莱芜市乔店水库水源地泥沙及面源污染控制措施

为保证乔店水库水源地供水的水量、水质可通过土地利用结构调整、自然修复、综合治理等措施控制水库上游水土流失,减少水库泥沙淤积;通过农村生活垃圾和污水集中处理、建设农业面源污染控制示范性工程等措施降低面源污染对水质的影响。     

三峡库区水环境保护与生态修复初步研究

分析三峡工程对库区水环境和水生态的影响,主要有:库内水温分层、水污染及富营养化问题、泥沙淤积以及对陆生生态和水生生态的影响。提出加强库区城镇污水处理、控制城镇发展和农村面源污染、排污口综合整治、水华控制,加强水质监测与管理等水环境保护措施;陆生生态与生物多样性保护,水域生境保护与修复,珍稀、特有物种资源保护,水库生态调度和建立自然保护区(点)等水生态保护与修复措施。     

黄龙带水库水环境保护方案研究

分析了黄龙带水库水质、富营养化及水生态现状,对水库流域内的污染源进行了调查分析和计算,提出控制农业面源污染和农村生活污水治理是水库水环境保护的重点,并从农业面源污染、农村生活污染、水库生态修复以及水库监测能力等方面提出了一系列保护措施,为相关部门科学合理的决策提供参考。     

二龙山水库水质污染暨淤积问题浅析

二龙山水库是东辽河骨干工程，是四平市农业水田及城市居民生活、工业用水重要水源。目前水库中水质污染、淤积严重，影响了水库效益的发挥，文中就水库水质污染、淤积的原因、危害及治理措施进行了分析，从而寻求解决污染、淤积问题的途径。     

小型水库生态补水调度方案研究

随着城市化发展及供水格局转变,部分小型水库供水功能不断弱化,而下游河网存在生态用水欠账多、水污染严重、水体生态功能退化等问题,因此研究水库生态补水功能意义重大。通过石陂头水库水量平衡调节计算,提出石陂头水库对下游河道生态补水的调度运用方案,以期为小型水库生态补水调度及管理提供基础数据支撑。     

白沙水库“保水”渔业净化水质探索

外源污染和水库网箱养殖污染造成白沙水库水质恶化,严重影响了水库的供水功能。白沙水库是以防洪为主,兼有灌溉、供水、养殖、旅游等综合利用。文章对白沙水库水质污染和生物资源现状、"保水"渔业原理进行分析,利用生物操纵原理,"以渔治水",净化水库水质,保护水资源,修复水生态环境。     

关于库滨带生态环境建设的探讨

通过对北京市水库库滨带的踏勘和调查,了解到水库出现库岸坍塌严重,造成库滨带水土流失,加剧水库淤积;水库周边村庄无序排放生活污水、丢弃垃圾、耕种农田、畜牧养殖等,造成水库水质污染。分析和总结以往水库库滨带治理的经验,提出水库库滨带建设的目标及构建库滨带生态建设防护体系模式。     

水库淤积控制与功能恢复研究进展与展望

世界上几乎所有水库都面临着泥沙淤积问题,淤积造成水库功能性、安全性和综合效益的降低已成为亟待解决的技术难题。已建水库的库容长期保持和可持续利用,以及已淤损库容的有效恢复,已成为解决水资源短缺的一种重要途径。本文简要介绍了近年来国内外在水库淤积基础研究方面的进展,从减少入库泥沙、水动力减淤和淤损库容恢复三个方面论述了水库淤积控制与功能恢复技术。未来需要加强水动力和人工措施共同作用下水库泥沙运动过程研究,研发淤损水库库容恢复及淤积物处理利用技术,建立水库功能影响评价模型,提出不同类型区水库功能恢复措施及策略。     

飞来峡水库网箱养殖对库区水环境的影响分析和管理对策

网箱养殖对养殖区周边环境,特别是水环境的影响日益引起人们的关注。水库网箱养鱼在有机、无机及生物方面均会对水库水环境造成一定影响。主要体现在:水质富营养化;有机、无机等毒物污染;生物污染等。该文结合飞来峡水库特殊地理位置及水库运行情况, 论述了在飞来峡水库库湾进行网箱养殖对水库水质的影响,并提出网箱养殖的管理对策。     

天龙湖生态修复工程分析

水土流失淤积河道、湖库,降低水资源利用率,并且污染水体、影响水质,对河湖的水量和水质影响都很大。通过涵养水源、控制泥沙与面源污染,减少水土流失、开展生态清洁小流域建设及水土保持生态修复,恢复生态系统的自身功能,从而达到促进河湖健康的目的。文章分析了天龙湖的概况,水土流失对河湖的影响,并针对性提出天龙湖生态修复工程措施。     

