氧化时间对低合金弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒度测定的影响

氧化法可用于钢中晶粒度的测定。研究控制氧化时间对弹簧钢50CrV奥氏体晶粒度的影响。结果发现,氧化过程大致分为3个阶段:第一阶段,过剩铁素体相不断转变为奥氏体;第二阶段,基体与氧化膜之间的阴阳离子再次加快扩散,下层金属基体继续氧化脱碳,部分之前试样表面的奥氏体晶界被替代;第三阶段,一、二阶段的奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大,新旧氧化膜叠加生长,并在55SiCr、60Si2Mn、65Si2CrV钢得到验证。在不影响检测结果准确性的情况下,氧化时间可以由标准的60 min缩短至一半左右,再通过修正可得到晶粒度为10.96级,此结果与直接腐蚀法11.00级和氢致沿晶断口法11.09级相近。     

模拟煤制气环境下X80管线钢及HAZ的氢脆敏感性

煤制气中含有一定量的氢气,氢致失效成为输送管线的潜在问题,HAZ的存在增加了氢脆失效的敏感性. 选用X80钢,通过焊接热模拟制备了HAZ试样. 采用高压煤制气环境下的拉伸试验对比研究了X80钢及HAZ各区的氢脆敏感性. 结果表明,经模拟煤制气环境充氢后,X80钢及HAZ各区的性能均稍有降低,氢对材料的性能有一定影响. 粗晶区的氢脆敏感性最高,结合金相和电子背散射衍射分析发现,主要是由于粗晶区在高温作用下发生晶粒长大,致使大角度晶界减少,氢的扩散速率及其在裂纹尖端的富集程度增加,止裂性能变差,断口呈明显的脆性断裂特征.     

超高强钢延迟裂纹的研究

采用四点弯曲试验及表面裂纹法试验分别研究了37SiMncrMoV 钢焊接接头的氢致裂纹和应力腐蚀开裂。高湿度能增大氢致裂纹和应力腐蚀开裂倾向。扫描电镜显示了氢致裂纹断口的沿晶断裂特征.用扫描电镜及光学显微镜研究了热影响区的局部熔化区及淬火区显微组织对裂纹倾向的影响。采用改进的焊接工艺,防止了高压容器的低应力破坏。     

EBSD技术在研究高强马氏体不锈钢氢脆机理中的应用

用EBSD技术研究了在恒定应力和长期氢扩散作用下马氏体不锈钢的氢脆断裂机制。结果表明,氢脆在初期阶段萌生沿晶裂纹,晶界开裂有选择性和倾向性,高能量的大角晶界易发生开裂,低能量的CSL晶界抑制氢脆裂纹。沿晶裂纹两侧的塑性应变宽度仅为微米或亚微米量级,宏观下表现出典型的脆性开裂特征。扩展阶段氢脆裂纹沿特定的滑移系和解理面穿晶扩展,穿越不同晶粒时,裂纹随解理或滑移晶面的取向变化而发生弯折。氢脆断裂机制符合结合力降低和氢促进局部塑性变形模型。     

硫化氢环境中17-4PH钢抗氢致开裂与应力腐蚀开裂性能

根据美国NACE标准研究了17-4PH钢在酸性H2S水溶液中的抗氢致开裂(HIC)和应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的性能,利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜(SEM)观察了裂纹及组织形貌,并结合理论分析了材料的氢致开裂与应力腐蚀开裂行为。结果表明:17-4PH钢在标准NACE试验溶液中会产生氢致裂纹,试样内部微裂纹主要在晶界、夹杂等缺陷处成核并扩展;标准C型环试样在0.8σs的恒应力作用下,浸泡于饱和硫化氢溶液中,720h内3组试样均发生断裂,表明其SCC敏感性较大,试样的宏观裂纹由边缘向内部扩展;扫描电镜结果显示,SCC断口有明显的脆性断裂(解理断口)特征,应力腐蚀开裂是由HIC引起,且裂纹扩展形式多为穿晶型。     

INFLUENCE OF QUENCHING TEMPERATURE ON STRESS CORROSION IN 4330M STEEL——The Role of Impurity Segregation in Stress Corrosion Cracking of High Strength Steel

