电沉积Ni-Cr合金工艺研究

含有一定量Cr的Ni-Cr镀层具有良好的耐磨、耐腐蚀性能.选取柠檬酸钠作为配位剂,用动电位扫描法研究了电沉积Ni-Cr合金时的阴极行为,同时对镀层的耐腐蚀性进行了试验.试验结果表明:镀液中加入配位剂柠檬酸钠可以提高阴极极化;pH值、阴极电流密度、配位剂对镀层中铬含量影响较大,在一定范围内增大pH值,增加配位剂的用量,提高电流密度,有利于提高镀层中铬的含量,最佳工艺条件为pH值为2.5,阴极电流密度为25A/dm2,镀液中柠檬酸钠的含量为35g/L,镀层中铬质量分数为20%左右时,Ni-Cr合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能最好.     

固溶体型Fe-Co-Ni多元合金镀层在海水环境下的耐蚀性研究

采用电沉积技术,在Q235钢基体上用硫酸盐溶液制备Fe-Co-Ni多元合金镀层。研究温度、电流密度、pH值等工艺参数对该多元合金镀层在模拟海水环境下耐蚀性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM、EDS等分析手段,分别研究Fe-Co-Ni合金镀层的结构、表面形貌及其化学成分,表明该多元合金镀层由94.92%(质量分数)Ni,2.58%(质量分数)Co和1.47%(质量分数)Fe构成,为固溶体结构,且表面平整、组织致密。电化学方法研究该多元合金镀层在海水环境下的耐蚀性,结果表明其耐蚀性显著优于304不锈钢,且在pH值为3.8、电流密度为6A/dm2、温度为50℃的工艺条件下制备的合金镀层具有最好的耐蚀性能。     

Fe-Ni-Cr合金电沉积工艺参数对镀层铬含量的影响

为了在铁基上获得耐腐蚀性能好的、光亮致密的Fe-Ni-Cr合金镀层,在氯化物-硫酸盐混合体系中,研究了在铁基上电沉积Fe-Ni-Cr合金的工艺,确定出电沉积铁镍铬合金的最佳工艺条件:阴极电流密度14 A/dm2,镀液温度30℃,pH值2.0,镀液中CrCl3·6H2O浓度为25g/L.结果表明,合金镀层中Cr含量越高,镀层耐蚀性能越好,在最佳工艺条件下,镀层中Cr的含量接近6%,Fe的含量为54%,镀层光亮致密且耐蚀性好.     

镍铁钨合金电沉积工艺

为获得性能良好的镍铁钨合金镀层,研究了电解液pH值、温度、电流密度、柠檬酸钠浓度对施镀阴极电流效率和镍铁钨合金镀层组分、表面形貌、显微硬度的影响.结果表明:镀液pH值对镀层形貌和阴极电流效率影响较大;随柠檬酸钠浓度增加,电流效率逐渐降低,镀层表面形貌更加粗糙.在镀液pH=8,温度70℃,电流密度7 A/dm2,柠檬酸钠...     

二次正交旋转组合法优化Ni-W-P脉冲电沉积工艺

为解决油田设备中油管与油杆的磨损与腐蚀问题,通过脉冲电沉积方法在抽油杆常用钢材30Cr Mo基体上制备了Ni-W-P三元合金镀层,采用5因素5水平的二次正交旋转回归组合试验,对温度、pH值、占空比、电流密度、频率等工艺参数进行了优选。采用显微硬度计对36组镀层进行显微硬度测试,利用DPS软件分析获得5因素与镀层硬度之间的数学模型,并研究了各参数的影响规律,获得了电沉积工艺参数最优组合。结果表明:pH值对镀层硬度影响效果最显著,温度、占空比和平均电流密度对镀层硬度的影响规律与pH值相似,均随变量的增大呈先增后减的趋势;在温度为60℃、pH值为8、占空比为0.8、平均电流密度为6 A/dm2、频率为80 Hz的优化工艺下获得的镀层硬度为812.4 HV2 N,自腐蚀电流密度为2.576μA/cm2,且镀层为非晶镀层,具有优良的耐磨、耐蚀性。     

阴极电流密度对Ni-SiC复合镀层性能的影响

随着现代工业的发展,材料的单一功能已难以满足要求,为此,采用复合电沉积技术,沉积含有弥散硬质相SiC的复合镀层.研究了当pH值、阴阳极间距及面积比一定时,阴极电流密度与温度的关系,阴极电流密度对沉积速度、内应力、镀层硬度及SiC含量的影响.试验结果表明,当阴极电流密度在8～10A/dm2时,镀层沉积速度大,SiC含量较高,硬度高,内应力较小.本试验为完善Ni-SiC复合电镀工艺提供了试验数据.     

