徐州市受虐待小学生行为问题特点分析

目的 探讨受虐待小学生行为问题的发生特点,为儿童心理健康的培养和干预提供依据.方法 对179例小学生进行了儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)和Piers-harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)的自我评定,并运用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)由家长对儿童的行为问题进行评定.结果 受虐待小学生行为问题检出率高于未受虐待小学生,其中男生分别为42.9%和20.7%(χ2=4.11,P＜0.05),女生分别为44.3%和18.2%(χ2=6.39,P＜0.05).各行为因子与自我意识呈负相关(r=-0.236～-0.490,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);除女生的性问题和残忍因子外,其余男、女生行为因子与儿童虐待呈正相关(r=0.217～0.513,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).自我意识对行为问题有负向预测作用(β=-0.221～-0.517,t=-2.071～-5.994,P值均＜0.05);虐待对行为问题有正向预测作用(β=0.186～0.426,t=2.003～4.169,P值均＜0.05).结论 受虐待小学生行为问题较明显,自我意识水平和受虐待经历可显著预测儿童的行为问题.     

先天性甲状腺功能减低症学龄期儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的:了解先天性甲状腺功能减低症(CH)学龄期儿童行为问题发生率、分布及其行为问题特征,为减少其行为问题进一步改善患儿预后以及提高其生存质量提供理论依据。方法:运用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)对36例CH儿童(男童16例,女童20例,年龄6~12.9岁)和与之匹配的72例正常儿童进行测试,对其测试结果进行比较分析。结果:CH组儿童行为问题发生率为22.22%高于对照组的8.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CH组男、女童行为问题发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CH组女童在体诉及违纪因子得分高于对照组。结论:CH学龄期儿童存在一定行为问题,治疗时需注意甄别以利于早期干预,以便患儿在生理、心理方面均能达到良好状态。     

Tourette综合征儿童的行为特征分析

【目的】对不同性别的Tourette综合征(Tourette syndrome,TS)儿童的行为特征进行分析,为临床治疗提供参考。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist,CBCL)对66名TS男童(TS男童组)、23名TS女童(TS女童组)分别与40名正常男童(对照男童组)、20名正常女童(对照女童组)进行对照研究。【结果】 TS组的行为问题发生率(52.8%)较对照组(15.0%)明显增高;TS男童强迫性、体诉及攻击三种行为问题发生率高于对照组男童(P0.05),其9个行为因子的得分均显著高于对照组男童(P0.01);TS女童的抑郁、社交退缩行为问题发生率高于对照组女童(P0.01),其抑郁、残忍、社交退缩、体诉、攻击、违纪行为因子分值高于对照组女童。【结论】不同性别的TS儿童具有不同的行为特征,在临床治疗上应根据其特征进行相应的心理行为治疗。     

6～11岁肥胖与正常学龄儿童行为问题比较

目的比较6~11岁肥胖儿童与正常儿童行为问题发生率。方法采用Achenbach’s儿童行为量表(CBCL),对安徽省安庆市与铜陵市111名肥胖儿童和415名正常儿童进行问卷调查。结果肥胖组儿童及分性别男、女行为问题发生率分别为36.94%(41/111),40.38%(21/52)和33.90%(20/59),相应地均远高于正常组儿童的9.64%(40/415)(χ2=50.09,P<0.01),10.34%(21/203)(χ2=27.15,P<0.01)和8.96%(19/212)(χ2=23.30,P<0.01);2组行为问题发生率性别差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.50,P>0.05;χ2=0.23,P>0.05)。肥胖组男童除交往不良,女童除社交退缩和攻击性,其余行为问题因子发生率均高于正常儿童组;男、女儿童共有的6个行为问题因子,肥胖组与正常组性别差异均无统计学意义。结论6~11岁肥胖学龄儿童比一般儿童更易出现行为问题,应采取综合性干预措施,加强预防和控制儿童肥胖和儿童行为问题。     

