference currents are derived using load currents, DC bus voltage and source voltage. The command currents of the AF are derived using source reference and load currents. A 3-phase diode rectifier with capacitive loading is employed as the nonlinear load. The AF is found effective to meet IEEE-519 standard recommendations on the harmonics level     

DC distribution for industrial systems: opportunities and challenges

This paper investigates the opportunities and challenges associated with adopting a DC distribution scheme for industrial power systems. A prototype DC distribution system has been simulated to investigate the issues. One of the issues focused is the interaction between power converters that are used to convert AC to DC and DC to AC. Another challenging issue investigated is the system grounding. These issues become challenging mainly due to the neutral voltage shift associated with the power converters. The paper shows that converter interactions can be minimized with proper filtering and control on the converters. The paper also proposes a grounding scheme and shows that this scheme provides an effective solution by keeping the neutral voltages low under normal conditions and by limiting the fault currents during fault conditions. With these features, DC distribution provides very reliable and high-quality power.     

环形直流微网短路故障分析及保护方法

以环形风电直流微网为研究对象,深入分析直流母线发生双极短路故障时电压源变流器(VSC)的故障特性,并据此提出以电流差动保护为主保护、欠电压保护为后备保护的环形直流微网故障定位与保护方案。该方案通过检测直流线路的输入、输出电流及其差动电流来定位和隔离故障线路,并配备欠电压后备保护以确保故障下直流微网系统的安全运行。基于MATLAB/Simulink对环形直流微网进行仿真研究以验证所提保护策略的可行性。仿真结果表明,在线路发生双极短路故障时,保护系统能够根据线路差动电流值做出快速响应,从而实现了直流微网系统短路故障的定位和隔离。     

电子式红外电流互感器研究

介绍了研制的电子式红外电流互感器的原理、结构和特点。该电流互感器的电流测量范围广、精度高;由于采用红外信号传输,克服了绝缘难题,并提出了供高压侧电子系统用电的串激型直流稳压电源的一种新方案,使得母线电流在很大范围内变化时,仍能保证稳定的直流输出。     

三相多驱动系统带移相电流控制的谐波消除方法

目前,许多三相可调速驱动器仍采用二极管整流器(DR)或半可控硅整流器(SCR)作为前端整流。但是,这种AC-DC整流会带来大量谐波电流,使电网电流畸变。现有的谐波消除策略因为总成本高和复杂性难以运用到多驱动系统中。因此,提出了移相电流控制和直流调制相结合的新方法来减轻多驱动系统中谐波电流。并且分析了并联驱动器之间不相等负载的影响,运用负载自适应方案确保各个整流器从电网汲取的电流幅值相等,从而增强了移相电流控制谐波消除效果。仿真和实验结果证明了该方案在三相多驱动系统中谐波消除的有效性。     

Firing angle modulation for eliminating transformer DC currents incoupled AC-DC systems

A method of eliminating DC components of the currents in the transformer windings of a DC converter is presented. The method uses the technique of firing angle modulation. It is shown that merely eliminating the fundamental frequency component on the DC side may not remove this DC component. The impact of such control action at one converter on the other converters in the DC transmission system is also presented. It is also shown that the undesirable side effects of such a scheme include increased generation of noncharacteristic harmonics on both the AC and DC sides. The study is performed using an electromagnetic transients simulation program and theoretical calculations     

适用于直流配电网母线保护的改进方法

当直流系统的母线发生故障时,故障电流迅速上升,目前直流配电网母线保护基本引用了交流保护方案,动作时间较长,不利于直流故障的快速隔离。为保证经济性的同时,实现在直流配电系统母线故障时的可靠快速保护,首先对直流配电网母线故障特性进行分析,然后对直流配电网母线保护接线方案、保护算法、资源配置进行改进,提出了差流直接通过直流互感器采集、采用电流变化率算法、分级处理数据、使用不同形态出口继电器等方法。通过实时数字仿真仪进行仿真分析,验证了所提方法的有效性,该方法在兼顾经济性同时可以有效提高直流配电系统母线保护的可靠性和快速性。     

