养殖河豚鱼毒素的研究

为了探究养殖河豚鱼可食用性,本实验对养殖河豚鱼的食用安全进行了研究,提取河豚鱼的肝脏、肌肉、血液、性腺为研究对象,用液相色谱法测定TTX的含量。结果表明,养殖(红鳍东方豚、暗纹东方豚、菊黄东方豚、黄鳍东方豚)肝脏、血液无毒或弱毒,肌肉无毒,可作为食用鱼种,而野生的暗纹东方豚均有剧毒,不可食用。     

暗纹东方鲀与红鳍东方鲀气味成分差异研究

以淡水和海水两种养殖环境下河豚鱼肉为原料,采用涂有聚二甲基硅氧烷- 二乙烯苯(PDMS-DVB)涂层的固相微萃取头萃取新鲜鱼肉及经过蒸煮加热后鱼肉的挥发性成分,在相同的顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)条件和气-质联用仪(GC-MS)检测条件下,分别检出暗纹东方鲀背肉加热前后28、25 种及红鳍东方鲀背肉加热前后49、50 种挥发性成分。醛类占暗纹东方鲀背肉挥发性化合物含量最高,烃类占红鳍东方鲀背肉挥发性化合物含量最高。电子鼻检测结果显示,同种河豚鱼肉加热前后气味差异较相同条件下两种河豚鱼肉气味差异更大。结合感官评定可知,暗纹东方鲀泥土味较重,金属味和青草味是加热前后两种鱼肉变化较大的气味。     

暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白的纯化及抑菌活性研究

采用葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex G-50)层析和羧甲基琼脂糖凝胶FF(CM Sepharose Fast Flow)离子交换层析对暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白进行纯化,利用精氨酸显色反应鉴定鱼精蛋白,并测定了鱼精蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度、抑菌圈直径和生长曲线的影响。结果表明,暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白在217,273nm处各有1个吸收峰且217nm处的吸收峰较高,经SDS-PAGE电泳发现纯化后的鱼精蛋白白条带较纯化前的细且无拖尾现象;暗纹东方鲀鱼精蛋白对革兰氏阴性菌(沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)均具有抑制作用,可以延缓菌种的生长,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为500,1 000,1 000mg/L。     

四种河鲀鱼皮和鱼肉的营养成分分析与评价

对菊黄东方鲀Fugu. flavidus、双斑东方鲀Fugu. bimaculatus、红鳍东方鲀Fugu. rubripes和暗纹东方鲀Fugu. obscurus鱼皮和鱼肉的营养成分进行分析和评价。结果显示,4种河鲀具有较高的蛋白质含量、较低的脂肪含量,鱼肉的蛋白质质量较好,而鱼皮含有较高的微量元素,更具鲜甜风味。其中,鱼皮的粗蛋白质含量(20.17%～37.61%)高于鱼肉(18.13%～23.27%),菊黄东方鲀最高,但是鱼肉的∑EAA/∑TAA(39.01%～43.11%)、∑EAA/∑NEAA(65.26%～71.57%)和EAAI(0.75～1.00)高于鱼皮(16.61%～20.49%、19.78%～25.70%和0.25～0.51),且符合FAO/WHO标准,双斑东方鲀的含量最高;鱼皮(0.20%～0.40%)和鱼肉(0.21%～0.4%)的粗脂肪含量均较低,鱼肉的∑FA(0.28%～0.39%)、w-3 PUFA(0.05%～0.15%)和w-6 PUFA(0.01%～0.09%)含量高于鱼皮(0.15%～0.24%、0.02%～0.03%和0.01%～0.04%),其中红鳍东方鲀的w-3 PUFA含量最高;菊黄东方鲀鱼皮含有较高的Ca含量(1737.47 mg/100 g),双斑东方鲀鱼肉含有较高的K含量(439.00 mg/100 g),红鳍东方鲀含有最高的Zn含量(0.90 mg/100 g和8.93 mg/100 g)。研究表明,4种河鲀均是高蛋白低脂肪的经济鱼类,氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质元素丰富、比例均衡、营养价值较高。     

