急性爆发性真菌性鼻窦炎

目的 探讨急性爆发性真菌性鼻窦炎(acute fulminant fungal sinusitis，AFFS)的临床特征、诊断标准及治疗原则。方法 回顾收治的6例较典型的AFFS病例诊断和治疗过程。其中结合全身疾病病史，发热伴颜面部、眼部及鼻部症状，影像学，鼻内镜及鼻腔分泌物真菌涂片检查，在患者就诊的24h内做出初步诊断5例。在此基础上鼻内镜下行全组鼻窦开放术，切除全部坏死组织至露出新鲜创面5例。根据临床及影像学表现，进行眶内容物切除1例。术后同时进行原发病治疗以及全身抗真菌治疗5例。结果6例病例经过病理、真菌涂片及培养证实为鼻窦黏膜侵袭性真菌感染，其中毛霉菌1例，根霉菌2例，链隔孢霉菌1例，曲霉菌1例，毛霉菌根霉菌混合1例。1例未在第一时间诊断，且未经抗真菌治疗的患者于住院第7天死亡，1例抗真菌治疗及清创术后88d死亡，2例分别于治疗后32个月和6个月死于白血病，2例经上述治疗后分别随访9个月和11个月无复发，后者为本组唯一进行眶内容物摘除者。结论 根据病史，眼或颜面症状，鼻腔内干痂以及影像学尤其是磁共振成像，分泌物真菌涂片检查，可以在患者到鼻科就诊的24h内做出AFFS的诊断。包括及时彻底的根治性清创，足量静脉内二性霉素B注射，完全控制原发病以及足够的全身支持疗法在内的综合治疗，可以迅速控制AFFS的发展，延长患者生存期，甚至挽救生命。     

暗色真菌致侵袭性鼻窦炎1例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨暗色真菌致侵袭性鼻窦炎的临床特征、诊断及治疗原则。方法:回顾收治的1例较典型的暗色真菌致侵袭性鼻窦炎患者的诊断和治疗过程。结合全身疾病病史,头痛伴眼部及鼻部症状,影像学,鼻内镜及鼻腔分泌物真菌培养检查,明确临床诊断。治疗包括鼻内镜下彻底清除病变,术后进行全身抗真菌治疗、基础疾病治疗以及对症支持治疗。结果:患者经病理和真菌培养证实为鼻窦黏膜侵袭性真菌感染,致病菌为暗色真菌链格孢属。经上述治疗后随访1年无复发。结论:在免疫低下人群,暗色真菌可导致侵袭性鼻窦炎的发生。结合病史、症状、影像学及微生物学检查可以明确诊断。及时彻底的根治性清创,足量抗真菌治疗,严格控制原发病以及足够的全身支持治疗,是治疗成功的关键。     

变应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎1例并文献复习

目的:探讨变应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎(AFRS)的临床特点与治疗.方法:结合文献复习报告1例AFRS.鼻窦CT表现为云雾状高密度影,鼻窦分泌物涂片可见Charcot-Leyden结晶及真菌菌丝.结果:AFRS患者经鼻内镜手术及激素、局部抗真菌药物治疗痊愈.结论:AFRS的诊断主要依靠病史、特征性的CT表现、病理学、真菌学及免疫学检查.手术、全身的免疫治疗、局部抗真菌药物以及长期随诊在AFRS 治疗过程中十分重要.     

26例变应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎临床分析

目的:分析变应性真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎(AFRS)的临床特点及以鼻内镜手术为主的综合治疗的作用.方法:对26例AFRS患者术前常规进行鼻窦CT扫描,血清总IgE及特异性IgE检测,术中取窦内分泌物及受累鼻窦黏膜行真菌学及组织病理学检查.26例患者均行鼻内镜手术,术前及术后配合抗生素、皮质类固醇激素和局部抗真菌药鼻腔冲洗治疗.术后随访至少1年.结果:26例患者中有21例伴变应性疾病史,临床表现无特异性,鼻窦CT多表现为受累鼻窦腔内中间呈斑片状或条索状高密度影,在软组织窗表现更为典型,部分患者窦腔扩大、窦壁变薄甚至骨质吸收;血清总IgE阳性22例,真菌SIgE阳性20例.窦内分泌物涂片均可见真菌菌丝,真菌培养阳性14例,以曲霉菌多见.分泌物及黏膜苏木精-伊红染色可见大量嗜酸细胞浸润,8例分泌物内可见Charcot-leyden结晶.术后1年有19例术腔黏膜完全上皮化,其余7例有不同程度的黏膜肿胀、息肉样变或黏脓性分泌物.结论:AFRS诊断主要依据病史、鼻窦CT扫描、组织病理学、真菌学和免疫学检测.鼻内镜手术结合全身和(或)局部激素以及局部抗真菌药鼻腔冲洗是治疗AFRS的有效手段.     

经鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦骨源性良性肿瘤——附14例报告

目的探讨经鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦骨源性肿瘤的可行性及手术技巧。方法回顾性分析1998年6月-2012年5月经鼻内镜手术治疗的14例鼻腔鼻窦骨源性肿瘤的临床资料。所有患者均于术前行鼻窦高分辨CT（HRCT）检查,确定肿瘤的位置和侵犯范围。手术均在全身麻醉下进行,经鼻内镜手术11例,鼻内镜辅助鼻外径路手术3例。其中行肿瘤彻底切除9例,部分切除5例。结果所有患者术后平均随访5年7个月。2例侵及眶内及前颅窝的骨化纤维瘤患者分别于术后2个月和8个月复发,接受第2次手术后1例病变基本控制,目前仍在随访中,另1例去外院接受了第3次鼻颅脑联合手术再复发,仍在观察中;1例骨母细胞瘤患者采用经鼻经额联合径路内镜手术,但侵入前颅窝相当于鸡冠处的肿瘤仍有残留,术后2年患者因左侧眶内及颅内肿物复发去外院行开颅手术后失访;其余患者随访至今未见复发。所有病例均未发生其他严重并发症。结论鼻腔鼻窦骨源性肿瘤局限于鼻腔鼻窦者经鼻内镜手术可彻底切除;但当肿瘤破坏颅底突入颅腔或肿瘤侵及颈内动脉、视神经等重要结构时,单纯内镜下肿瘤不易彻底切除,需多学科的联合手术或其他辅助治疗。     

变应性真菌性鼻窦炎

目的　通过总结 3例变应性真菌性鼻窦炎 (allergicfungalsinusitis,AFS)的诊断、治疗过程 ,结合复习文献中关于本病的病理、生理过程的探讨 ,提示本病的诊断、治疗特点。方法　通过对 3例病史、鼻窦CT检查、鼻窦分泌物及鼻腔检查 ,对临床怀疑变应性真菌性鼻窦炎的 3例患者进行鼻窦内镜手术。通过分泌物真菌涂片、培养 ,组织病理学检查以及放射免疫吸附试验 (radioallergosorbenttest,RAST)结果 ,明确AFS诊断。术后口服强的松 ,局部雷诺考特喷鼻及大扶康冲洗鼻腔。结果　通过上述系统治疗 ,2例术后分别随访 2 5个月和 15个月症状完全缓解 ,1例术后 6个月症状复发 ,变应性黏蛋白再次出现 ,经术腔清理及大扶康冲洗后局部症状及分泌物完全消失 ,随访 2个月无复发。结论　变应性真菌性鼻窦炎有其独特的临床发生、发展过程。慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉中存在着一定比例的AFS ,应对其做出及时的诊断和进行合理、完善的综合治疗 ,以降低本病的并发症和复发率。     

鼻腔鼻窦侵袭型真菌病(附2例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨鼻腔鼻窦侵袭型真菌病的发病机理、临床表现及分类、诊断和治疗。方法报告2例鼻腔鼻窦侵袭型真菌病的临床资料，复习相关文献。结果①鼻腔鼻窦侵袭型真菌病发病率低，但破坏性强，易迅速向周围邻近组织扩散，造成功能障碍。②临床分类：根据其临床表现和过程分为慢性、急性爆发性及肉芽肿性侵袭型鼻腔鼻窦真菌病。③诊断：主要依据临床表现、影像学、病理学及微生物学检查，真菌培养阳性可以确诊。④治疗：尽早、合理的手术治疗是关键，辅以抗真菌、纠正全身疾病、提高机体免疫等综合治疗。⑤2例病人鼻内镜下鼻窦根治，感染控制，病灶吸收，功能恢复。结论侵袭型鼻腔鼻窦真菌病是一种少见的真菌性疾病，病情凶险，预后差。早期诊断、以手术为主的综合治疗能有效提高病人的生存率、降低致残率。     

变应性真菌性鼻窦炎

目的 通过总结3例变应性真菌性鼻窦炎（allergic fungal sinusitis,AFS)的诊断、治疗过程，结合复习文献中关于本病的病理、生理过程的探讨，提示本病的诊断、治疗特点。方法 通过对3例病史、鼻窦CT检查、鼻窦分泌物及鼻腔检查，对临床怀疑变应性真菌性鼻窦炎的3例患者进行鼻窦内镜手术。通过分泌物真菌涂片、培养，组织病理学检查以及放射免疫吸附试验（radioallergosorbent test,RAST)结果，明确AFS诊断。术后口服强的松，局部雷诺考特喷鼻及大扶康冲洗鼻腔。结果 通过上述系统治疗，2例术后分别随访25个月和15个月症状完全缓解，1例术后6个月症状复发，变应性黏蛋白再次出现，经术腔清理及大扶康冲洗后局部症状及分泌物完全消失，随访2个月无复发。结论 变应性真菌性鼻窦炎有其独特的临床发生、发展过程。慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉中存在着一定比例的AFS，应对其做出及时的诊断和进行合理、完善的综合治疗，以降低本病的并发症和复发率。     