本文研究了淬火温度对4330M钢在蒸馏水中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响。实验表明,淬火温度从870℃上升到1100℃时,裂纹扩展速率da/dt显著下降(相差一个数量级);从1100℃上升到1200℃时,裂纹扩展速率da/dt却稍提高,在1100℃处,da/dt有一最小值。断口分析表明,随淬火温度升高,应力腐蚀的断裂方式有所改变,870,1000℃淬火的试样系沿晶断裂,而1100,1200℃淬火试样则是穿晶准解理断裂。 用饱和苦味酸溶液腐蚀显示奥氏体晶界,通过奥氏体晶界腐蚀沟槽深度估算出杂质磷在奥氏体晶界的平衡偏聚浓度,它和淬火加热温度之间的关系符合Mclean的平衡偏聚理论。磷在奥氏体晶界的偏聚是造成应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率da/dt变化的主要原因。 采用杂质原子偏聚和氢对脆性断裂影响的理论,对各种实验现象加以解释,并认为杂质原子在晶界偏聚和氢共同作用的氢脆断口是沿晶断裂型,而单纯氢起作用的氢脆断口是穿晶准解理断裂型。     

淬火温度对4330M钢应力腐蚀的影响——晶界上杂质偏聚对高强度钢应力腐蚀开裂的作用

本文研究了淬火温度对4330M钢在蒸馏水中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响。实验表明,淬火温度从870℃上升到1100℃时,裂纹扩展速率da/dt显著下降(相差一个数量级);从1100℃上升到1200℃时,裂纹扩展速率da/dt却稍提高,在1100℃处,da/dt有一最小值。断口分析表明,随淬火温度升高,应力腐蚀的断裂方式有所改变,870,1000℃淬火的试样系沿晶断裂,而1100,1200℃淬火试样则是穿晶准解理断裂。用饱和苦味酸溶液腐蚀显示奥氏体晶界,通过奥氏体晶界腐蚀沟槽深度估算出杂质磷在奥氏体晶界的平衡偏聚浓度,它和淬火加热温度之间的关系符合Mclean的平衡偏聚理论。磷在奥氏体晶界的偏聚是造成应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率da/dt变化的主要原因。采用杂质原子偏聚和氢对脆性断裂影响的理论,对各种实验现象加以解释,并认为杂质原子在晶界偏聚和氢共同作用的氢脆断口是沿晶断裂型,而单纯氢起作用的氢脆断口是穿晶准解理断裂型。     

汽车用先进高强钢的氢脆研究进展

本文总结了第一代～第三代先进高强钢的各自典型代表钢种——相变诱发塑性钢(TRIP钢)、孪晶诱发塑性钢(TWIP钢)、淬火配分钢(QP钢)和中锰钢的氢脆研究现状和重要结果。主要结论为,TRIP钢的氢脆敏感性主要体现在塑性降低,而强度损失不大。TWIP钢的氢脆敏感性严重依赖于应变速率,即随应变速率降低而显著增加;形变孪晶界和ε/γ相界面易发生氢致开裂,而Σ3退火孪晶界不易开裂;深入研究表明,当ε/γ相界面满足西山取向关系时,则与Σ3孪晶界类似,能够阻碍氢致裂纹扩展,这一结论将不同学者的结果统一起来。QP钢的氢脆敏感性与TRIP钢相似。中锰钢因含有较多的奥氏体相,变形时伴随着强烈的TRIP效应,氢脆敏感性较大,既有明显的塑性损失也有较大的强度损失。对含有奥氏体组织的TRIP钢、QP钢和中锰钢等,调控奥氏体组织的形态和分布是改善其氢脆的主要对策;而对TWIP钢则可通过控制预应变速率和Al合金化等措施来改善氢脆。     

合金结构钢晶粒度测定方法研究

钢的晶粒度直接影响其力学性能和工艺性能,清晰地显示和正确地评定晶粒度级别不仅是标准要求,也直接影响着钢的实物质量。采用预磨试样,用活性碳保护加热水淬直接腐蚀测定合金结构钢材料晶粒度,处理过程中表层马氏体组织自回火现象得到控制,表层沿晶氧化被充分显示,从而晶粒显示清晰完整,便于比较和评级,且该方法操作简便,测定结果准确可靠。     

40CrNiMoA高强钢氢脆敏感性和氢含量的关系

测试了40CrNiMoA高强钢在湿空气环境中的应力腐蚀性能,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)和拉伸冲击试验等方法,研究试样断裂形貌及其脱氢前后的力学性能。结果表明:40CrNiMoA高强钢在湿空气中发生了沿晶应力腐蚀开裂,断口形貌特征为氢脆;俄歇电子能谱结果提示晶界偏聚不是发生氢脆的主要原因;脱氢处理后,抗拉强度和屈服强度明显下降,断面收缩率明显上升,冲击功也有所上升。     