孔雀石绿及隐色孔雀石绿在花鲈组织中的分布与消除规律

本实验用浓度为0.15 mg/m L的孔雀石绿药浴花鲈1 h后转移至水泥池中用淡水养殖,研究孔雀石绿(MG)及其代谢产物隐色孔雀石绿(LMG)在花鲈各组织中的分布与消除规律。采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法快速检测MG、LMG在花鲈的背肌、鱼皮、肝脏的含量,并用内标法来进行定量。结果表明,在消除期间,LMG的浓度始终高于MG的。MG、LMG在肝脏中的浓度最高。MG在花鲈3种组织中的最大浓度由高到低的顺序为:肝脏(94.86±8.12)μg/kg鱼皮(19.35±1.88)μg/kg背肌(7.47±0.45)μg/kg。MG在背肌、鱼皮、肝脏中分别于168、960、2160 h时检测不到。MG在3种组织中的半衰期长短的先后顺序为:肝脏(7.22 d)=鱼皮(7.22 d)背肌(1.44 d)。LMG在花鲈3种组织中的最大浓度由高到低的顺序为:肝脏(3607.13±189.56)μg/kg背肌(103.65±14.97)μg/kg鱼皮(82.10±7.64)μg/kg。LMG在3种组织中的半衰期长短的先后顺序为:背肌(28.88 d)=鱼皮(28.88 d)肝脏(14.44 d)。消除2544 h后,背肌、鱼皮、肝脏中的LMG含量仍然高于检测限。     

养殖暗纹东方鲀生产流通的调查分析

对上海、江苏两地的养殖暗纹东方鲀产业发展情况进行全面调研,总结两地暗纹东方鲀的养殖概况、毒素控制技术、加工流通和废弃物处理等状况,为制定养殖河豚鱼食用安全标准提供依据,并为有效开发、利用养殖河豚鱼资源提供理论支持。     

杨花飞春岸“当是河豚时”

正解开对河豚的一些小疑惑对话华晔1、关于部分河豚有条件放开的政策现在具体有哪些?在2017年4月14日,我们江苏省餐饮协会召开了《加强行业自律保障河豚食用安全倡议书》的发布,在这场发布会中,我们也强调了2016年农业部办公厅和国家食品药品监督管理总局联合发布的《关于有条件放开养殖红鳍东方鲀和养殖暗纹东方鲀加工经营的通知》具体的文件规定为:有条件放开养殖红鳍东方鲀和养殖暗纹东方鲀两个品种,且须按     

不食河鲀 不知鱼味

正千百年来,在民间一直流传着"不食河鲀不知鱼味,食了河鲀百鱼无味""一朝食得河鲀肉,终生不念天下鱼"。爱好美食的人,每年都有两个翘首期待的时节,金秋伺螃蟹,暮春候河鲀。所谓"拼死吃河鲀",绝不是一句空话。品味河正当时河鲀的常见品种有:虫纹东方鲀、横纹东方鲀、铅点东方鲀、月腹刺鲀、红鳍东方鲀、暗纹东方鲀等。     

同时蒸馏萃取-气质联用分析养殖暗纹东方鲀肉中的挥发性成分

分别以二氯甲烷和乙醚作溶剂,同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)养殖暗纹东方鲀肉中的挥发性成分,结合气质联用(GC-MS)对挥发性成分进行定性,以2,4,6-三甲基吡啶内标定量分析,并结合主成分分析法(PCA)对挥发性成分进行数据挖掘。结果表明:乙醚为溶剂时,总共鉴定到了57种成分,含量较高的是十四醛(4 963.71ng/g)、十八醛(1 171.51ng/g)、(Z)-13-十八醛(2 007.21ng/g)、乙酸乙酯(1 148.44ng/g)、十六酸(4 639.90ng/g)等;以二氯甲烷为溶剂时,总共鉴定到了78种成分,主要是十六醛(2 381.77ng/g)、2,3-丁二酮(1 267.40ng/g)、十六酸(545.08ng/g)等。比较得出,二氯甲烷溶剂在定性方面有优势,乙醚溶剂在定量方面效果较好。2种溶剂萃取一共检测出96种化合物,其中醛类29种、酮类11种、醇类16种、含氮含硫及杂环类化合物22种、酯类7种、酸类3种、烷烃类8种。     

