矩阵型聚光光伏光热一体化系统热电性能研究

提出了一种矩阵型聚光光伏光热一体化系统,设计并制作了具有传热效率高等优点的水冷型PV/T接收器;设计了聚光比为13.58的聚光太阳能系统,并建立了实验系统;研究了太阳辐射强度的变化对电池性能的影响,以及太阳辐射强度对聚光系统综合热电性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同环境和实验条件下,聚光太阳电池输出的最大电功率为65.1 W,对应的光电转换效率为12.1%;非聚光太阳电池输出的最大电功率为8.3 W,对应的光电转换效率为13.4%;而矩阵型聚光光伏光热一体化系统的热电综合效率达到71%。     

复合抛物面聚光器（CPC）在光伏/热太阳能系统中的应用及实验

为研究复合抛物面聚光器(compound parabolic concentrator,CPC)在光伏/热(PV/T)太阳能系统中的应用特性,分析CPC-PV/T集热器内部的热传输机理,建立CPC-PV/T太阳能系统的光热、光电能量转换理论。并对系统的光热、光电转换特性进行研究,结果表明,CPC型聚光器在PV/T系统中的应用,一定程度上会导致系统光热转换性能的降低,但能有效提高系统光电转换效率。另外,设计无聚光PV/T太阳能系统样机和CPC型聚光PV/T太阳能系统样机,并对2种样机的光热、光电特性进行测试及对比分析。其中,CPC-PV/T样机的热效率为39.6%、输出电效率5.4%,无聚光PV/T样机热效率为44%、输出电效率仅为4.1%,实验结果与理论分析结果一致。     

基于模型分析的光伏/热（PV/T）太阳能系统设计方法及应用研究

根据聚光PV/T热水太阳能系统的结构特点,分析聚光PV/T热水太阳能系统的设计参数,结合聚光PV/T热水太阳能系统的能量转换、存储和传输特性及用户对系统输出电能、热能的需求,建立聚光PV/T热水太阳能系统光电、热能量转换效率、热水温度及输出电能的设计优化理论模型。并利用设计模型分析不同设计参数对系统输出热、电能量的影响,有效简化聚光PV/T热水太阳能系统的优化设计过程。另外,设计聚光PV/T热水太阳能系统样机,并对其特性进行实验分析。结果表明,系统输出能满足农村家庭对照明电能、热水的基本需要,具有较好的实用性。     

太阳能PV/T系统电热输出性能及其Matlab仿真研究

建立了太阳能PV/T(Photovoltaic/Thermal)系统的热电模型,编制了Matlab程序,采用迭代法对电热参数进行耦合求解。研究了PV/T系统在呼和浩特不同季节下的热电效率,电池温度和性能曲线的变化,通过与实验数据对比,验证了该模型具有较高的精度。实验结果显示了环境温度、风速、入射辐射量对太阳能PV/T系统热、电以及综合性能的影响:PV/T系统夏季的日平均电效率、热效率及正午组件最大功率分别为14.1%、34.5%和180.8 W,冬季的日平均电效率、热效率及正午组件最大功率分别为16.1%、24.8%和190.3 W。     

菲涅尔聚光PV/T系统热电输出特性分析

基于螺旋式微通道冷却的菲涅尔聚光PV/T系统性能进行研究,分析太阳直射辐照度(DNI,G)、冷却水流速及入射角对其热电性能的影响。结果表明,增大冷却水流速可提高PV/T系统的光电转换效率,但当流速大于某一值后,系统光电转换效率基本保持不变;光热转换效率随流速的增大呈先增后减的趋势,且随着G的增大光热转换效率逐渐升高,当G为1000 W/m~2,冷却水流速为3.8 m/s时,系统光热转换效率可达43%;当G在200~1000 W/m~2范围时,光电光热综合效率最大值为79.55%,DNI对其影响较小;入射角的增大对系统能量转化与利用均产生不利影响,为保证系统高效运行入射角应控制在0.3°以内;同时,对菲涅尔聚光PV/T系统的输出性能进行试验测试,结果表明,呼和浩特冬季一日内,系统峰值功率13.89 W出现在G最大时,但光电转换效率最大值26%出现在G突降时刻。     

