肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的早期诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾分析20例肝移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料，分析其原发病、免疫状态、感染真菌的种类及抗真菌药物的应用。结果20例患者念珠菌感染17例，死亡2例，曲霉菌感染3例，死亡2例。氟康唑、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B治疗有效率70％，伏立康唑、卡泊芬净治疗有效率100％。结论肝移植术后真菌感染高发，以危重患者为主要目标人群，发生早，病情重。诊断分三级，达到临床诊断即应及早治疗。治疗以伏立康唑为首选，严重感染者联合应用卡泊芬净效果良好。     

肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的诊治

目的 探讨肾移植受者侵袭性肺曲霉菌感染的诊断与治疗. 方法肾移植术后侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者10例.男7例,女3例.年龄28～56岁,平均43岁.感染发病时间为术后平均59 d.患者低氧血症和呼吸困难严重.10例均行纤维支气管镜、肺部CT检查和血清半乳甘露聚糖(GM)抗原检测.其中纤维支气管镜取分泌物培养阳性3例,肺部CT检查有明显影像学特征6例,血清GM抗原检测阳性5例.应用伊曲康唑和两性霉素B脂质体治疗,剂量为伊曲康唑第1天400mg静脉滴注,第2天起200 mg静脉滴注,共14 d;两性霉素B脂质体治疗剂量为50 mg加入5%葡萄糖注射液500 ml中慢速静脉滴注约8 h,共14～28 d.结果 3例应用伊曲康唑治愈,5例应用两性霉素B脂质体治愈,2例死亡.结论 侵袭性肺曲霉菌感染是肾移植术后肺部感染的严重并发症,早期诊断与正确治疗可降低病死率.     

肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的临床特征

目的：探讨肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的临床特征。方法：报告27例肾移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料。27例均有发热、咳嗽，17例出现胸闷、低氧血症。病原学检查发现白色念珠菌6例，克柔念珠菌5例，平滑念珠菌4例，12例阴性，混合细菌感染15例，巨细胞病毒感染4例。结果：单纯应用酮康唑治愈者10例，应用两性霉素B脂质体治愈10例，7例死亡。结论：真菌是肾移植术后肺部感染主要原因之一，早期发现、及时治疗、合理应用免疫治疗方案是治疗成功的关键。     

肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的临床分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的临床影响因素以及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析1994年1月至2008年5月间肾移植术后发生侵袭性真菌感染的83例患者的临床资料.统计并分析术后侵袭性真菌感染患者的死亡率和死亡原因;探讨各种真菌类型、感染部位、是否合并病毒和细菌感染、高危因素的数目以及不同抗真菌药物和起始用药时间等因素对患者死亡率的影响.结果 肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染患者的总死亡率为39.8%,重症肺部感染合并呼吸功能衰竭是导致其死亡的首要原因.非念珠菌真菌感染、肺部感染、合并病毒和细菌感染、高危因素数目≥3个、以及在拟诊侵袭性真菌感染3 d后才开始使用抗真菌药物的患者,死亡率显著升高(P<0.05).与氟康唑相比,应用伊曲康唑、伏立康唑和棘白菌素类抗真菌药可显著降低患者的死亡率(P<0.05),其中棘白菌素类抗真菌药的效果最佳.结论 早期明确诊断肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的部位和性质,及时应用抗真菌药物有助于提高其治疗效果.     

