复合抛物面聚光太阳能PV/T系统的实验研究

设计并搭建了CPC低倍聚光太阳能PV/T单通道空气系统实验台,对不同工作环境下聚光PV/T系统的热电性能进行了实验研究。实验研究结果显示:在聚光条件下,系统的各表面温度随光照强度的增加而升高,随下部通道入口空气流速的增加而降低。聚光PV/T系统的最大输出功率可达到60W,比对应相同电池面积平板系统最大输出功率高20W。聚光PV/T系统的各效率随光照强度增加而增大,系统的最大电效率为11%,最大热效率为70%,最大火用效率为16%,比单纯发电时最大火用效率提高约5%。实验获得了一批新的有价值的实验数据,为聚光太阳能光伏光热系统的进一步研究提供了依据。     

漂浮式聚光升膜多效太阳能蒸馏器的性能研究

提出一种漂浮在海面上进行淡化产水的聚光升膜多效太阳能蒸馏器，该淡化装置包含一个抛物面聚光镜和多个垂直布置的蒸发-冷凝单元。采用吸水芯作为蒸发器，利用毛细吸力使海水形成上升的液膜，有效减少了加热损失。建立理论模型分析装置内部的传热传质过程。通过实验研究不同运行参数对装置温度、产水量和比能耗的影响。室内稳态研究结果表明，当太阳辐照度为900 W/m²时，蒸馏器内部温差为56.9℃，产水率可达到2.64 kg/(m²·h)。在户外平均太阳辐照度为603.7 W/m²的条件下，装置一天产水量为5.3 kg/(m²·d)，日平均比能耗为1591.6 kJ/kg。     

两级聚光光伏系统中砷化镓电池特性的实验研究

针对一般聚光系统中光斑不均匀而导致电池性能下降的问题,设计并搭建了具有二级聚光器的碟式聚光光伏发电系统,介绍了系统的结构及工作原理,进行了户外实验。在相同聚光比条件下(150X),与单级聚光系统相比,三结砷化镓光伏电池的平均峰值功率为1.515 W/cm2,平均效率为29.29%,平均峰值功率和平均效率分别提高了23.32%和9.12%。     

太阳能中温闪蒸海水淡化系统产水性能研究

为提高系统产水性能并降低内部结垢,提出一种由非跟踪复合抛物面聚光器加热导热油至100 ℃以上作为供能热源,采用喷雾辅助闪蒸的海水淡化系统。实验研究实际天气中,不同太阳辐照度下进水口温度、进水流量对系统产淡水性能的影响。采用密封压力桶可将进水口温度升至沸点以上,最高可达123 ℃。太阳辐照度波动较大时,进水口温度保持稳定,系统可稳定运行。进水口温度对产水速率影响显著,平均进水口温度从100 ℃升至120 ℃时,产水速率提高47.61%。当进水流量为50 kg/h,压力维持在0.045 MPa时,系统产水速率最大,日累计淡水产量可达11.14 kg/（d·m²）,小时效率为81.45%,单级生产率为9.15%。     

无盖板型水冷式PV/T模块光电/光热综合性能实验研究

无盖板PV/T组件相比于盖板式PV/T组件有更高的光电转换效率,在电能输出方面的优势明显。基于此,提出一种无盖板型水冷式PV/T模块,并搭建由光伏对比模块、水冷式PV/T模块以及无冷却水循环的PV/T对比模块构成的实验平台开展对比实验,研究温度、流量对无盖板PV/T模块电、热转换效率的影响。结果表明,在水冷作用下,PV/T模块的光伏组件温度显著降低,与PV/T对比模块相比发电效率提升11.54%;环境平均温度为21.7 ℃、平均辐照度650 W/m²的测试条件下,流量0.12 m³/h时模块的电效率为17.44%,热效率为19.80%,综合效率达到65.69%,考虑到循环泵消耗的电能,表面积1.93 m²的水冷式PV/T模块全天可存储有效能3.72 MJ。     

液浸聚光光伏冷却系统的实验及数值研究

为了解决聚光光伏系统的散热问题,设计一种液浸聚光光伏冷却系统,研究进出口位置对液浸接收器传热性能的影响,并数值模拟接收器传热和流动性能对接收器截面几何尺寸的敏感度。结果显示：进出口位置是影响接收器性能的主要因素。在辐照强度为1.27 W/cm²、进口温度14℃、流量5.5 L/min条件下,I-型接收器的光伏电池平均温度比S-型降低7℃左右。对于截面为1 200 mm²的接收器,宽高比α为1∶1时接收器具有更好的发电性能。宽高比α为3∶1时,光伏电池温度增加3.72℃,电池温度不均匀度增加65.6%。     