磺胺甲噁唑和磺胺嘧啶在青石斑鱼组织中的分布及代谢规律

通过一次性投喂各含有200 mg/kg磺胺甲噁唑（sulfamethoxazole,SMZ）和磺胺嘧啶（sulfadiazine,SDZ）的饲料,研究两种药物在青石斑鱼中各组织分布与消除规律。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测青石斑鱼各组织中SMZ和SDZ的含量,并用内标法定量。结果表明,SMZ在青石斑鱼各组织中的最大含量：肝脏、背肌、血浆、肾脏和鳃依次为827.97μg/kg、776.70μg/kg、610.29μg/L、432.14μg/kg和345.18μg/kg。SDZ在青石斑鱼各组织中的最大含量：肝脏、背肌、鳃、血浆和肾脏依次为895.30μg/kg、660.55μg/kg、431.88μg/kg、419.56μg/L和310.67μg/kg。SMZ在青石斑鱼各组织中的半衰期：肾脏、鳃、背肌、血浆和肝脏半衰期依次为26.65、21.00、20.38、18.73h和16.90h。SDZ在青石斑鱼各组织中的半衰期：肾脏、血浆、鳃、背肌和肝脏依次为31.50、27.72、24.75、21.66h和18.24h。SMZ和SDZ在青石斑鱼肝脏中半衰期最短,代谢速度最快;在肾脏中半衰期最长,代谢速度最慢。在水温（25±2）℃条件下,SMZ和SDZ各200mg/kg的剂量同时单次投喂青石斑鱼,建议休药期不低于3d。SMZ和SDZ代谢规律研究为磺胺类药物在水产品中的合理使用提供了参考。     

Transfer profile of orally and intramuscularly administered tetrodotoxin to artificial hybrid specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu porphyreus

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was administered to artificially hybridized specimens of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu porphyreus to investigate toxin accumulation in hybrids and TTX transfer/accumulation profiles in the pufferfish body. In test fish administered TTX-containing feed homogenate at a dose of ～400 MU/fish by oral gavage using a syringe (OGA group), the toxin content (MU/g tissue) of the digestive tract rapidly decreased and that of the liver increased from 1 to 24 h after administration. From 24 to 120 h, the toxin content of the liver decreased gradually, and the toxin appeared in the skin. On the other hand, intramuscularly administered TTX (400 MU/fish) was rapidly transferred to the liver and skin via the blood, and only a little toxin remained in the muscle even at 1 h (IMA group). The total amount of toxin remaining in the whole body (% of administered toxin) was 31-45% in the OGA group, and 42-74% in the IMA group; the scores in the OGA group were generally lower than those in the IMA group. In both OGA and IMA groups, the greatest amount of toxin accumulated in the liver (23-52%) after 8 h, followed by the skin (11-21%) after 72 h. The TTX administration experiment, especially using the oral gavage administration method, revealed that skins and livers of 'torama' pufferfish hybrid are endowed with TTX-accumulating ability, but the muscles are not, and that TTX taken up from toxic feed to the pufferfish body is transferred first to the liver and then to the skin via the blood.     

Toxicity of puffer fish cultured in netcages

During 1990 to 2003, the toxicity of the liver in 4,515 specimens of the puffer fish Takifugu rubripes (torafugu) cultured in netcages or on land were investigated by means of mouse bioassay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Other tissues (skin, muscles, gonads, etc.) were also investigated in some of them. All the livers and other parts examined were found to be non-toxic. The peak corresponding to tetrodotoxin (TTX) was not detected in the samples by LC/MS analysis for TTX (< 0.1 MU/g). These results show that puffer fish fed on a non-toxic diet in netcages do not become intoxicated.     

桔甘片对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

探讨桔甘片（Jie-Gan Tablets,JGT）对急性酒精肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。采取50%酒精一次性灌胃（i.g）的方法建立小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤模型。检测小鼠血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、甘油三酯（TG）水平,肝组织匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）的含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GSH-Px）的活性,采用H&E染色分析组织切片形态变化,评估JGT的肝保护作用。结果显示不同剂量JGT和联苯双酯预处理能够显著抑制小鼠体内两种血清转氨酶水平的升高（p<0.05）,抑制率最高达到61.81%。JGT高剂量组显著降低血清中TG水平（p<0.05）,降幅达到34.73%。与模型组相比,阳性对照组显著逆转了MDA水平上升这一现象（p<0.01）,JGT各给药组呈剂量依赖的方式降低MDA的含量（p<0.05）,且提高了抗氧化酶GSH-Px的活性（p<0.05）,其中高剂量组MDA含量降至1.74 nmol/mg,GSH-Px活力上升至828.81 U/mg pro。H&E染色结果表明,JGT预处理能够有效改善酒精诱导的肝损伤。由此可见,JGT对ALD具有一定的预防保护作用。     