抛物面聚光太阳能PV/T系统的热电性能分析

建立了带有散热翅片的聚光太阳能PV/T热电联产系统内部传热过程的一维稳态数学模型,对传热过程进行了数值模拟,分析了空气质量流速、入射光强度、聚光比、环境温度、上部通道高度及翅片参数对系统的空气温度、电池板温度及系统热、电效率的影响.结果表明:随着入射光强、聚光比的增加,空气出口温度和电池板温度都会增加,系统热电总效率增加;通过增空气流量可以有效降低电池温度,提高电池的光电转换效率和系统的总能量利用效率;吸热板背面的翅片可以强化通道内空气的传热过程,降低电池板的温度,系统效率可增加约2%;在相同的光照条件下,人口空气温度越低,上部通道越窄,系统热效率越高.研究结果为聚光太阳能PV/T热电联产系统的设计和运行提供了理论依据.     

双玻光伏组件PV/T集热器特性及实验研究

利用双玻光伏组件设计了一种新的PV/T(photovoltaic/thermal)太阳能集热器,并对其热转换和传输特性进行研究。制备了透光率分别为50%和10%的2种双玻光伏组件PV/T空气集热系统样机,并对其特性进行实验研究。结果表明透光率50%的PV/T太阳能集热器,其吸热板温度高于双玻光伏组件温度,透光率10%PV/T太阳能集热器中吸热板温度低于双玻光伏组件温度,其最大温度差达到30℃,光伏组件受吸热板温度影响减小,且透光率50%集热系统输出空气温度达94℃,日热效率为49.2%,光伏组件输出效率达到9.5%,具有较好的实用性,实验结果与理论分析结果一致。研究为PV/T太阳能集热器优化设计提供了一种新的途径。     

太阳能光伏电池特性实验研究

针对太阳能光伏电池特性对最大输出功率80W的单晶硅电池进行实验研究,得到光伏电池的伏安特性曲线。研究结果表明,太阳能光伏电池短路电流随太阳辐射强度的增大线性增加,开路电压随太阳辐射强度的增大呈对数增加,且弱光时开路电压随光照强度增加很快,强光(>300W.m-2)时趋于饱和。     

基于透射式菲涅尔聚光器的PV/T 系统性能研究

采用光线追踪的方法对外表面为圆形截面、椭圆形截面和抛物线形截面的3种类型的菲涅尔透射聚光器进行分析。利用光学仿真对比分析3种不同聚光器的聚光性能,分析其在聚光效率、跟踪误差敏感性以及入射光轴向倾斜对接收效率影响等方面的优劣。加工直径为1 m的圆形聚光器样件,基于该聚光器构建太阳能光伏光热一体化系统(photovoltaic/thermal system,后文简称PV/T系统),以砷化镓高聚光电池作为接收器,在实际的典型天气下对透射式菲涅尔聚光PV/T系统进行试验研究,测试接收装置的温度分布、系统电能和热能的输出特性以及热电综合利用率。结果表明:晴朗天气下透射式菲涅尔聚光PV/T系统中午时段的发电效率最大可达18%,冷却水得热效率最大值约为45%,在中午时段(11:00~13:00)辐照大于900 W/m2时,热/电总利用效率可保持在55%以上。     

带温控功能的聚光PV/T组件研制

采用热传导原理并结合ANSYS Workbench温度场分析,研制一种带温控功能的聚光PV/T组件。经实验测试,在通过聚光器获得的5倍太阳辐射强度下,该PV/T组件可有效解决聚光晶硅电池片的散热问题,其工作时光电转换效率大于12%;同时,可获得温度约为60℃的热水;聚光PV/T组件综合转换效率可达到65.8%,实现了高效和低成本太阳能光电光热综合利用。     

Exergetic optimization of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector

In this paper, an exergetic optimization has been developed to determine the optimal performance and design parameters of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. A detailed energy and exergy analysis has been carried out to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters, exergy components, and exergy efficiency of a typical PV/T air collector. The thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector include solar cell temperature, back surface temperature, outlet air temperature, open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, etc. An improved electrical model has been used to estimate the electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. Furthermore, a new equation for the exergy efficiency of a PV/T air collector has been derived in terms of design and climatic parameters. A computer simulation program has been also developed to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Moreover, the simulation results obtained in this paper are more precise than the one given by the previous literature, and the new exergy efficiency obtained in this paper is in good agreement with the one given by the previous literature. Finally, exergetic optimization has been carried out under given climatic, operating, and design parameters. The optimized values of inlet air velocity, duct length, and the maximum exergy efficiency have been found. Parametric studies have been also carried out. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非晶硅太阳能光伏/光热空气集热器性能对比实验研究

文章设计了新型非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器,该空气集热器能够解决传统太阳能PV/T热水器在高温波动情况下,晶硅电池热应力大的问题,同时避免了冬季管道发生霜冻的现象。文章通过实验对比,分析了非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器、单独非晶硅光伏电池和传统太阳能空气集热器的能量效率和[火用]效率的差异。分析结果表明:非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的平均热效率为45.70%,比传统太阳能空气集热器的平均热效率降低了约25.88%;当空气质量流量增大至0.048 kg/s时,非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器中的非晶硅光伏电池的平均电效率高于单独非晶硅光伏电池,它们的平均电效率分别为4.70%,4.54%;非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的总[火用]效率高于传统太阳能空气集热器的热[火用]效率和单独非晶硅光伏电池的电[火用]效率,非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器总[火用]效率最大值为7.14%。文章的分析结果为非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的推广提供了参考。     

Thermodynamic assessment of photovoltaic systems

In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the performance characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system based on energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively. The PV system converts solar energy into DC electrical energy where as, the PV/T system also utilizes the thermal energy of the solar radiation along with electrical energy generation. Exergy efficiency for PV and PV/T systems is developed that is useful in studying the PV and PV/T performance and possible improvements. Exergy analysis is applied to a PV system and its components, in order to evaluate the exergy flow, losses and various efficiencies namely energy, exergy and power conversion efficiency. Energy efficiency of the system is calculated based on the first law of thermodynamics and the exergy efficiency, which incorporates the second law of thermodynamics and solar irradiation exergy values, is also calculated and found that the latter is lower for the electricity generation using the considered PV system. The values of “fill factor” are also determined for the system and the effect of the fill factor on the efficiencies is also evaluated. The experimental data for a typical day of March (27th March 2006) for New Delhi are used for the calculation of the energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV and PV/T systems. It is found that the energy efficiency varies from a minimum of 33% to a maximum of 45% respectively, the corresponding exergy efficiency (PV/T) varies from a minimum of 11.3% to a maximum of 16% and exergy efficiency (PV) varies from a minimum of 7.8% to a maximum of 13.8%, respectively.     

Non-concentrating and asymmetric compound parabolic concentrating building façade integrated photovoltaics: An experimental comparison

Concentration of solar energy increases the illuminated flux on the photovoltaic (PV) surface thus less PV material is required. A novel asymmetric compound parabolic photovoltaic concentrator has been characterised experimentally with a similar non-concentrating system. Different numbers of PV strings connected within the system have been analysed and a power ratio of 1.62 measured compared to a similar non-concentrating PV panel with the same cell area. The solar to electrical conversion efficiency of 8.6% and 6.8% was achieved for the non-concentrating panel the concentrating system, respectively. The measured average solar cell temperature of the PV in the concentrator system was only 12 °C higher than that of the similar non-concentrating system with same cell area.     

Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar systems

We present test results on hybrid solar systems, consisting of photovoltaic modules and thermal collectors (hybrid PV/T systems). The solar radiation increases the temperature of PV modules, resulting in a drop of their electrical efficiency. By proper circulation of a fluid with low inlet temperature, heat is extracted from the PV modules keeping the electrical efficiency at satisfactory values. The extracted thermal energy can be used in several ways, increasing the total energy output of the system. Hybrid PV/T systems can be applied mainly in buildings for the production of electricity and heat and are suitable for PV applications under high values of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Hybrid PV/T experimental models based on commercial PV modules of typical size are described and outdoor test results of the systems are presented and discussed. The results showed that PV cooling can increase the electrical efficiency of PV modules, increasing the total efficiency of the systems. Improvement of the system performance can be achieved by the use of an additional glazing to increase thermal output, a booster diffuse reflector to increase electrical and thermal output, or both, giving flexibility in system design.     