倾纬度聚光光伏系统双轴联动控制研究

对聚光光伏系统倾纬度双轴联动跟踪控制技术及系统最大光电转换功率的优化进行研究。针对系统本身结构特点并结合现有光伏发电技术自行设计的自动控制系统可实现周围大气环境参数测量,同时对太阳进行精确定位。基于光伏支架机械结构及闭环跟踪控制的稳定性和可靠性,最大限度地满足了聚光光伏系统对太阳光入射方向的高精度要求。通过实际数据测量与误差分析,得到聚光光伏系统在825 W/m2的实际光照条件下的最大输出功率和跟踪误差范围。     

高聚光条件下砷化镓光伏电池特性的实验研究

设计并搭建了一种碟式聚光光伏发电系统,介绍了系统的结构,阐述了系统工作原理,并对其进行了户外实验研究。根据实验结果,该碟式聚光光伏系统的几何聚光倍数为150倍,其峰值功率为1.5315W/cm2,平均效率为26.58%,电池平均工作温度为46.875℃。太阳直接辐射强度和电池温度是影响三结砷化镓光伏电池性能的主要因素。与现有的单晶硅光伏电池片相比,三结砷化镓聚光光伏电池具有转换效率高、电学性能好等特点,所收集的电池温度、输出功率、效率等数据对碟式聚光光伏系统的进一步研究具有一定参考价值。     

基于镜面积尘的线性菲涅尔系统聚光性能研究

针对线性菲涅尔反射式（LFR）聚光集热系统镜面积尘所引起的光学损失问题,建立镜面积尘的系统三维模型,利用蒙特卡洛光线追迹法进行光学仿真模拟,研究灰尘颗粒形状、粒径以及镜面积尘密度对光线路径、系统能流密度和聚光效率的影响,并利用LFR能流密度测试系统来验证仿真模拟方法的可靠性。结果表明,球体颗粒对光线有汇聚作用,入射至正方体颗粒的光线会被完全吸收,镜面积尘密度增加1 g/m²,吸热管周的平均能流密度降低625.17 W/m²,系统的聚光效率下降5.53%,且镜面积尘颗粒的粒径越小,吸热管周的能流密度下降越严重,不同积尘密度下仿真模拟与试验测试的能流密度变化趋势一致,两者之间误差为9.6%。     

复合污染土壤中微生物燃料电池对铜和铅迁移去除的研究

为探究三室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFC)对土壤中复合重金属铜、铅的迁移去除机制,以柠檬酸为土壤淋洗剂,构建MFC-Cu、MFC-Pb和MFC-Cu-Pb 3组单一/复合重金属污染土壤MFC,并采用三级连续提取法(BCR法)提取分析和稳态放电法等手段,分析土壤MFC产电性能、重金属脱附竞争及去除情况。结果表明：MFC-Cu、MFC-Pb、MFC-Cu-Pb的最大功率密度分别是125.78 m W/m²、80.50 m W/m²、102.76 m W/m²,MFC-Cu和MFC-Cu-Pb的内阻分别是MFC-Pb的51.19%和61.71%。经脱附,MFC-Cu和MFC-Cu-Pb中可迁移酸可提取态Cu分别为84.63%和82.50%,MFC-Pb和MFC-Cu-Pb中酸可提取态Pb分别为52.72%和42.31%。土壤MFC对单一条件铜与铅的去除率为44.61%和11.65%,而对复合条件铜与铅的去除率为34.25%和4.54%。研究表明,土壤MFC的产电性能及重金属迁移去除效率受重金属...     

复合抛物面聚光太阳能加湿除湿脱盐系统研究

为提高装置热利用效率,减少外部换热环节减少热损失、减少盐垢、提高集热器使用寿命,研究一种利用复合抛物面聚光器（CPC）为系统供能,建造小型太阳能海水淡化系统。实验研究发现：在系统稳态条件下,系统产水量一天可达7908 g,最高小时产水量在12:00达861 g/h,脱盐率达99.9%以上,瞬时系统装置性能GOR（gained output ratio）最高为1.14,最高瞬时有用能为1114.9 W,在太阳辐照度达到最高1072 W/m²时,此时加湿箱湿度达到最大湿度为97%,11:30—16:00加湿箱湿度一直在90%以上。     

用于土地灌溉的半掩埋管式聚光太阳能蒸馏器的实验研究

提出一种用于直接为植物根系供水的聚光式太阳能蒸馏管设计思想,对装置结构和运行原理进行介绍,对用于该蒸馏管的聚光面进行聚光性能仿真,证明其具有宽广的聚光角,当光线入射角等于30°时接收率仍然达到近65％.并在实际天气条件下对蒸馏管的产水性能和运行温度进行了实验测试,给出了装置内部的工作温度和产水性能随时间的变化曲线.实验...     