电沉积钯钴合金的工艺研究

电沉积钯镍合金存在质量控制困难、热稳定性差及易引起皮肤过敏等问题,而钯钴合金能克服这些不足,且比Pd-Ni合金具有更高的耐磨性、耐蚀性及热稳定性.通过极化曲线研究了钯钴合金的电沉积行为,并讨论了镀液中钴钯离子质量比、温度、pH值以及电流密度等工艺参数对电沉积钯钴合金组成的影响,获得了电沉积钯钴合金的最佳工艺条件为:镀液温度35℃,pH值8.5,电流密度10 A/dm2.结果表明:钴的极化大,极化度也大;电沉积时,钯催化钴沉积,钯钴合金共沉积时呈现与钯相似的阴极行为.合金组成是各工艺参数的函数,钯钴合金镀层中钴的含量随镀液中Co2 /Pd2 质量比的增大而线性增加,随电流密度的增大而显著增大.镀液温度、pH值均对镀层成分有一定的影响.     

三价铬体系铬-镍合金电镀工艺及镀层性能的研究

以工业级的革鞣剂和硫酸镍为主盐,研究了硫酸盐体系电镀铬-镍合金工艺配方与工艺规范、阴极电流密度、pH值、温度对镀层的影响,讨论了镀层中的铬含量对镀层耐腐蚀性和钎焊性的影响.通过工艺调整使合金中铬质量分数控制在10%～50%.镀层中铬质量分数在10%以下时,镀层有良好的钎焊性.通过测定镀层腐蚀电流,比较其耐腐蚀性,镀层中铬质量分数在25%～40%时,镀层的耐腐蚀性较好,铬质量分数为30%时,腐蚀电流最小可达4.18×10-7 A,采用有隔膜电镀槽,提高了镀液的稳定性.     

电沉积RE-Ni-W-P-SiC复合材料镀层的阴极过程

为了进一步掌握电沉积RE-Ni-W-P-SiC复合材料镀层的阴极过程,采用电位线性扫描测绘法、镀液pH值测定法研究了复合镀层阴极过程,结果表明,当镀液中加入SiC微粒和稀土后,复合材料的阴极沉积电流密度增加,有利于Ni-W-P合金在阴极沉积,并形成Ni-W-P-SiC和RE-Ni-W-P-SiC复合材料：而镀液中加入PTFE后却降低了复合材料镀层的阴极沉积电流密度。当稀土的添加量为7～9g／L时,复合材料镀层的阴极沉积电流密度增加并不明显;随着稀土添加量的增加,复合材料镀层的阴极沉积电流密度增加较明显,当添加量达到11～13g／L时,镀层的阴极沉积电流密度增加并达到最大值;若进一步增加稀土用量,则阴极沉积电流密度有所下降。如此可以加大SiC和RE对阴极电沉积的影响。     

Ni-Co-P合金镀层显微硬度及其耐海水腐蚀性

采用电沉积技术制备了Ni-Co-P合金镀层,并对镀层的表面形貌、晶相结构、显微硬度及耐腐蚀性进行了表征和分析.研究结果表明:Ni-Co-P合金镀层表面均匀平整,晶粒尺寸细小,显微硬度均优于Ni-P合金镀层;当镀液中CoSO4·7H2 O含量为50 g/L时,Ni-Co-P合金镀层的显微硬度达到766.3 HV0.2.在人工海水环境中,Ni-Co-P合金镀层的开路电位稳定值更正,腐蚀电流密度与腐蚀速度最小分别为0.68μA·cm-2和8.25μm·year-1;且Ni-Co-P合金镀层的容抗弧半径均大于Ni-P合金镀层,电荷转移电阻(Rct)高达9.902×104Ω·cm-2,约为Ni-P合金镀层的6倍,表现出优异的耐海水腐蚀性能.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.