学龄前弱视儿童心理行为问题的临床研究

【目的】探讨学龄前弱视儿童的心理行为问题,分析其发生发展过程及相关因素。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist,CBCL)家长用表对98例弱视患儿和102例正常对照组儿童进行评定分析。【结果】与正常对照组相比,弱视患儿CBCL家长用表的异常率明显增高,差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。4～5岁除男女童社交退缩、攻击因子明显高于正常儿童外,男童违纪、幼稚因子差异也有显著性(P<0.05);6岁以上男童交往不良、多动、违纪、攻击性因子明显高于正常儿童,女童体诉、社交退缩因子差异也有显著性(P<0.05)。【结论】弱视患儿存在明显的心理行为问题,应该给予必要的干预。     

合肥市包河区婴幼儿饮食行为影响因素分析

目的了解合肥市包河区1~3岁儿童的饮食行为问题的影响因素。方法采用横断面调查,对儿童抚养人进行问卷调查,包括儿童的社会人口学特征、儿童的家庭基本情况、儿童的饮食行为问题、儿童抚养人的喂养行为问题。结果单因素分析结果显示:2~3岁儿童组饮食行为问题检出率高于1岁~儿童组(χ2=14.085,P0.05);男孩饮食行为问题检出率为54.1%,高于女孩45.6%(χ2=10.045,P0.05);抚养人存在喂养问题组中儿童饮食行为问题检出率(75.2%)要高于无喂养问题组(30.3%)(χ2=280.345,P0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,儿童是否存在饮食行为问题的危险因素是:性别为男;保护因素是:小年龄组儿童、抚养人无喂养行为问题。结论儿童保健工作者在日常保健工作中应注重儿童饮食行为的家庭指导,开展饮食行为干预,减少儿童不良饮食行为发生率。     

北京市通州区6~16岁儿童行为问题调查

目的了解北京市通州区儿童行为问题现状。方法采用Achenbach儿童行为量表对2019年北京市通州区1180名6~16岁儿童进行调查,使用单因素和多因素方法分析儿童行为问题影响因素。结果6~11岁组男孩活动能力异常率高于女孩,差异有统计学意义(χ²=6.439,P=0.011),12~16岁组男孩社交能力异常率高于女孩,差异有统计学意义(χ²=13.634,P<0.001);6~11岁组男孩强迫性、体诉(检出率均为1.84%,5/272),女孩抑郁、性问题、攻击性(检出率均为1.71%,5/293),12~16岁组男孩体诉、分裂样、攻击性、多动(检出率均为1.98%,5/253),女孩焦虑强迫、抑郁退缩、违纪、攻击性、残忍(检出率均为1.93%,7/362)等方面表现突出;有行为问题儿童在活动能力(t=-44.264,P<0.001)、社交能力(t=-36.274,P<0.001)方面均差于无行为问题儿童,差异有统计学意义;儿童行为问题检出率为10.59%,经Logistic回归分析显示,是否独生子女、性格、和父母关系是儿童行为问题的影响因素。独生子女(OR=1.753,95%CI:1.014~3.031)、性格内向(OR=2.725,95%CI:1.482~5.010)是儿童行为问题的危险因素,和父母关系和睦(OR=0.076,95%CI:0.019~0.296)是儿童行为问题的保护因素。结论儿童期行为问题突出,主要影响因素包括是否独生子女、性格和父母关系,建议相关部门及时采取干预措施,提高儿童心理健康水平。     