夹杂物及硼对低合金高强钢焊接冷裂纹敏感性的影响

本研究工作采用卧式对接插销试验和定载荷氢脆试验对低合金高强钢冷裂纹敏感性进行了探讨,从试验的结果可以认为:钢中的夹杂物可以作为氢的陷井,吸取更多的氢,因而降低了氢在晶界和局部的集积。所以,在本试验范围内,钢中的夹杂物越多,冷裂纹敏感性越能得到改善。含硼的钢,由于增加钢的淬硬性,因此提高了冷裂纹的敏感性。此外,硼还能促使氢在晶界集积,造成晶界脆弱。由上所述,使晶内存在适量的夹杂物和尽可能降低钢中的含硼量,可以作为改善对冷裂纹敏感性的重要手段。     

Stress corrosion cracking of bainite 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel in acid rain simulated solution

The effect of carbon content, heat treatment and surface treatment of high strength aircraft 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel on susceptibility to pitting corrosion, on hydrogen transport and on hydrogen embrittlement has been studied in acid rain simulated solution. Under open circuit conditions, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is associated with susceptibility to pitting corrosion and decreases with decreasing carbon content and at application of shot peening. Susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement governed by hydrogen trapping is promoted by carbon segregation at boundaries of bainite laths and parent austenite grains. Decrease in the carbon content caused the decrease in hydrogen trapping resulting in increasing resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Shot peening increased the trapping efficiency within the deformed layer, but the presence of the shot peened layer decreased the hydrogen flux entering the core and thus decreased the susceptibility of the core to hydrogen embrittlement. The shot peened low carbon steel, exhibiting mechanical properties required by the appropriate Standard and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be considered to replace the standard 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni steel for the aircraft parts.     

A comparison of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of two austenitic stainless steel welds

Slow displacement rate tensile tests were carried out to assess the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on notched tensile strength (NTS) and fracture characteristics of AISI 316L and 254 SMO stainless steel (SS) plates and welds. 254 SMO generally exhibited a better resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than 316L. The strain-induced transformation of austenite to martensite in the 316L SS was responsible for the high hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the alloy and weld. Sensitized 254 SMO (i.e., heat-treated at 1000 °C/40 min) base plate and weld comprised of dense precipitates along grain boundaries. Interfacial separation along solidified boundaries was observed with the tensile fracture of 254 SMO weld, especially the sensitized one. Dense grain boundary precipitates not only reduced the ductility but also raised the susceptibility to sulfide stress corrosion cracking of the sensitized 254 SMO plate and weld.     

Vermeidung der Wasserstoffversprödung vergüteter Stähle bei galvanotechnischen Prozessen durch thermische Legierungsbildung

Avoidance of hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels during electroplating processes by thermal alloying Low alloyed high strength steels are often electroplated by metal layers protecting against corrosion. For ultra high strength, quenched and tempered steels with yield strengths > 1000 Nmm^?2 embrittlement by hydrogen being envolved during the electrochemical pretreatment as well as metal deposition has to be avoided. More over the corrosion protecting layers should form a diffusion barrier for hydrogen which can be formed during corrosion processes under special circumstances. In this paper two problem solutions including thermal alloying processes will be discussed. Plating the steel substrate with a nickel layer subsequently annealed at a temperature above 800°C in an inert gas atmosphere an austenitic iron-nickel-alloy at the boundary is formed, being a high efficient diffusion barrier for hydrogen. Further zinc plating is improving the corrosion resistance avoiding at the same time pitting corrosion problems. Plating the steel substrate with a copper and a following nickel layer on top and annealing it at the temperature of 800°C a highly corrosion resistant copper-nickel-alloy is formed showing excellent barrier behaviour for hydrogen diffusion. In both cases hydrogen being formed during the plating process itself and penetrating into the base metal does not lead to embrittlement as it is effusing during the annealing procedure.     