配电网用全固态混合式直流断路器研发

直流配电网以其控制灵活、稳定性高、电能质量好等优点,成为了未来配电系统的发展趋势。直流断路器作为直流配电网的保护设备,对于直流配电网的稳定性、安全性有着重要意义。提出了一种在直流配电网中应用的全固态混合式直流断路器方案。该断路器由三条支路构成,其主通流支路由晶闸管串联IGBT构成,转移支路由压接式IGBT构成,能量吸收支路由避雷器构成。对该断路器方案进行了仿真验证,并开发了10kV/1kA试验样机以及相关试验平台。试验样机在10kV和7.5kV电压等级下分别成功开断2kA和5kA短路电流。样机在10kV电压额定通流下效率大于99.94%。     

无电流传感器的PWM整流器的仿真研究

三相AC/DCPWM整流器能提高电力系统功率因数,减少谐波污染,用于变频器的整流侧可使功率双向流动。对其控制方法有直接电流控制和间接电流控制两种,前者至少需要两个高性能的电流传感器。本文提出了采用电流观测器的间接电流控制方法,既克服了相位和幅值控制的间接电流控制方法中动态响应不好的缺点,又节省了昂贵的电流传感器,具有成本低的优点。该电流观测器由检测电网电压、整流器直流输出电压和三相开关函数来估算电流值,其关键部分是开关函数的检测和输入电流的构造。文中通过理论分析得到了电流观测器的数学模型。在一定的假设前提下,推导出了电流观测值的简化表达式。采用Matlab数字仿真的方法得到了电流观测器的值,并与直接电流控制检测的实际电流波形进行了对比。最后在功率开放平台PE鄄PRO上做了实验验证。     

Three-phase active harmonic rectifier (AHR) to improve utility input current THD in telecommunication power distribution system

Modern telecommunication power supply systems have several parallel-connected switch-mode rectifiers to provide -48 V DC. A typical switch-mode rectifier configuration includes a three-phase diode rectifier followed by a DC-DC converter. Such a system draws significant harmonic currents for the utility, resulting in poor input power factor and high total harmonic distortion. In this paper, a three-phase active harmonic rectifier (AHR) scheme is proposed. In the AHR scheme, a diode rectifier module is replaced by a six-insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor pulsewidth-modulation rectifier to supply load harmonics as well as its own active power. Each DC-DC converter module is connected to a shared 48-V DC link. The AHR module together with parallel-connected switch-mode rectifiers is controlled to achieve clean input power characteristics. The VA ratings of the AHR scheme is compared with an active power filter approach. The control design is based on the synchronous reference frame approach. Analysis, simulation, and experimental results show that the AHR offers several advantages such as lower VA rating, better current control response, efficient use of the AHR DC link, small size, and stable DC-link voltage control.     

Single current sensor technique in the DC link of three-phasePWM-VS inverters: a review and a novel solution

A review of the existing methods to determine the output currents in a pulsewidth modulation voltage-source (PWM-VS) inverter using a single current sensor in the DC link is presented, and a novel solution is proposed. The unique arrangement of the DC link allows full protection of the inverter from short circuits and overloads. Also, a new method of sampling the DC-link current is described that produces true values of the output currents at the centers of switching intervals. Results of investigation of an experimental setup have shown that full protection of the inverter has been accomplished and the output currents can accurately be determined within the whole operating area     

Experimental analysis of a DC bucking motor blockinggeomagnetically induced currents

An experimental study investigates the performance of a DC bucking motor for the blocking of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) within a 3 kVA/416 V three-phase distribution feeder. This blocking method consists of connecting a separately excited DC motor between neutral and ground of a Y-grounded transformer consisting of a bank of three single-phase transformers. Losses and currents of the transformer and the blocking device are measured at no-load, rated-load, unbalanced-load and line-to-neutral short circuit conditions without and with GICs. Thereafter, the DC, AC and total λ-i characteristics of one single-phase transformer of the above-mentioned transformer bank are simultaneously measured using an arbitrary waveform generator, a power amplifier and a digital data acquisition network. These λ-i characteristics (where the DC bias current is a parameter) are then used to model a single-phase transformer under DC bias current conditions (e.g., assumed GICs) and to calculate voltages and currents of a single-phase transformer when subjected to GICs. The simulated signals are then compared with measured time functions     