原位肝移植术后真菌感染的诊治

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后真菌感染的诊断和治疗。方法 58例肝移植患者术后怀疑真菌感染时，行体液（痰、血、尿、胆汁、引流液等）或导管真菌培养，结合胸腹部CT影像学检查、活组织检查及诊断性治疗结果综合判断，一旦诊断确定，即给予氟康唑治疗，无效者改用伊曲康唑和两性霉素B，同时调整免疫抑制治疗方案。结果 58例患者中，16例术后并发真菌感染21例次（5例患者发生两次以上、不同部位或不同菌株的感染），感染发生率为27．6％（16／58），感染发生在术后4～38d，感染好发部位依次为肺（28．6％）、肠道（19．0％）、泌尿系统（14．3％）、腹腔（14．3％）、切口（9．5％）、血液（4．8％）、胆管（4．8％）及肝脏（4．8％）。在21例次真菌感染中，念珠菌感染占85．7％，曲霉菌感染占14．3％。氟康唑治疗有效者占66．7％，伊曲康唑治疗有效者占14．3％，两性霉素B治疗有效者占14．3％，1例（4．7％）各种抗真菌药物治疗均无效，治疗总有效率为95．2％。结论 肝移植术后真菌感染的发生率较高，依据影像学检查、病原学检查及活组织检查综合判断真菌感染，及时选用氟康唑、伊曲康唑及两性霉素B治疗。     

肝移植术后真菌感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肺部真菌感染的早期诊断及治疗方法,合理应用抗真菌药物,以达到良好治疗目的 .方法 回顾性分析我院肝移植中心1997 年7月至2008年7月实施的156 例肝移植患者发生真菌感染的情况.结果 156 例肝移植患者,有14例发生真菌感染,占9.0%;死亡7例,占50.0%.其中白色念珠菌3例,热带念珠菌2例,曲霉菌8例,毛霉菌1例.感染部位主要为肺部(8 /14,57.1%),血液(5/14,35.7%)和腹腔(1/14,7.1%),泌尿系统少见(0/14,0%).氟康唑治疗有效者占23.1%,伊曲康唑治疗有效者占7.7%,卡泊芬净治疗有效者7.7%,总有效率为53.8%.结论 肝移植术后真菌感染的发生率较高,依据影像学检查和病原学检查等可早期诊断真菌感染,及时选用氟康唑、伊曲康唑及卡泊芬净等药物早期治疗是治愈真菌感染的关键.     

肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊治

目的　探讨肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的诊断与治疗。　方法　回顾性分析 4 3例肾移植术后肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料。男 35例 ,女 8例 ,平均年龄 32岁。发病时间平均为术后 5 9d。　结果　 4 3例患者中 ,白色念珠菌 16例 ,克柔念珠菌 4例 ,近平滑念珠菌 2例 ,曲霉菌 4例 ,毛霉菌 3例 ,新型隐球菌 1例 ,奴卡菌 2例 ,其中 14例有细菌、巨细胞病毒混合感染。 11例培养阴性。氟康唑10 0mg/次 ,3次 /d ,连续 10d ,治愈 2 3例 ;两性霉素B脂质体 5 0mg/d ,连续 10d ,治愈 17例 ;死亡 3例。　结论　肺部真菌感染是肾移植术后的严重并发症 ,死亡率高。早期诊断与治疗效果良好。     

肾移植术后真菌性肺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征的诊治体会(附6例报告)

目的:探讨肾移植术后肺部真菌感染并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的早期诊断和处理。方法:回顾性分析2002年1月~2005年10月期间收治的6例肾移植术后真菌感染并发ARDS的患者的临床资料。均采取免疫抑制剂减量或停用,用大扶康,伊曲康唑等药静脉滴注,辅以无创通气治疗以及营养支持治疗。结果:6例患者在第11~27天症状缓解,1个月后均康复出院。结论:调整免疫抑制剂用量,果断采取抗真菌治疗,尽早采用无创通气治疗,大剂量使用糖皮质激素以及营养支持治疗,均有助于改善肾移植术后真菌感染并发ARDS患者的预后。胸片、痰培养、支气管肺泡灌洗术结合临床表现是早期诊断的关键。     

