空间非平稳噪声环境下非均匀线阵的DOA估计

针对在空间非平稳噪声环境下传统的MUSIC算法会失效的问题，提出了一种新的波达方向（DOA）估计方法。该方法利用转换矩阵法，通过对阵列数据相关矩阵进行预处理，从而克服噪声对方位估计的影响，并且该算法适用于非均匀线阵，而非均匀线阵在阵元数目一定的情况下，通过合理设置阵元间距。其方位分辨率较之均匀线阵有较大的提高。计算机仿真结果表明，在非平稳噪声环境下利用该算法非均匀线阵的分辨能力要明显高于均匀线阵。     

DOA estimation based on the database retrieval technique with nonuniform quantization and clustering

A direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method using an array antenna has been developed based on a database retrieval technique. This method uses a database consisting of a set of correlation matrices of the array output vectors for various combinations of the quantized angles and signal powers. When a correlation matrix is estimated from an observed output vector, several correlation matrices close to the estimated one are searched out from the database, and the DOA is estimated based on the retrieved data. This method gives an accurate estimation, but the use of uniform quantization step size requires a large amount of storage space. In this paper, the relation between the quantization step size and the estimation accuracy is analyzed, and a nonuniform quantization scheme is developed to reduce the database size without sacrificing the estimation accuracy. A clustering technique is also introduced to alleviate the performance degradation caused by the retrieval of data which have similar correlation matrices but have much different angles. We show by simulations that the nonuniform quantization reduces the database size and the clustering improves the estimation accuracy, and that the proposed method is applicable to the array of three elements at the present.     

Covariance sparsity-aware DOA estimation for nonuniform noise

This paper reformulates the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for unknown nonuniform noise by exploiting a sparse representation of the array covariance vectors. In the proposed covariance sparsity-aware DOA estimator, the unknown noise variances can be eliminated by a linear transformation, and DOA estimation is reduced to a sparse reconstruction problem with nonnegativity constraint. The proposed method not only obtains an extended-aperture array with increased degrees of freedom which enables us to handle more sources than sensors, but also provides superiority in performance and robustness against nonuniform noise. Numerical examples under different conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

DOA Estimation Based on Sparse Representation of the Fractional Lower Order Statistics in Impulsive Noise

This paper is mainly to deal with the problem of direction of arrival (DOA) estimations of multiple narrow-band sources impinging on a uniform linear array under impulsive noise environments. By modeling the impulsive noise as fistable distribution, new methods which combine the sparse signal representation technique and fractional lower order statistics theory are proposed. In the new algorithms, the fractional lower order statistics vectors of the array output signal are sparsely represented on an overcomplete basis and the DOAs can be effectively estimated by searching the sparsest coefficients. To enhance the robustness performance of the proposed algorithms, the improved algorithms are advanced by eliminating the fractional lower order statistics of the noise from the fractional lower order statistics vector of the array output through a linear transformation. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed methods for a wide range of highly impulsive environments.      

Adaptive processing for beamforming with coherent interference using uniform circular arrays

The paper deals with the problem of adaptive array beamforming using a uniform circular array (UCA) in the presence of coherent interference. The well-known scheme of spatial smoothing (SS) widely used to tackle the coherent problem in the cases of 1-D uniform linear array (ULA) and uniform rectangular array (URA) cannot work for the UCA case. This is mainly due to the fact that the direction vector of each signal received by a UCA does not possess a Vandermonde structure. In this paper, we present a method based on subarray beamforming in conjunction with an averaging scheme to effectively mitigate the effect due to coherent interference in the UCA case. Theoretical analysis regarding the validity of the proposed method is also presented. Several simulation examples are provided for showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于最小冗余线阵的阵列扩展方法

针对均匀传感器线阵应用被动合成孔径技术进行扩展阵列中存在阵元数较多利用率较低,且噪声累积误差问题,提出了一种基于最小冗余线阵的阵列扩展方法.该算法将四阶累积量方法和被动合成孔径技术相结合,能够采用较少的阵元获得较大的阵列有效孔径.先用四阶累积量方法对最小冗余阵作匀速直线运动采集的连续测量量作预处理,获得虚拟均匀线阵效果...     