变应性真菌性鼻窦炎CT影像特征

目的回顾性总结变应性真菌性鼻窦炎CT影像表现,并与手术中所见比较,探讨其CT影像特征及其在诊断中的参考作用。方法收集21例确诊为变应性真菌性鼻窦炎患者的CT影像资料。男17例,女4例;年龄15岁～50岁。鼻窦CT扫描采用骨窗和软组织窗扫描。术前行鼻内镜检查、皮肤点刺变态反应皮试、总IgE及鼻分泌物嗜酸粒细胞涂片检查。手术中记录鼻窦和鼻腔病变且与CT影像对照。术后行组织病理学检查和真菌涂片＋培养。结果鼻内镜检查见所有病例鼻腔单发或多发半透明粉白色息肉,周围稀薄黄色或黏白色分泌物。9例11侧鼻腔可见果酱样黄褐色黏着分泌物。鼻窦CT扫描提示单侧鼻窦发病10例（10侧）,双侧病变为11例（22侧）;单侧或双侧病变全组鼻窦均受累;鼻窦腔散在均匀高密度影,呈毛玻璃样特征,周边为软组织影,3例4侧颅底骨质吸收,1例颅内侵犯。20例行鼻内镜手术,1例行双冠经路＋鼻内镜手术。术中见17例窦腔有果酱样黄褐色黏着分泌物（黏蛋白）,4例窦腔为褐绿色泥样分泌物。随访6个月至7年,治愈14例,好转7例,其中3例术后2年再手术。结论鼻窦CT扫描显示鼻窦腔内片状毛玻璃样高密度影,可伴骨质吸收或侵袭性生长,为变应性真菌性鼻窦炎具有诊断意义的影像检查特征。     

鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效观察

目的：观察鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效。方法：病理和临床诊断为鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤16例,术前做鼻内镜检查及鼻窦CT扫描,全身麻醉鼻内镜下行鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术。结果：术后随访1～2年,16例患者术后复发2例。结论：鼻内镜手术是治疗Krouse Ⅰ～Ⅱ级鼻腔及鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的一种较好的方法,此方法的优点为视野清楚、创伤少、出血量少、复发率低、避免了面部切口。     

Acute fulminant invasive fungal sinusitis]

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the clinical presentation, diagnostic criterion and treatment principle of acute fulminant invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AFFS). METHODS: Six patients were diagnosed as AFFS based on history, nose, especially eye symptoms with or without fever, sinus CT and MRI, endoscopic and cytological findings in the nasal cavity. Surgical debridement was performed on 5 of 6 biopsy proven AFFS patients, one of them being amputated of the orbital content. With the original disease controlled simultaneously, 4 of 5 patients were prescribed with systemic amphotericin B or liposomal amphotericin B (1 case) and one with Itraconazole orally. One patient had not been involved with any of the anti-fungi measures. RESULT: Mucor (Zygomycetes) was identified on culture in 1 patient, Rhizopus species in 2, Aspergillus in 1, Alternaria in 1 and mixed Mucor and Rhizopus in 1. All patients were proved of tissue invasion histopathologically through biopsy. One patient died without any anti-fungi therapy on the 7th admission day, 3 patients survived for 88 days, 32 and 6 months respectively and died of original diseases (diabetes 1, leukaemia 2). One patient survived 9 months and lost for follow-up, 1 patient survived 11 months after treatment. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion and early endoscopic investigation through nasal cavity with fungal investigation should highly be strengthened for recognition of this disease. MRI findings should be considered as, or even more, important as that of CT scan on the early diagnoses. Extensive and aggressive surgical debridement, prompt and enough dosage of antifungal therapy intravenously, together with serious controlling of the underlying disease, all take important roles in the complete control of the disease.     

Localized bilateral paranasal mucormycosis: a case in an immunocompetent patient

Mucormycosis of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is an uncommon opportunistic fungal infection, which often has an aggressive, life-threatening course. Patients who have this condition are generally diabetic or immunosuppressed. However, mucormycosis can also occur in immunocompetent individuals. The most effective treatment consists of reversal of the source of immunocompromise, immediate surgical debridement and administration of systemic amphotericin B. No consensus has been reached regarding the appropriate surgical treatment or the total dose of amphotericin B. We present the case of a patient suffering from localized bilateral paranasal mucormycosis who was treated by means of endoscopic sinus surgery and administration of systemic amphotericin B. We suggest that endoscopic sinus surgery is the choice of treatment for localized paranasal mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient, and that the total dose of amphotericin B can be determined by the extent of disease and the postoperative endoscopic findings.     