原位肝移植术后真菌感染43例次诊治体会

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后真菌感染的诊断、治疗及预防。方法 回顾总结为175位患者所施行的180次原位肝移植的临床资料，并对可能导致真菌感染的危险因素进行统计学分析。结果 全组29例患者出现43例次真菌感染，感染率为16．6％(29／175)。其中念珠菌占98％(42／43)，曲霉菌2％(1／43)。发病中位时间为术后26d(3～96d)。常见感染部位依次是肺部37％(16／43)，肠管19％(8／43)和血液16％(7／43)。26例患者接受氟康唑治疗，感染严重的8例患者改用脂质体两性霉素B治疗。病死率45％(13／29)，直接与真菌感染有关的病死率为4．0％(7／175)。全胃肠外营养时间较长、抗生素治疗超过3周或出现肝动脉并发症的患者真菌感染的发生率显著增加。结论 真菌感染是影响肝移植生存率的重要原因之一。最常见的感染部位和病原菌分别是肺部和念珠菌。减少各种危险因素将有助于降低真菌感染的发生率。早期诊断和及时治疗是治愈的关键，严重的真菌感染应及时给予两性霉素B或其脂质体治疗。     

肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的防治

目的探讨原位肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病的防治。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年1月完成的576例原位肝移植的临床资料,总结术后侵袭性曲菌病的预防和治疗经验。结果9例患者术后并发侵袭性曲菌病,发病率为1.74%(9/576),首发感染部位为肺部8例,中枢神经系统感染1例。6例患者停用免疫抑制治疗,3例患者将他克莫司(FK506)或CsA降低到最低有效血药浓度。6例患者选用两性霉素B脂质体(其中1例先试用氟康唑)、3例首选伊曲康唑进行治疗。5例肺部感染患者痊愈,2例因肺部感染无法控制死亡,2例因并发多器官曲霉菌感染死亡。结论早发现并及时调整免疫抑制治疗方案,早期、足量和足程使用抗真菌药物,积极行手术治疗是降低肝移植术后侵袭性曲菌病发病率和病死率的根本措施。     

Association of fungal infection and increased mortality in liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Understanding the risk factors associated with fungal infection may facilitate identification of high-risk patients and guide appropriate initiation of antifungal therapy. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of fungal infections, identify the most common fungal pathogens, and determine the risk factors associated with fungal infections and mortality in OLTx recipients. METHODS: Medical records from 96 consecutive OLTx in 90 American veterans (88 males, 2 females; mean age 48 years, range 32 to 67) performed from January 1994 to December 1997 were retrospectively reviewed for fungal infection in the first 120 days after transplantation. Infection was defined by positive cultures from either blood, urine (<105 CFU/mL), cerebrospinal or peritoneal fluid, and/or deep tissue specimens. Superficial fungal infection and asymptomatic colonization were excluded from study. All patients received cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Fungal prophylaxis consisted of oral clotrimazole (10 mg) troches, five times per day during the study period. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (38%) had documented infection with one or more fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans (25 of 35; 71%), C torulopsis (7 of 35; 20%), C tropicalis (2 of 35; 6%), non-C albicans (2 of 35; 6%), Aspergillus fumigatus (4 of 35; 11%), and Cryptococcus neoformans (1 of 35; 3%). The crude survival for cases with or without fungal infection was 68% and 87%, respectively (P <0.0001). The median intensive care unit stay and overall duration of hospitalization were significantly longer for patients with fungal infection (P <0.01). The mean time interval from transplantation to the development of fungal infection was 15 days (range 4 to 77) with a mean survival time from fungal infection to death of 21 days (range 3 to 64). Fungal infections occurred significantly more often in patients with renal insufficiency (serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL), biliary/vascular complications, and retransplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Fungal infections were associated with increased morbidity and mortality following OLTx, with Candida albicans being the most common pathogen. Treatment strategies involving antifungal prophylaxis for high-risk patients and earlier initiation of antifungal therapy in cases of presumed infection are warranted.     