Spatial smoothing based methods for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals in nonuniform noise

Spatial smoothing techniques have been widely used to estimate the directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of coherent signals. However, in general these techniques are derived under the condition of uniform white noise and, therefore, their performance may be significantly deteriorated when nonuniform noise occurs. This motivates us to develop new methods for DOA estimation of coherent signals in nonuniform noise in this paper. In our methods, the noise covariance matrix is first directly or iteratively calculated from the array covariance matrix. Then, the noise component in the array covariance matrix is eliminated to achieve a noise-free array covariance matrix. By mitigating the effect of noise nonuniformity, conventional spatial smoothing techniques developed for uniform white noise can thus be employed to reconstruct a full-rank signal covariance matrix, which enables us to apply the subspace-based DOA estimation methods effectively. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

基于蚁群优化算法的非均匀子阵划分技术

对于大型阵列天线应用于空域抗干扰系统中,为了降低硬件成本和减少计算复杂度,一般通过子阵划分技术将整个阵列划分为若干子阵,子阵内部采用模拟波束形成,子阵间采用数字自适应波束形成;由于均匀划分方法的波束形成方向图中存在栅零点,提出一种基于蚁群算法的非均匀子阵划分技术,将阵列最大输出信干噪比作为适应度函数,应用了概率计算与轮盘赌相结合的路径规划方法;结合信息素初始浓度和启发式信息范围,设计了新的适应度函数值与信息素更新的转换关系;最后对所提算法进行仿真,结果表明在不同规模、不同输入干噪比、不同期望信号扫描角度下,所提算法在输出信干噪比上优于均匀划分方法,且没有栅零点产生,与全阵元的自适应波束形成方向图、输出信干噪比相近,验证了该方法的有效性。     

SKEL: A fundamental property desirable in ATM switches for simple traffic management - illustrations with generic output-buffered and input-buffered switches

To simplify traffic control in a network, it is desirable that the traffic-control policy at a network node depends only on the external traffic loads on the input and output links, but not on the detail addressing or distribution of packets from inputs to outputs. In other words, it should be possible to guarantee the grade-of-service of an input-output connection by controlling the aggregate loads on the input and output. Switch nodes in which such a traffic-control policy is possible are said to have the property of the sufficiency of the knowledge of external loads (SKEL). One way to demonstrate the feasibility of SKEL for a particular switch is to show that the performance under any nonuniform traffic distribution from inputs to outputs is better than or close to the performance under the uniform traffic distribution. The contributions of this paper are twofold: clarifying issues related to SKEL and establishing its feasibility for generic input- and output-buffered switches on a rigorous basis. The following summarizes our major results: (1) The packet-loss probability due to the Knockout switch-design principle for packets destined for an arbitrary output is maximum when the traffic to that output originates uniformly from all inputs; (2) The packet-loss probability for packets destined for a particular output under uniform traffic closely approximates the loss probability for packets from the worst-case input to that output under nonuniform traffic; (3) For mean and variance of delay, similar results as in (1) and (2) can be obtained; (4) For an input-queued switch, external link loadings that do not give rise to queue saturation under uniform traffic will not do so under nonuniform traffic either.     