Microstructural Factors That Decrease the Local Strength of Grain Boundaries in Martensitic Steels

As a result of the phase transformation of austenite to martensite during steel quenching, weakened structural regions, specifically the boundaries of the original austenite grains, have been formed. They are weakened because of microstructural factors, such as the residual internal microstrains and segregation of embrittling impurities. The joint effect of microstructural factors, namely, residual microstrains and segregation of phosphorus and carbon at grain boundaries, on reducing the local strength of the boundaries of the initial austenite grains in martensitic steels is quantitatively evaluated, and the impacts of these microstructural factors have been separated. The dependences of the local grain-boundary strength on the ratio of various levels of residual microstrains and on the atomic concentration of phosphorus impurities at the grain boundary in segregation spots have been determined. It has been shown quantitatively that the adsorption enrichment of the austenite grain boundaries with phosphorus leads to a decrease in the intergrain adhesion and facilitates the emergence and development of cracks along the boundaries of the initial austenite grains. The quantitative dependence of the local strength of grain boundaries on the concentration ratio of carbon and phosphorus in them has been shown. Carbon in concentrations of up to 0.04% reduces the embrittlement of the boundaries due to the segregation of phosphorus and loses its neutralizing effect on the phosphorus segregation at concentrations of more than 0.04%, so the phosphorus concentration at the grain boundaries increases and the embrittlement resistance of the latter decreases. The applicability of the developed technique for the quantitative evaluation of the local strength of hardened steel grain boundaries by using tests on delayed fracture and applying the method of finite elements to determine the local strains has been shown.     

Effect of cathodic polarization on the corrosion cracking rate in pipe steels

Cathodic polarization can both inhibit and promote the growth of corrosion cracks in pipe steels. The promoting effect indicates that corrosion cracking follows the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement. The critical current of hydrogen penetration across a steel membrane can serve as a criterion for the risk of embrittlement. Critical currents of hydrogen penetration for 14Γ2CAΦ and X70 steels were determined.     

晶粒度对35CrMo钢氢致开裂行为的影响

通过对35CrMo钢进行热处理来提高材料的晶粒度,采用慢应变速率拉伸（SSRT）和现代微观分析方法,在动态电化学充氢的环境下,研究了晶粒度对35CrMo钢氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明,35CrMo钢经过850℃完全淬火15min（油冷）＋780℃亚温淬火25min（油冷）＋740℃高温回火120min（空冷）可以把品粒度...     

氢在钢的硫化物应力腐蚀破裂中的作用

本文研究了12MnMoVNbTi低合金钢在饱和H_3S溶液中的极化和应力腐蚀行为,并与电解充氢条件下的应力破裂行为进行了对比。证明钢中Mo、Nb含量的变化与热处理条件的不同对其一般腐蚀行为影响很小,但能显著改变其抗应力腐蚀性能,12MnMoVNbTi钢在H_2S介质中的应力腐蚀破裂行为与它们在充氢条件下的应力破裂行为非常类似,显示其应力腐蚀破裂的实质是氢脆。充氢条件下应力弛豫和恒载荷拉伸试验结果表明,氢有引起钢的软化和硬化的双重作用。由于氢的进入所产生的软化作用使钢在屈服强度以下发生塑性变形,但随后的硬化过程又使变形速度逐步减慢。这种由氢的作用引起的在较低应力下发生的塑性变形过程并不直接导致断裂,但塑性变形行为和氢应力破裂行为之间的关系表明,这种变形过程中的位错运动能够帮助氢的移动和向塑变区及裂纹尖端集中,促进氢脆断裂。     

Effect of Strength and Microstructure on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior and Mechanism of X80 Pipeline Steel in High pH Carbonate/Bicarbonate Solution

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors and mechanisms of X80 pipeline steels with different strength and microstructure in high pH carbonate/bicarbonate solution were investigated by slow strain rate testing and electrochemical test. The results showed that the cracking mode of low strength X80 steel composed of bulky polygonal ferrite and granular bainite in high pH solution was intergranular (IGSCC), and the SCC mechanism was anodic dissolution (AD). While the mixed cracking mode of high strength X80 steel consisted of fine acicular ferrite and granular bainite was intergranular (IGSCC) in the early stage, and transgranular (TGSCC) in the later stage. The decrease of pH value of crack tip was probably the key reason for the occurrence of TGSCC. The SCC mechanism may be a mixed mode of AD and hydrogen embrittlement (HE), and the HE mechanism may play a significant role in the deep crack propagation at the later stage. The cracking modes and SCC mechanisms of the two X80 steels were associated with its microstructure and strength.