Prospective interventional study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B as prophylaxis of fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients

INTRODUCTION: Invasive fungal infections are a life-threatening complication in transplant recipients. The prevalence of fungal infection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is 5% to 42%. The most common isolated pathogens are Candida and Aspergillus species. High-risk liver transplant recipients are more susceptible to the development of invasive fungal infections, with prevalence >40% and mortality rates of 78% to 100%. The strategy for fungal prophylaxis in this population has not been defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 100 consecutive OLT followed for 28 months, 21 recipients (15 men, overall mean age of 48.5 years, range 23-65 years) were considered to be high risk for the development of fungal infections when they presented at least one of the following criteria: acute liver failure, assisted ventilation >7 days, retransplantation, relaparotomy, antibiotic therapy >14 days, transfusion requirements >20 red blood cells units, and/or biliary leakage. This group received intravenous liposomal amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/d for 7-10 days). RESULTS: One-year survival in the high-risk group was 80%. Prevalence of invasive fungal infection was 9.5%. No Candida infection was observed. Two patients developed Aspergillus infection: an abdominal aspergillosis treated with percutaneous drainage and liposomal amphotericin B (5 mg/kg/d) showed a favorable clinical outcome. The other patient who developed brain aspergillosis died 25 days after OLT. Adverse events related to the drug were hypokalemia (n = 2), back pain (n = 3), and renal dysfunction (n = 2). None of these events required withdrawal of the prophylaxis regimen. CONCLUSION: In our series, prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B in high-risk liver graft recipients showed a low rate of severe fungal infections. More studies are needed in order to determine the highest risk population and the best drug dosage.     

Prospective screening in liver transplant recipients by panfungal PCR-ELISA for early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections.

Invasive fungal infections after liver transplantation (LT) have resulted in high mortality and potentially fatal complications. This study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of the panfungal polymerase chain reaction enzyme link immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA) method in early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients (LTRs). A total of 48 liver recipients (cadaver donors) were followed for fungal infections for a period of at least 6 months. All clinical samples were cultured and a direct microscopic examination was performed. Blood samples were cultured by bedside inoculation onto BACTEC medium. Whole blood specimens were collected prospectively once per week and were evaluated for any invasive fungal infections by panfungal PCR and PCR-ELISA. Among 48 transplant recipients between September 2004 and January 2006 (22 females, 28 males, mean age = 34.4 yr), 40 recipients (83.3%) had Candida colonization in different sites of their body before LT. In proven and probable recipients for panfungal PCR-ELISA, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 83.3%, 91.7%, 76.9%, and 94.3%, respectively. By PCR assay, fungal infections were diagnosed in 10 recipients (20.8%). The mean interval time from transplantation to development of fungal infection was 61.4 days (range, 20-150 days) and time of infection in blood before any clinical signs was 7-70 days with mean of 21.4 days. The etiologic agents were Candida albicans (9 cases) and Aspergillus fumigatus (1 case). Use of PCR-ELISA in LTRs may not only improve the ability of early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) when positive results are obtained, but also would provide more confidence to exclude a diagnosis of IFIs when negative results are obtained.     

米卡芬净治疗肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的临床观察

目的评价米卡芬净治疗肾移植术后肺部真菌感染的疗效及安全性。方法 24例肾移植术后真菌感染患者给予米卡芬净治疗,取米卡芬净100mg用生理盐水230ml稀释后每日1次静脉滴注,重症患者用量加大至150mg/d,连用10～14d,临床症状基本得到控制后剂量减为50mg/d,连用时间为5～7d。同时调整免疫抑制剂方案等,观察其疗效及不良反应。结果 24例患者中痊愈10例,显效8例,进步2例,无效4例,有效率为75%。治疗过程中仅有2例出现轻微的肝功能异常,2例出现低钾血症,不良反应发生率为17%,未观察到严重的不良反应。22例患者治疗前后肾功能维持稳定,另2例肾移植术后移植物功能延迟恢复期间发生肺部真菌感染的患者,治疗期间肾功能有所改善。结论米卡芬净治疗肾移植术后肺部真菌感染疗效肯定,不良反应少。     