Using linear sections instead of uniform ones to analyze the coupled nonuniform transmission lines

In this article, a new method is introduced to frequency domain analyze arbitrary coupled nonuniform transmission lines (CNTLs). The CNTLs are subdivided into several short linear sections instead of uniform sections. The chain parameter matrix of linear sections is obtained by expressing the voltages and currents by power series expansion. This method is applicable to all arbitrary CNTLs. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified using a comprehensive example. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

An output queueing analysis of multipath ATM switches

The performance of output buffers in multipath ATM switches is closely related to the output traffic distribution, which characterizes the packet arrival rate at each output link connected to the output buffer of a given output port. Many multipath switches produce nonuniform output traffic distributions even if the input traffic patterns are uniform. Focusing on the nonuniform output traffic distribution, we analyze the output buffer performances of several multipath switches under both uniform and nonuniform input traffic patterns. It is shown that the output traffic distributions are different for the various multipath switches and the output buffer performance measured in terms of packet loss probability and mean waiting time improves as the nonuniformity of the output traffic distribution becomes higher.     

一种新的高分辨稳定阵列信号估计算法

为提高信号的分辨率,提出了一种新的基于均匀线阵的高分辨稳定的阵列信号方向(DOA)估计方法。主要利用阵列接受数据的自相关矩阵进行特征分解,得到最大特征值所对应的最大特征向量。按一定的方式对最大特征向量数据进行重排,构成新的矩阵,通过SVD分解获取信号的噪声子空间,然后利用特征空间的正交性进行DOA估计。新方法由于新构矩阵的特殊性能实现相干和非相干信号的同时分辨,能克服常用阵列信号估计MUSIC法信噪比门限较高以及常用解相干平滑算法(FBSS)无法完全利用阵列接受数据自相关矩阵的固有缺陷。大量的计算机仿真实现表明,方法是一种高分辨、高稳定性的DOA估计算法。     

非制冷红外探测器非均匀性的校正方法

两点温度定标校正算法是非制冷红外探测器的有效的非均匀性校正技术。根据焦平面特性和两点算法,提出一种采用两级存储结构的现场可编程门阵列实现途径:流水运算,采用分级存储校正系数和并行结构运算部件。仿真和试验证明:这种方法具有高速、系数存储大容量、可扩展的特点,适合于大阵列非制冷红外焦平面的实时校正。     

Model recovery anti-windup for output saturated SISO linear closed loops

We define model recovery anti-windup for SISO linear control systems with output saturation. We address the problem by relying on a hybrid modification of the linear closed loop which employs a suitable logic variable to activate/deactivate various components of a control scheme. The scheme relies on a finite-time observation law, an open-loop observer and an open-loop input generator which is capable of driving the plant output within the saturation limits. Then the control scheme is based on suitable (hybrid) resetting laws allowing the controller to operate on the artificial output signal generated by the open-loop observer when the actual plant output is outside the saturation limits. Unlike existing results, not only we prove uniform global asymptotic stability of the closed loop, but we also prove the local preservation and global recovery properties, typical of model recovery anti-windup paradigms. We also illustrate the proposed technique on an example study.     

一种改进的光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪方法

针对光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪常用的控制方法即恒压法、扰动观察法、增加电导法存在的问题,提出了一种将恒压法和扰动观察法相结合的快速最大功率点跟踪控制方法。该方法采用恒压法获取光伏阵列最大功率点处的近似电压,然后根据光伏阵列的输出电压与该近似电压的差值确定扰动步长:如果差值较大,则表明光伏阵列工作点离最大功率点比较远,应采用较大的步长;如果差值较小,应采用较小的步长,从而减小功率振荡。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法不仅可快速跟踪光伏阵列的最大功率点,而且可有效减小功率振荡。     

Performance analysis of banyan-type multistage interconnection networks under nonuniform traffic pattern

Multistage Interconnection Networks(MINs) have a number of applications in the areas of computer and communications. The most widely researched structure among MIN’s is the (l)banyan type network. It has several variations such as buffered banyan, batcher-banyan, tandem banyan, recirculating banyan and banyan with contention resolution phase. Analytical performance evaluation is crucial for justifying the merit of the design in different operational conditions. While several analytical models have been proposed for the performance evaluation of MINs, they are mainly for uniform traffics. Even the models for nonuniform traffics have several shortcomings such as they only consider output buffered structure or do not consider blocking conditions. In this paper, the more accurate models than any other ones so far have been proposed for the performance evaluation of multibuffered banyan-type MIN’s under nonuniform traffic condition is obtained. The accuracy of proposed models are conformed by comparing with the results from simulation. Firstly, single buffer model is developed. Markov chain is used for the analysis. Multibuffer model is obtained from single buffer model. Simulation is performed using Discrete Evenet Simulaton(DES) method. As a results, proposed model proves to be very accurate.     