昆仑雪菊原花青素对四氯化碳致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

本文研究了昆仑雪菊原花青素(KCPC)对四氯化碳(CCl4)致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。采用CCl4建立肝损伤模型,观察KCPC对肝损伤小鼠肝脏病理变化和肝脏指数等的影响;检测小鼠丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;采用Fe2+-Vc诱导线粒体细胞膜肿胀,分析KCPC对抑制线粒体肿胀的作用,并检测琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性。结果表明,KCPC中剂量组及高剂量组绝大部分肝组织结构正常,而模型组的小鼠肝组织出现病变坏死,而且血清中ALT、AST显著上升(p0.01)。此外,KCPC高剂量组(800 mg/kg)的ALT、AST活性分别比模型组降低了82.46%和69.41%,且SOD、GSH-Px活性分别增加了101.08%和92.13%(p0.01),MDA含量降低了45.16%(p0.01)。KCPC还具有一定抑制线粒体肿胀的能力,且400mg/kg剂量组的SDH活性为模型组的1.22倍。上述结果表明,KCPC对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与提高抗氧化酶的活性有关。     

Effect of low‐zinc status and essential fatty acids deficiency on the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in liver and serum of albino rats

The effects of dietary deficiencies of zinc and essential fatty acids (EFAs) or both on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were investigated in young growing rats. Four groups of albino rats were fed diets deficient in either EFA (4% hydrogenated coconut oil) or zinc (6 ppm) or both. The control diet was adequate in EFA (4% soybean oil) and zinc (100 ppm). The feeding trial lasted eight weeks and the activities of AST and ALT were determined in the liver and serum. EFA deficiency had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on liver AST. However, zinc and the double deficiencies depressed AST activity in the organ. Deficiencies of EFA, zinc and their combination depressed ALT activity in the liver significantly (p < 0.05) with a concomitant increase recorded in the serum. The data suggested alteration in endothelial permeability of the plasma membrane and thus leakage of membrane constituents in the tissue studied. It is therefore considered that these deficient diets may affect liver tissue negatively in view of the role of these enzymes in amino acid metabolism.     

Identification of tetrodotoxin in a marine gastropod (Nassarius glans) responsible for human morbidity and mortality in Taiwan

The toxicity of the gastropod Nassarius glans was investigated. This gastropod was implicated in an incident of food paralytic poisoning on Tungsa Island, Taiwan, in April 2004. Six victims consumed both digestive glands and muscle. These tissues contained high concentrations of toxin; their highest toxicity scores were 2,048 and 2,992 MU/g, respectively, based on the tetrodotoxin (TTX) bioassay. The toxin was purified from these gastropods and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, which revealed TTX and related compounds 4-epi TTX and anhydro-TTX; paralytic shellfish poisons were not found. The urine and blood samples from patients were cleansed using a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge column and 3,000 molecular weight cutoff Ultrafree microcentrifuge filters, and the eluate was filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The detection limit for TTX was 1 ng/ml. The standard curves were linear in the range 30 to 600 ng/ml for urine and 1 to 30 ng/ml for blood. TTX was detected in all urine samples but in only three of four blood samples tested. Thus, the causative agent of gastropod food poisoning was identified as TTX.     

五种常用香料的抗氧化活性研究

用四种不同极性溶剂提取五种常用植物香料,并用福林-酚法检测提取物总酚含量,用二苯代苦味酰基自由基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydazyl,DPPH·)法检测提取物自由基清除活性,铁离子还原法检测提取物总还原力,硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法检测提取物抑制Fe2+-半胱氨酸引发的大鼠肝微粒体脂质过氧化作用。结果表明:丁香石油醚提取物、甲醇提取物、水提取物和肉桂甲醇提取物的总酚含量较高,其抗氧化活性与常用抗氧化剂--2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)作用相当。总体而言,高极性溶剂提取物的总酚含量比低极性溶剂提取物的总酚含量高,抗氧化活性也比低极性溶剂提取物的强。     

山西老陈醋对急性醉酒小鼠防醉及护肝作用研究

建立急性醉酒小鼠模型,将40只美国癌症研究所（ICR）小鼠随机分成空白对照组、模型组、低、高剂量醋组,并在灌胃4.0 h后,观察小鼠的的醉酒行为及小鼠肝组织病理学,并分别检测血清中乙醇含量及谷草转氨酶（ALT）、谷丙转氨酶（AST）活性和肝组织生化指标。结果表明,与模型组相比,高剂量醋组可显著延长醉酒时间至（44.00±9.35） min（P＜0.05）、醒酒时间极显著缩短至（121.25±12.71） min（P＜0.01）;血清中乙醇含量及谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性显著降低为（37.01±4.24） mg/100 mL、（12.83± 3.62） U/g、（14.22±1.56） U/g（P＜0.05）;肝组织中乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）活性极显著增加（P＜0.01）、乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著增加（P＜0.05）,且丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。食醋组肝脏病变程度减轻,切片显示空泡面积减少。结果表明山西老陈醋具有预防小鼠醉酒和护肝作用。