太阳能光伏光热建筑一体化系统的研究

太阳能光伏光热一体化不仅能够有效降低光伏组件的温度,提高光伏发电效率,而且能够产生热能,从而大大提高了太阳能的转换效率。对光伏光热建筑一体化(BIPV/T)系统的两种主要模式:水冷却型和空气冷却型系统的工作原理和系统模型进行了理论介绍,详细说明了两种系统中热产品在家庭中的应用。并对目前研究情况下两个系统中存在的问题提出了改进方案。与常规建筑相比,光伏光热建筑减少了墙体得热,改善了室内空调负荷状况,提高了建筑节能效果。     

Exergy analysis and parametric study of concentrating type solar collectors

The exergetic performance of concentrating type solar collector is evaluated and the parametric study is made using hourly solar radiation. The exergy output is optimized with respect to the inlet fluid temperature and the corresponding efficiencies are computed. Although most of the performance parameters, such as, the exergy output, exergetic and thermal efficiencies, stagnations temperature, inlet temperature, ambient temperature etc. increase as the solar intensity increases but the exergy output, exergetic and thermal efficiencies are found to be the increasing function of the mass flow rate for a given value of the solar intensity. The performance parameters, mentioned above, are found to be the increasing functions of the concentration ratio but the optimal inlet temperature and exergetic efficiency at high solar intensity are found to be the decreasing functions of the concentration ration. On the other hand, for low value of the solar intensity, the exergetic efficiency first increases and then decreases as the concentration ratio is increased. This is because of the reason that the radiation losses increase as the collection temperature and hence, the concentration ratio increases. Hence, for lower value of solar intensity, there is an optimal value of concentration ratio for a given mass flow rate at which the exergetic efficiency is optimal. Again it is also observed that the mass flow rate is a critical parameter for a concentrating type solar collector and should be chosen carefully.     

Optimization of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) water collector based on exergy concept

In this paper, the optimization of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) water collector which is based on exergy concept is carried out. Considering energy balance for different components of PV/T collector, we can obtain analytical expressions for thermal parameters (i.e. solar cells temperature, outlet water temperature, useful absorbed heat rate, average water temperature, thermal efficiency, etc.). Thermal analysis of PV/T collector depends on electrical analysis of it; therefore, five-parameter current–voltage (I–V) model is used to obtain electrical parameters (i.e. open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, voltage and current at the point which has maximum electrical power, electrical efficiency, etc.). In order to obtain exergy efficiency of PV/T collector we need exergy analysis as well as energy analysis. Considering exergy balance for different components of PV/T collector, we obtain the expressions which show the exergy of the different parts of PV/T collector. Some corrections have been done on the above expressions in order to obtain a modified equation for the exergy efficiency of PV/T water collector. A computer simulation program has been developed in order to obtain the amount of thermal and electrical parameters. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data of previous literature. Genetic algorithm (GA) has been used to optimize the exergy efficiency of PV/T water collector. Optimum inlet water velocity and pipe diameter are 0.09 m s⁻¹, 4.8 mm, respectively. Maximum exergy efficiency is 11.36%. Finally, some parametric studies have been done in order to find the effect of climatic parameters on exergy efficiency.     

Performance analysis of a double-pass photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector with CPC and fins

The use of PV/T in combination with concentrating reflectors has a potential to significantly increase power production from a given solar cell area. A prototype double-pass photovoltaic-thermal solar air collector with CPC and fins has been designed and fabricated and its performance over a range of operating conditions was studied. The absorber of the hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector under investigation consists of an array of solar cells for generating electricity, compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) to increase the radiation intensity falling on the solar cells and fins attached to the back side of the absorber plate to improve heat transfer to the flowing air. Energy balance equations have been developed for the various nodes of the system. Both thermal and electrical performance of the collector are presented and discussed.