Linear rotation based algorithm and systolic architecture for solving linear system equations

A linear rotation based algorithm is proposed for solving linear system equations, Ax = b. This algorithm modified the conventional Gaussian elimination method and can avoid the problems of numerical singularity and ill condition. In this study, the implementation of a trapezoidal systolic array of n²/2 + n −2 processors as well as a linear array of n processors are accomplished for this algorithm. The trapezoidal systolic array performs the triangularization of a matrix A by using the modified linear rotation algorithm; while the linear array performs the backward substitution for evaluating the solution of x. The computing time for solving a linear equation system will be O(5n) time units. Also an implicit representation of the elimination factor by means of the sign parameter sequence instead of an numerical value is introduced for simplifying the hardware complexity. It is clear that this systolic architecture is simple, uniform, and regular, and therefore well suitable for the implementation of a VLSI chip.     

共形阵机载雷达杂波非平稳特性及抑制方法研究

分析了共形阵机载雷达的杂波非平稳特性,并结合该特性提出了一种非平稳杂波环境下的Doppler补偿方法.不同于传统的线阵天线,共形阵天线的三维空间结构决定了应在四维频域研究其杂波分布.针对这个特点,对共形阵机载雷达的杂波非平稳特性进行了理论分析,揭示了共形阵杂波非平稳现象的本质机理,并得出在任意摆放姿态下共形阵机载雷达均存在杂波非平稳现象这一结论.在此基础上,提出了在四维频域对主杂波进行联合补偿的空时自适应处理(space-time adaptive processing,STAP)方法.经仿真验证,在共形阵机载雷达非平稳杂波环境下,利用本文所提STAP方法的杂波抑制性能显著优于传统的Doppler补偿STAP方法.     

未知噪声背景下多声源方位角的估计方法

以平面波、窄带声源的阵列测向模型为基础,利用阵列信号处理的理论和方法,在假设理想的白噪声背景下,对均匀线阵接收的信号数据,采用多信号分类法（ＭＵＳＩＣ法）,利用其正交性的谱估计来判断声源的方位角。在此基础上,对不少实际环境中的噪声模型是非白和不确定的情况下,提出一种辅助阵元的方法,以确定在未知噪声背景下利用ＭＵＳＩＣ法确定多声源的方位角。声学实验证实,在实际环境中,该方法能很好地分辨多声源的方位角,且标准差很小。通过与假想的白噪声环境进行对比,本文方法能有效地消除实际环境带来的测向误差,大大提高测向分辨率,由此证实了该方法的有效性。     

Modelling and control for a class of axially moving nonuniform system

In this paper, we deal with the active control problem for a class of axially moving system. The system is nonuniform due to the spatial-varying mass and spatiotemporally varying tension. The infinite dimensional model of the nonuniform system represented by the hybrid partial-ordinary differential equations is derived with consideration of the spatiotemporally varying distributed disturbance. To suppress the vibration of the nonuniform system, full state feedback boundary control is developed. For the case that the system states cannot be measured, output feedback boundary control is proposed by using the high-order observers for the estimation of the unmeasurable states. The disturbance observer is introduced to mitigate the effects of the boundary disturbance. With the proposed boundary control, the stability of the closed-loop nonuniform system is achieved through rigorous analysis and the uniform boundedness of the all closed-loop signals is guaranteed. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the performance of the control scheme proposed.