线反电动势检测无刷直流电机转子位置方法

利用传统的反电动势过零检测原理,提出一种利用简化的线反电动势过零检测无刷直流电机转子位置方法,该方法通过实时测量无刷直流电机的任意两路线电压和两路相电流信号,并利用定子电阻参数进行实时简化计算,就可以得到三路线反电动势的过零时刻,从而实现无刷直流电机的无位置传感器控制.该方法结构简单、计算方便,不需要构造电机中点,也不需要进行相位延迟补偿,定子电阻变化对转子位置辨识的精确度影响较小.仿真和实验结果表明,提出的改进线反电动势过零检测方法可以在较宽的速度范围内对转子位置进行准确检测.     

±1 100 kV长距离直流输电线路接地线感应电流分布及拆除方案

临近1 000 kV 同塔双回交流输电线路架设输电线路,挂接地线是防止感应电危害施工人员安全的有效措施。为了确定施工中输电线路接地线感应电流分布和接地线拆除方案,基于ATP-EMTP电磁暂态程序,建立了±1 000 kV 吉泉直流输电线路长距离并行同塔双回1 000 kV 交流输电线路的模型。计算了施工中直流线路中的感应电流,分析了线间距离、并行长度、线路高度和土壤电阻率等因素对感应电流的影响。最后,针对地线的拆除顺序提出了相应的接地线拆除方案。     

园区直流微电网的故障分析及保护配置方案研究

首先,基于园区直流微电网的构成和特点,分析了不同接地方式的故障特性及其对故障检测装置的要求,并推导了故障电压、电流响应曲线。其次,根据电力电子变压器拓扑结构,证明欠阻尼条件下电流不存在振荡问题。再次,对采取保护配置方案前后的短路电流进行对比,同时考虑故障时设备安全及保护配合等因素,给出了保护配置方案的约束条件。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建园区直流微电网模型,对所提方案进行了仿真验证。结果表明：采取保护配置方案后短路电流明显下降,电流持续时间变长,根据保护装置参考条件所得的参数值满足故障电流检测与保护判断所需时间。     

多个特高压直流系统送端共用接地极的内过电压研究

根据向家坝—南汇±800 kV直流输电工程的具体参数,利用电磁暂态仿真软件EMTP-RV对3个特高压直流输电系统送端采用共用接地极方案进行了详细的仿真研究;通过模拟直流系统不同运行方式下几种直流侧故障的暂态过程,深入分析了共用接地极方案对直流系统内过电压的影响。仿真结果表明,直流系统发生故障时,均未造成与其共用接地极的非故障系统各避雷器动作,非故障系统直流运行电压和电流均无明显扰动。采用共用接地极方案并未对直流系统的内过电压产生较大影响。     

直流输电系统变压器中性点电流分布的影响因素

直流输电系统单极大地回路运行时,直流电流流过变压器中性点,影响了变压器的运行。该电流的分布受到入地电流、土壤电阻率、变电站接地电阻、变压器等效直流电阻、AC系统网络拓扑和直流电阻参数等因素的影响。为研究这些因素的影响,将土壤模型和交流电网模型结合起来,建立了一个求解变压器中性点直流电流的模型来仿真比较500 kV电网实际数据。计算表明考虑海洋影响后,由于海水的低电阻率,造成处于距离接地极较远而靠近海边的厂站变压器中性点会流过较大的直流电流,而交流电网的拓扑结构造成处于相同地理位置的两变电站主变中性点流过的直流电流不相同。仿真结果解释了部分厂站变压器中性点流过较大直流电流的现象。