宁夏生态移民青少年移居时间与行为问题关联分析

对不同移居时间的生态移民青少年行为问题及相关因素进行研究,为促进西部儿童心理健康发展提供依据.方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,使用Achenbach儿童行为量表(家长版)(CBCL)、《我的班级》问卷(MCI)、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)对宁夏地区2 653名6~16岁生态移民儿童进行问卷调查.结果 长期移民组男生社交问题和违纪问题(t值分别为-2.151,-1.983,P值均<0.05)和女生躯体主诉和违纪问题(t值分别为-2.680,-2.605,P值均<0.05)均低于短期移民组.男生长期移民组亲密度、成功性、组织性得分高于短期移民组(t值分别为2.340,2.688,2.069,P值均<0.05),矛盾性、知识性得分低于短期移民组(t值分别为-2.309,-2.158,P值均<0.05).女生长期移民组亲密度得分高于、组织性得分低于短期移民组(t值分别为1.975,-2.213,P值均<0.05).男生长期移民组纪律与秩序得分高于短期移民组(t=3.223,P<0.01);女生长期移民组纪律与秩序得分高于短期移民组(t=2.217,P<0.05),且其师生关系得分显著高于短期移民组(t=3.330,P<0.0l).逐步多元线性回归分析结果显示,影响长期移民组男生行为问题的家庭特征有矛盾性(β=0.307,P<0.01),影响短期移民组男生行为问题的家庭特征有亲密度、组织性、矛盾性、情感表达、知识性(β值分别为-0.213,-0.206,0.161,-0.119,-0.111,P值均<0.05)和班级环境的同学关系(β=-0.l08,P<0.05);影响长期移民组女生行为问题的家庭特征有亲密度(β=-0.275,P<0.01)和班级环境的学习负担(β=0.259,P<0.01),影响短期移民组女生行为问题的家庭特征是亲密度、矛盾性、独立性(β值分别为-0.210,0.171,0.099,P值均<0.05)和班级环境的师生关系(β=-0.136,P<0.01).结论 长期移民组行为问题总分及大部分因子均分较短期移民组呈下降趋势.随着迁移时间的推移,生态移民青少年对移居环境逐渐适应.     

6～11岁注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为问题分析

[目的]分析不同性别、不同年龄及不同智商水平注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disor-der,ADHD)儿童行为问题发生的特点和差异,为临床上ADHD的治疗和干预提供参考依据.[方法]对门诊符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准的321名ADHD儿童进行Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)检查和瑞文标准推理测验(CRT),比较不同性别、不同年龄、不同智商水平ADHD儿童行为问题发生的特点和差异.[结果]ADHD男童在多动、违纪、攻击性方面行为因子得分显著高于女童,而女童在抑郁、社交退缩方面行为因子得分显著高于男童(P值均＜0.05).行为问题的检出率有随年龄增大而增高的趋势,其中在交往不良、多动、攻击性、违纪方面,9～11岁年龄组与6～8岁年龄组相比,差异有显著性(P值均＜0.05).智商优秀组、中间组、边缘组三组行为问题的发生率分别为71.8%,83.6%,100%,差异无显著性(P＞0.05),但边缘组和优秀组相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).[结论]ADHD儿童行为因子得分存在性别差异;随年龄增大行为问题有增加的趋势;智商边缘者更容易出现行为问题.     

银川市事故倾向性儿童行为问题及家庭环境因素分析

探讨事故倾向性儿童与行为问题及家庭环境因素的关系,为开展儿童伤害预防工作提供参考.方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,以银川市筛查出243例事故倾向性儿童作为病例组,以年龄、性别、居住地、班级相同(近)作为匹配条件,按1∶1配对方式选择同期内未发生伤害的儿童作为对照组,通过问卷调查了解儿童家庭环境及行为问题状况.结果 病例组儿童行为问题检出率高于对照组(x2=18.241,P=0.000);不同民族病例组和对照组儿童行为问题检出率差异均无统计学意义(x2病例 =0.233,P=0.629;x2对照=0.450,P=0.502).通过家庭环境和行为问题的因子分析,从6个事故倾向性儿童指标中发现违纪、体诉和收入3个潜在因子.通径分析表明,病例组和对照组儿童体诉和违纪对行为健康有正向直接影响作用,母亲文化程度和家庭人口数通过父亲月收入这一间接环节发挥作用.结论 事故倾向性儿童伤害的发生与家庭环境和行为问题有一定关系.应及早开展针对事故倾向性儿童心理健康的健康教育,提高儿童、家长、教师和社会对事故倾向性儿童的保护意识.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.