梯级水库联合优化调度模型及其应用

为充分挖掘梯级水库间的水文补偿和库容补偿潜力,获取更高的综合利用效益,提出应用判别系数与水库蓄供水控制线相结合的方法,并结合免疫粒子群算法,以梯级电站发电量最大为目标,对水库蓄供水控制线进行优化。以乌江梯级水库为例,对其蓄供水方式进行了研究。联合调度结果表明,优化后的水库蓄供水控制线不仅可以合理控制水库蓄放水次序和蓄放水量,达到合理控制水库群运行方式的目的,而且在实际调度中具有良好的可操作性和抗风险性。     

梯级水库联合优化调度模型及其应用

为充分挖掘梯级水库间的水文补偿和库容补偿潜力,获取更高的综合利用效益,提出应用判别系数与水库蓄供水控制线相结合的方法,并结合免疫粒子群算法,以梯级电站发电量最大为目标,对水库蓄供水控制线进行优化。以乌江梯级水库为例,对其蓄供水方式进行了研究。联合调度结果表明,优化后的水库蓄供水控制线不仅可以合理控制水库蓄放水次序和蓄放水量,达到合理控制水库群运行方式的目的,而且在实际调度中具有良好的可操作性和抗风险性。     

小塔山水库水资源配置及保障措施研究

在小塔山水库可供水量分析基础上,合理规划配置小塔山水库供水量,并制定供水分配原则及方案。针对农灌用水不足的问题,从增加小塔山水库蓄水量、推广农灌节水、加强小塔山水库外来水补给以及水库运行管理等多方面采取相应措施予以保障。通过对小塔山水库水资源合理配置,可实现小塔山水库水资源的可持续利用,在充分保障赣榆区居民生活用水的同时,也满足农灌用水基本需求,有效解决生活用水和农灌用水争水矛盾问题。     

Implementation of Strategies for the Management of Dams with Sedimented Reservoirs

Dams accumulate sediment by interrupting the continuity of rivers, resulting in a loss of reservoir water storage capacity and decreased productive life. These issues raise a growing concern about the decreasing benefits of projects. This paper contributes to the implementation of sediment transit strategies and operating rules of reservoirs to reduce overflows and recover the technical–economic viability of sedimented reservoirs by maintaining ecological flow. The main difficulty lies in the fact that sedimentation of the reservoir limits the mobility of dredging equipment and blocks the intake. To regain the viability of the reservoir, the commonly used strategies to manage water resources and reservoir sedimentation were analyzed. To control reservoir sedimentation and restore the generation capacity, different sediment management strategies were implemented and evaluated at the entrance, body of the reservoir and intake; these strategies included reduction of the entry of sediments, restoration of the storage capacity, clearing of the water intake for the turbines to restore power generation, trash rack cleaning during the power generation process and modification of the hydroelectric power plant operating rules to optimize the economic income. The implemented strategies successfully reduced overflows from 88 to 40% in 3 years and stabilized the reservoir storage capacity by balancing the inflow and removal of sediments. Although the water intake for the turbines was cleaned, accumulation increased in other areas of the reservoir. Finally, root cause analysis (RCA) was employed, and solutions were proposed to increase the capacity of the reservoir and reduce overflows to 15%.

     

Nominees as Candidates for the Executive Board 1989–1991

ABSTRACT

Principles of sustainable development are inviting a change in the approach used for reservoir management. Instead of designing and planning new reservoirs, more emphasis will be placed on management of existing reservoirs. Reservoir storage reallocation and reassessment of reservoir operational rules are considered to be the two main problems to be addressed by reservoir research in the near future. Appropriate techniques for solving these two problems are necessary An attempt at developing a sound methodology for a reservoir reassessment has been presented here. A simulation approach, based on the four probability criteria, has been used in this context for storage analysis. Reservoir management strategies have been reassessed using an implicit stochastic optimization model. The methodology has been applied to Wonogiri Reservoir located in Central Java, Indonesia. Analysis of the storage capacity indicated that the current capacity is larger than that required for the irrigation of an area of 25,319 ha, corresponding to the Wonogiri reservoir final development phase. Thus, the present size of the reservoir allows for additional multipurpose use of the reservoir storage. Optimization of the reservoir yield demonstrated that the reservoir can provide for municipal and industrial water supply and hydropower generation in addition to the current use af reservoir storage for irrigation water supply.     

Sediment flux from Lesser Zab River in Dokan Reservoir: Implications for the sustainability of long‐term water resources in Iraq

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t?km^?3?year.     