Clinical spectrum of fungal infections after orthotopic liver transplantation

During a 50-month period, we identified 91 episodes of fungal infection in 72 liver transplant recipients (23.8%). Candida species accounted for 83.5% of cases. Clinical patterns of fungal infections included disseminated infection (19), peritonitis (17), pneumonitis (15), multiple sites of colonization (13), fungemia (11), and other sites (16). The diagnosis of fungal infection was usually made in the first 2 months (84.7% of cases), at a mean time of 16 days after transplantation. Risk factors for fungal infections included retransplantation, Risk score, intraoperative transfusion requirement, urgent status, Roux limb biliary reconstruction (in adults), steroid dose, bacterial infections and antibiotic therapy, and vascular complications. Fungal infections were successfully treated with amphotericin B in 63 cases (74.1%) but were associated with diminished patient survival (50% vs 83.5%). Fungal infection is a frequent source of early morbidity and can be related to well-defined risk factors, suggesting the need for effective prophylaxis.     

Fungal infections in liver transplant recipients

Sixty-two adults who underwent orthotopic liver transplantations between February 1981 and June 1983 were followed for a mean of 170 days after the operation. Twenty-six patients developed 30 episodes of significant fungal infection. Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata were responsible for 22 episodes and Aspergillus species for 6. Most fungal infections occurred in the first month after transplantation. In the first 8 weeks after transplantation, death occurred in 69% (18/26) of patients with fungal infection but in only 8% (3/36) of patients without fungal infection (P less than 0.0005). The cause of death, however, was usually multifactorial, and not solely due to the fungal infection. Fungal infections were associated with the following clinical factors: administration of preoperative steroids (P less than 0.05) and antibiotics (P less than 0.05), longer transplant operative time (P less than 0.02), longer posttransplant operative time (P less than 0.01), duration of antibiotic use after transplant surgery (P less than 0.001), and the number of steroid boluses administered to control rejection in the first 2 posttransplant months (P less than 0.01). Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had fewer fungal infections than patients with other underlying liver diseases (P less than 0.05). A total of 41% (9/22) of Candida infections resolved, but all Aspergillus infections ended in death.     

47例深部真菌感染的诊疗经验

目的：通过47例深部真菌感染病例的临床分析,总结该类疾病的特点、诊疗难点和经验。方法：统计整理全组病例的原发病、感染真菌的类型和疗效、总结其经验。结果：本组深部真菌感染中,中老年人占多数(89．4%),且绝大多数(93．61%)以继发性感染的形式出现。真菌菌型分布,白色念株菌仍占主导地位(78．7%)。治疗的关键除得力的抗真菌外,与原发病的治疗密切相关。结论：深部真菌感染的发生与原发病治疗的失当和病人的体弱、免疫力下降有关。治疗上要标本兼顾,尤其对原发病的及时有效治疗起重要作用。原发病类型与真菌感染的种类没有相关性,分布较散,但是要注意八种真菌易感情况。二性霉素B能否在合并肾功能障碍病人中应用要视病因而定：若肾功能障碍主要是由真菌性脓毒症引起的或者说真菌感染是发生肾衰的重要原因之一,可以在监测下有控制使用;如若肾衰与真菌感染无关,则不用为妥。     

Invasive aspergillosis in solid-organ transplantation: report of eight cases and review of the literature

Invasive fungal infections are life-threatening complications in solid-organ transplantation. Although the rate of fungal infections in transplant recipients is lower than that of other infections, the mortality rate is higher. The most frequent fungi isolated from these kinds of infections are Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and laboratory findings in eight patients who were treated for invasive aspergillosis (IA) at our center. This report describes these cases and discusses the relevant literature.     

Infective complications in renal allograft recipients.

Infective complications were analysed in 74 patients who underwent renal transplantation. Bacterial infections were seen in 69%, viral infections in 48% and fungal infections in 17% of these patients. The urinary tract was involved in 56% of patients, the lungs in 24% and the upper respiratory tract in 17%. Less common were cellulitis (7%), CNS infections (4%), and other sites of infection.