直接空冷型槽式太阳能发热电系统技术经济分析

以50 MW槽式太阳能直接空冷发电系统为研究对象,基于光电效率、发电量、度电成本评价指标,对空冷光热机组和水冷机组的年热力性能与经济性进行比较分析研究。结果表明:在储热时长9 h下,当以年光电效率最高为优化目标时,空冷机组和水冷机组聚光器采光面积分别为425100 m²(集热场回路数130)和398940 m²(集热场回路数122),对应的年光电效率分别为13.19%和13.84%;当以发电成本最低为目标时空冷机组和水冷机组聚光器采光面积分别为647460 m²(集热场回路数198)和623100 m²(集热场回路数190),对应的发电成本分别为1.118元/kWh和1.069元/kWh。     

Experimental study on performance of passive and active solar stills in Indian coastal climatic condition

This present work is aimed to examine the effect of mass flow rate on distillate output and performance of a solar still in active mode. Outdoor experiments were conducted at the coastal town, Kakinada (16°93′N/83°33′E), Andhra Pradesh, India. A solar still with a 30° of fixed cover inclination, 1m² of effective basin area, and a flat-plate collector (FPC) with an effective area of 2 m² were used. An attempt was also made earlier in passive mode to optimize the water depth for the same solar still for maximum yield and distillation efficiency. For the passive still, it is observed that the capacity of heat storage and heat drop are significant parameters that affect the still performance. For the selected still design, the study reveals that 0.04 m water depth is the optimum value for specific climatic conditions. In the active solar still, with the optimum water depth, different flow rates of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 L/min are considered through FPC. It is observed that both the mass flow rate and the variation of internal heat transfer coefficients with the mass flow rate have a significant effect on the yield and performance of the still. The experimental results show that the combination of 1.5 L/min mass flow rate and an optimum water depth of 0.04 m leads to a maximum yield for the active solar still. The enhanced yield of the active solar still is 57.55%, compared with that of the passive solar still, due to increase in area of radiation collection and more heat absorption rate.     

A water requirement model for salt gradient solar ponds

A model for predicting the salt gradient solar pond (SGSP) area that could be maintained with a given water supply is presented together with several specific applications. For example, based on 30-year average water flows, the model predicts that 1.93 × 10⁹ m² (477,000 acres) of solar ponds, 1.02 × 10⁹ m² (253,000 acres) of evaporation ponds to recycle salt, and 0.51 × 10⁹ m² (125,000 acres) of freshwater storage reservoirs could be maintained at the Great Salt Lake of Utah. Water use requirements per unit of electrical energy from solar ponds are calculated as 600,000 m³/MW·yr. This is roughly 30 times the water evaporated per unit of electrical energy from coal-fired generating plants using wet cooling towers, but substantially less than water evaporation losses per unit of electrical energy produced from typical hydropower dams and reservoirs. It is concluded that water use requirements for solar ponds, although not necessarily prohibitive, are substantial; and in many locations may be the physical factor that limits solar pond development.     

Efficiency and degradation of a copper indium diselenide photovoltaic module and yearly output at a sunny site in Jordan

The present work mainly deals with the testing and modeling of a commercially-available copper indium diselenide (CIS) ST40 module from the former Siemens Solar Industries (SSI). For this purpose, a large quantity of current/voltage characteristics were measured in the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI)’s photovoltaic test-facility under different cell temperatures, solar irradiation and air mass, AM, conditions. They were used to develop a semi-empirical efficiency model to correlate all measured data sets. The goal was to make available a model, allowing quick and accurate calculation of the performance of the CIS module under all relevant operating conditions.

For the undegraded state of the module, the efficiency model allowed us to deduce the efficiency at Standard Test Conditions, STC, and its temperature coefficient at STC, which were 11.58% and minus 0.050%/°C, respectively. The output of the undegraded module under STC was found to be 42.4 W, i.e., 6% higher than specified by the manufacturer (40 W). Furthermore, the efficiency does not decrease with increasing air mass. At a cell temperature of 25 °C and a relative air mass of 1.5, the module has a maximum in efficiency of 12.0% at an irradiance of about 650 W/m². This indicates that the series-resistance losses become significant at higher irradiances. Hence, improving the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrode on the front side of the cells might lead to a higher output at high irradiances.