中国内地水库淤积的差异性分析

为了解水库的淤积现状,根据115座具有代表性的中国内地水库淤积资料,对这些水库按类型和区域进行统计分析,结果表明,中小型水库比大型水库淤积严重,不同流域水库淤积的空间差异明显,黄河中下游地区水库淤积比例最大,西南地区水库年均淤积率最大。截止到2003年,根据代表性水库淤积的计算结果推算出中国内地水库的平均淤积比例约为20%,库容年均淤积率为0.76%,相当于每年损失1座库容近42.3亿m3的超大型水库。     

新时期三门峡水库的地位和功能

三门峡水库投入运用以来，在确保黄河下游防洪、防凌安全等方面发挥了巨大的作用，在水库调度、机组抗磨蚀等方面取得了丰硕成果，为多泥沙河流水库如何长期保持有效库容探索出了一条成功之路。小浪底水库修建后，根据黄河治理开发规划及黄河下游洪水处理调度和水资源综合利用的要求，三门峡水库仍须承担相当繁重的任务：①按照小浪底水库设计要求，只有当小浪底、三门峡、故县、陆浑4座水库联合调度时，黄河下游才能达到千年一遇防洪标准。小浪底水库死库容淤积完后，需要三门峡水库配合运用的防洪库容将更大。②当黄河下游发生严重凌情时，小浪底正常运用后的库容不能满足下游防凌的要求，仍需要三门峡与小浪底两水库联合控制。③随着黄河流域经济的快速发展，三门峡水库将在未来的供水体系中占有十分重要的位置。④三门峡、小浪底和西霞院3座水利枢纽将组成梯级水库群，小浪底水库承上启下，发挥中心枢纽的作用，但小浪底水库库容也是有限的，一些问题仍需要三门峡水库配合才能得到解决。此外，三门峡水库建库初期，破坏了当地的自然环境，而投入运用40多年来，非汛期蓄水，汛期降低水位，经过自然的修复和人工的建设，在库区形成了独特的生态系统和自然环境，在库周形成了依托水库发展的社会经济模式，因此三门峡水库不仅承担着流域治理开发而赋予的任务，而且对库区自身的发展起着重要作用：①保护和改善库区湿地生态环境。②为库区沿岸工农业用水提供保障。③改善库区水质。④支撑三门峡市的发展。     

The Economics of Reservoir Sedimentation: A Case Study of Mahaweli Reservoirs in Sri Lanka

Benefits of water resource projects often fall short of original expectations owing to sedimentation of reservoirs. This study estimates the cost of reservoir sedimentation in Mahaweli reservoirs including impact on hydropower production, irrigation water supply, extra cost of water purification and loss of fisheries yields. The present value of the cost of sedimentation is estimated to be US$26 406 620. Of the different types of costs, lost hydropower production is the most significant as it accounts for 66.6% of the total cost. The benefits of prevention of reservoir sedimentation alone are inadequate to compensate for the costs involved. Using soil erosion control measures at farm level offers a better solution for reservoir sedimentation compared with de-silting. Among the available erosion control methods, stoned terrace is the least-cost solution to reservoir sedimentation.     

多沙河流水库“蓄清调浑”运用方式及其设计技术

系统总结了1950年代以来我国多沙河流水库运用方式发展历程，阐释了不同时期水库运用方式及其设计技术的发展变化，详细剖析了“蓄清调浑”运用方式及其设计技术。“蓄清调浑”运用将以往低壅水“拦粗排细”传统拦沙模式发展为“小水拦沙，大水排沙，适时造峰，淤滩塑槽”滩槽同步塑造运用和拦沙库容多元化利用，改变了只淤不冲的传统拦沙模式，正常运用期采用水沙分级分类调度辅以非常规排沙调度，实现协调水沙关系和拦沙库容再生利用，能在长期保持水库有效库容的基础上，进一步兼顾水库调水调沙需要，有效避免了泥沙淤积占用水库有效库容，减少了水库强迫排沙对下游水沙关系的不利影响，是对“蓄清排浑”运用的继承和对“调水调沙”的全面发展。在设计技术上，为了更好地满足调沙需要，要求科学合理设计调沙库容和排沙水位相应泄流规模，考虑调沙过程中的不同淤积状态，按照“深槽调沙、中槽兴利、高槽调洪”的库容分布规则进行水库库容配置；超高含沙量河流要在正常泄流排沙孔以下增设非常排沙底孔，形成“正常+非常”双泥沙侵蚀基准面；特高含沙量河流水库有效库容保持和供水调节之间难以协调，要采用水沙分置开发方式。研究成果将为当前和今后一段时期内多沙河流水库...