标准的地位和性质

本文从标准的地位和性质的概念分析入手，提炼出标准的4个地位关系，构建了标准的7个性质。研究了标准性质的应用关系，提出了标准性质应用于标准项目立项、标准编写、标准审查时的方法，为标准制定工作提供了理论基础。     

爆炸物品公共安全管理标准体系研究

为了提升爆炸物品公共安全管理水平，促进爆炸物品公共安全管理标准化建设，针对爆炸物品公共安全管理标准体系构建的背景和过程，指出了标准体系在爆炸物品公共安全管理标准化过程中的基础性和指导性作用，提出了爆炸物品公共安全管理标准体系的架构和分类、分级方法。爆炸物品公共安全管理标准体系可分为基础标准、技术标准和管理标准3类，基础标准因数量较少不再分级，技术标准和管理标准均下设4个类目，对纳入标准体系的具体标准按照分类提出了具体建议，可为爆炸物品公共安全管理标准体系构建提供参考。     

我国联盟标准的特征与趋势分析

本文解析了联盟标准的地位，研究了我国联盟标准的发展轨迹和实践，分析了我国联盟标准的推进模式和存在问题，总结了联盟标准对推动我国产业发展、标准体制改革的作用以及联盟标准自身发展的趋势。     

关于缩微标准宣贯若干共性问题的讨论

本文首先提出标准的生命在于用，继而讨论了标准宣贯中若干具有共性的问题，这些问题包括，标准的级别，采用国际标准和国外先进标准，强制性标准与推荐性标准，国际标准的相对先进性，全国缩微摄影技术标准体系表和标准化工作导则。     

我国碳汇造林标准体系的构建研究

从企业和行业发展角度，阐述了建立科学的碳汇造林标准体系对我国碳汇林业的重要噫义，分析了我国碳汇造林及其标准体系的现状，提出了我国碳汇造林标准体系建设的基本框架和门类，初步构建了标准体系，为今后进一步完善碳汇造林标准体系提供了基础。     

制订军用瓦楞纸箱和瓦楞纸板国军标的认识和体会

介绍了军用瓦楞纸箱和瓦楞纸板国家军用标准（以下简称《标准》）制订的必要性和基本原则，详述了《标准》制订要求，简述了《标准》实施情况，提出了贯彻《标准》的建议措施。     

标准让生活更美好

生活是什么，生活就是柴米油盐，生活就是衣食住行，那么，我们且从柴米油盐说起，看看标准好处何在？ 如果要论当今时代的特征，崇尚标准，制定标准，研究标准，贯彻标准，监督标准……恐怕应该算是其中的一个。崇尚标准是因为标准解决了不少生活的难题，使生活的方方面面更加规范，也减少了隐患的存在和事故的发生；     

基于信息技术的气象标准宣贯模式探索与实践

本文针对气象标准宣贯工作存在的不足，根据国家和气象部门对标准宣贯的要求，提出了基于信息技术、遵循共建共享思想的气象标准宣贯模式，探索开展了气象标准宣贯信息化平台研究及其应用实践，促进了气象标准的应用实施，产生了良好的影响力，检验了该模式的效果。通过展望数字标准化等信息技术应用趋势，对标准宣贯工作的未来发展进行了思考，供其他行业和领域参考。     

非均匀沙起动标准的比较研究

本文介绍了泥沙起动的多种判断标准，文中指出，定性标准不宜作为非均匀沙的分级直动标准，对推移质输沙率标准和取样标准的比较研究结果表明，ＰＫＭ标准要求的输沙率偏低，就试验的实际直动粒径而言，ＡＷ标准要求的输沙率比ＨＨ标准要求的输沙率低。最后对如何采用起动标准提出了建议。     

技术法规中引用标准的模式研究

本文分析了标准与技术法规两者的概念以及区别，并以美国和欧盟为例指出了在技术法规中引用标准的意义，在此基础上，总结了标准被技术法规引用的现状和特点，提出了中国在法律法规中引用标准的建议。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。