Identical testing and modeling were repeated after having exposed the module to real weather conditions for one year. We found that the STC efficiency was reduced by 9.0%, from 11.58 down to 10.54%. The temperature coefficient of the efficiency had changed from minus 0.050 %/°C to minus 0.039%/°C. These results indicate possible chemical changes in the semiconductor film. The output of the module at STC was reduced by 9.0% from 42.4 W down to 38.6 W.

Using meteorological data from a sunny site in the South of Jordan (Al Qauwairah) and the efficiency model presented here allows us to predict the yearly electricity yield of the CIS module in that area. Prior to degradation, the yield was found to be 362 kWh/m² for the Sun-tracked module; and 265 kWh/m² for the fix-installed module (South-oriented, at an inclination angle of 30°). After degradation the corresponding yields were found to be 334 and 241 kWh/m²; meaning losses of 8.4% and 9.5%, respectively. (Note: all units of energy, kWh, are referred to the active cell area.) Having available efficiency models for other module types, similar predictions of the yield can be made, facilitating the comparisons of the yearly yields of different module types at the same site. This in turn allows selecting the best module type for a particular site.     

基于TRNSYS的太阳能谷电蓄能供热采暖系统性能研究

为了研究太阳能谷电蓄能供热采暖系统运行特性,采用TRNSYS软件建立系统各部件模型,分析了太阳能辐照强度、集热面积和空气流量对系统太阳能保证率的影响,对系统进行优化研究。结果表明：太阳能辐射强度对系统太阳能保证率的影响较大,拉萨全年太阳能保证率波动比上海和北京小;太阳能保证率与集热面积呈正相关;空气流量对太阳能保证率影响较小,当空气流量为40 m³/(h∙m²) 时太阳能保证率最大,相比36 m³/(h∙m²)工况提高了0.26%;选择集热面积为650 m²、最佳空气流量为40 m³/(h∙m²) 的优化系统,相比集热面积为716 m²、空气流量为36 m³/(h∙m²) 工况下的年均太阳能保证率降低了1.22%。本研究可为太阳能谷电蓄能系统的后续研究提供参考。     

A thermoelectric generator and water-cooling assisted high conversion efficiency polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic system

Solar energy has been increasing its share in the global energy structure. However, the thermal radiation brought by sunlight will attenuate the efficiency of solar cells. To reduce the temperature of the photovoltaic (PV) cell and improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy, a hybrid system composed of the PV cell, a thermoelectric generator (TEG), and a water-cooled plate (WCP) was manufactured. The WCP cannot only cool the PV cell, but also effectively generate additional electric energy with the TEG using the waste heat of the PV cell. The changes in the efficiency and power density of the hybrid system were obtained by real time monitoring. The thermal and electrical tests were performed at different irradiations and the same experiment temperature of 22°C. At a light intensity of 1000 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 86.8°C to 54.1°C, and the overall efficiency increases from 15.6% to 21.1%. At a light intensity of 800 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 70°C to 45.8°C, and the overall efficiency increases from 9.28% to 12.59%. At a light intensity of 400 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the PV cell decreases from 38.5°C to 31.5°C, and the overall efficiency is approximately 3.8%, basically remain unchanged.     

热除菌型Trombe墙系统性能研究

热除菌利用细菌在高温下失活的原理,是一种安全、有效、环保的杀菌方法。将热杀菌技术与Trombe墙结合,提出一种热除菌型Trombe墙系统,能同时实现建筑室内采暖和热杀菌功能。围绕提出的除菌型Trombe墙进行墙体热性能实验研究,探究墙体全天的热性能;同时建立系统传热热传质模型,进行室内典型细菌的热失活分析。结果表明,在环境温度为18.1℃、太阳辐射强度为620.6 W/m²的实验条件下,日均空气热效率为0.46;对于大肠杆菌、利斯特氏菌、植物乳杆菌、山夫顿堡沙门氏菌和酿酒酵母五种细菌,热除菌产生的洁净空气量在0 ~ 40 m³/h范围内,全天净空气总产生量分别为94.01 m³/(m²∙d)、86.51 m³/(m²∙d)、100.70 m³/(m²∙d)、94.95 m³/(m²∙d) 和100.10 m³/(m²∙d);当换气次数为0.5 h^-1、细菌从室外进入室内的穿透系数为0.8、室外平均细菌浓度为447.10 CFU/m³时,室内五种细菌的除菌率分别为95.03%、91.54%、95.49%、95.22%、95.48%。