Localized bilateral paranasal mucormycosis: a case in an immunocompetent patient

Mucormycosis of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is an uncommon opportunistic fungal infection, which often has an aggressive, life-threatening course. Patients who have this condition are generally diabetic or immunosuppressed. However, mucormycosis can also occur in immunocompetent individuals. The most effective treatment consists of reversal of the source of immunocompromise, immediate surgical debridement and administration of systemic amphotericin B. No consensus has been reached regarding the appropriate surgical treatment or the total dose of amphotericin B. We present the case of a patient suffering from localized bilateral paranasal mucormycosis who was treated by means of endoscopic sinus surgery and administration of systemic amphotericin B. We suggest that endoscopic sinus surgery is the choice of treatment for localized paranasal mucormycosis in an immunocompetent patient, and that the total dose of amphotericin B can be determined by the extent of disease and the postoperative endoscopic findings.     

Usefulness of computed tomography and magnetic resonance in fulminant invasive fungal rhinosinusitis

Fulminant invasive fungal rhinosinusitis is an aggressive, destructive process most commonly affecting the immunocompromised host. Although frequently fatal, prognosis is related directly to early recognition and aggressive treatment. Various reports advocate computed tomography (CT) scanning as the study of choice in evalucating suspected invasive fungal disease, reserving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for select cases. Others report lack of correlation between CT and surgical or pathological findings. Our aim wasq to investigate the usefulness of CT and MR in the diagnosis of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis. We retrospectively reviewed four cases of biopsy-proven invasive disease. Correlations between radiographic, endoscopic, and surgical findings were investigated. Rhizopus species were detected in three cases and mixed Mucor and Aspergillus species in another. Superimposed bacterial sinusitis was confirmed in all cases. CT findings were nonspecific, revealing pansinusitis; no bone destruction or intracranial extension was noted. Mild orbital cellulitis was noted in one case. Anterior rhinoscopy revealed nonviable tissue in two patients. Nasal endoscopy later confirmed tissue ischemia in a third patient, whereas a final patient had normal findings on both exams. Nonspecific findings resulted in delay of diagnosis by 48-72 hours in two patients with presumed bacterial sinusitis. MR revealed intracranial extension in two patients and better represented intraoperative findings. In conclusion, CT findings in invasive fungal rhinosinusitis may be nonspecific and underestimate extent of disease. A high index of suspicion and early endoscopic examination with biopsy are mandatory for evaluation. MRI may better represent disease progression and should be considered early.     

Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis--case report

A case report of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in 28 year old woman with acute myeloid leukemia is described in this paper. The diagnosis of the fungal disease was based on clinical presentation, endoscopic evaluation of nasal cavity, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the paranasal sinuses and histopathological findings. An aggressive treatment including antifungal therapy (amphotericin B), antibiotics and the surgery of paranasal sinuses was implemented. Unfortunately the underlying disease and the fungal invasion progressed rapidly and the patient died on the forth week post-op due to cardiorespiratory failure.     

鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤（附3例报告）

报告３例鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床资料；其中２例进行了手术，１例采用单纯放疗。有２例生存１年６月，１例生存４年，并对其临床症状，治疗及预后进行讨论。     

Sino-nasal endoscopic surgery in fungal sinusitis. Our experience

Fungal sinusitis is a rare entity which has increased amongst immunocompromised individuals. Records of thirteen patients treated of fungal sinus disease between 1995 and 2001 were reviewed. Histopathological studies demonstrated infection due to Aspergillus in eight patients and due to Mucormycosis in five patients. The surgical debridement via endoscopic sinus surgery was the essential part of the management. The follow-up is 12-72 months (mean 29.08). The main clinical findings and a review of the literature are presented. We conclude that endoscopic sinus surgery is the treatment of choice for fungal sinusitis except in advanced cases of mucormycosis in which a combined approach is still necessary together with intravenous antifungal drugs (amphotericin B).     

Mucormycosis: experience with 10 patients

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a fulminating, devastating fungal disease, usually associated with debilitating diseases such as diabetes mellitus, leukaemia and immunosuppressive conditions. Ten patients with this rare disease have been treated over the past 14 years at the Beilinson Medical Centre. Nine patients had an underlying debilitating disease and one patient had latent diabetes mellitus which was diagnosed only after presentation of mucormycosis. Only two of the 10 patients survived. Early aggressive surgical debridement, together with amphotericin B and correction of underlying metabolic acidosis were found to be important factors associated with survival.