接枝型聚砜膜的制备及其CO_2分离性能

以商业化芳族聚合物聚砜(PSf)、氯甲基辛基醚(CMOE)和1-甲基咪唑为原料,通过简单可控的氯甲基化和咪唑钅翁化反应,制备接枝型聚离子液体——咪唑钅翁化聚砜(PSf-g-[MIm][Cl]),以其为分离层制备PSf-g-[MIm][Cl]膜。通过1HNMR、SEM与TGA对膜进行了表征,并考察了咪唑钅翁化程度(DIm)、操作温度、操作压力对膜性能的影响。结果表明:该膜材料具有较好的压力稳定性,可耐受0.6 MPa的压力,并且咪唑钅翁(MIm)基团含量会极大地影响其性能,随着DIm的提高,膜内MIm基团逐渐形成连续的传递通道,CO_2渗透系数和选择性显著提高。在DIm=172%、操作温度25℃、操作压力0.4 MPa及增湿条件下进行膜性能测试,CO_2渗透系数达到66.4 barrer,CO_2/N_2选择性(渗透系数的比,下同)为118.4。     

咪唑鎓化聚醚砜CO2固定载体分离膜的初探

通过化学改性的方法以氯甲基辛基醚(CMOE)、1-甲基咪唑(MIm)和聚醚砜(PES)为材料制备了咪唑鎓化聚醚砜(Im PES),并以其为分离层,聚丙烯(PP)为支撑层制备了用于CO2分离的固定载体复合膜。考察了咪唑鎓化程度、聚合物浓度、操作温度和压力对Im PES/PP复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,咪唑鎓化程度(DIm)对复合膜的性能影响最大,随着咪唑鎓化程度的提高,特别是当DIm大于50%后,复合膜对CO2的分离性能有很大提高。当取代度DIm为64%、聚合物质量分数为20%、测试温度为30℃、压力为0.4MPa时,Im PES/PP复合膜的纯CO2渗透速率为23.92GPU,CO2/N2理想分离因子为65.34。     

离子液体二氧化碳分离膜研究进展

离子液体支撑液膜在较大跨膜压差（0.25～0.3MPa）下的稳定性较差,具有较好稳定性的聚离子液体膜和离子液体-聚合物共混膜等逐渐被关注。本文综述了离子液体支撑液膜、聚离子液体膜、离子液体?聚合物共混膜等离子液体膜CO2分离性能、分离机理及稳定性的最新研究进展,介绍了无机颗粒-离子液体-聚合物共混膜的研究现状。指出离子液体膜的高CO2渗透通量与高稳定性之间的矛盾、共混膜结构调控难等问题是其工业化应用的主要障碍,提出开发新的膜材料、改进制膜工艺以减小膜厚、优化膜结构是提高膜的CO2渗透和分离性能,并保持膜稳定性的有效途径。无机颗粒-离子液体-聚合物共混膜兼有较高的CO2分离性能和较好稳定性,具有良好的应用前景,对其制备方法、结构、性能及CO2分离机理的研究将成为这一领域的热点。     

基团贡献法预测含极性基团离子液体对气体的溶解选择性

室温离子液体是一种“绿色溶剂”,具有独特的气体溶解选择性.基于正规溶液理论,根据文献发表的常规咪唑盐离子液体对不同气体的溶解度数据,结合基团贡献法预测了常压下CO2、CH4、N2、CO在含氰基、醚键等极性基团的咪唑盐离子液体中的亨利系数,进而得到不同气体在该类离子液体中的溶解选择性.结果表明,极性基团的引入有助于提高咪...     

IL@ZnBDC/PI混合基质膜的制备及CO2分离性能研究

选取咪唑型离子液体修饰金属有机框架填料ZnBDC制备IL@ZnBDC纳米复合填料,通过物理共混的方式将其引入PI中制备PI-IL@ZnBDC混合基质膜。结果表明,复合填料的引入改善了填料与PI间的相容性,增加了混合基质膜的分子链间距,强化了膜内CO₂扩散过程。同时,离子液体中含有与CO₂有较强亲和作用的三氟甲基、磺酸基团和咪唑基团,促进了CO₂在膜内的溶解,进而协同强化了PI-IL@ZnBDC混合基质膜的溶解-扩散机制,提升了CO₂气体通量和选择性。相较于纯PI膜,PI-IL@ZnBDC-2膜表现出优异的气体分离性能,CO₂的渗透系数为10.97 Barrer, CO₂/CH₄的选择性为42.21,分别较纯膜提升了59.9%和41.5%。     

离子液膜法分离H_2、N_2混合气体研究

选取2种市售离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)与1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM]PF6),另采用离子交换法合成出2种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甲酸盐([BMIM]HCOO)与1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐([BMIM]CH3COO)。将离子液体与膜分离法优点相结合,选取聚偏氟乙烯膜、聚砜膜和聚丙烯腈膜并用浸渍法制备离子液体支撑液膜。比较不同温度下不同类型离子液膜对H2/N2的分离系数发现,[BMIM]HCOO型聚砜膜和聚丙烯腈膜对H2/N2分离系数较大。温度条件显著影响分离效果:30℃时[BMIM]BF4型聚偏氟乙烯膜、[BMIM]HCOO型聚砜膜分离H2/N2能力较强,可分离掉N2获得H2;30℃时[BMIM]BF4型聚砜膜分离N2/H2能力较强,可分离掉H2获得N2。     

用于CO_2分离的[bmim][Tf_2N]-PAN共混膜制备及性能

咪唑类离子液体对CO2有良好的溶解性,利用其进行气体分离可以同时提高膜对CO2的选择性和渗透性。利用1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺([bmim][Tf2N])离子液体对CO2具有较高的溶解选择性,将[bmim][Tf2N]和聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混制备膜液,涂覆在聚丙烯(PP)支撑层上,利用溶剂蒸发法制备共混复合膜。结果表明,[bmim][Tf2N]的添加对复合膜气体分离性能有明显提高,在离子液体质量分数达到50%后,离子液体逐渐变为连续相,增加了CO2气体的传递通道;气体渗透性能显示其CO2渗透速率可达34.76 GPU,CO2/N2和CO2/CH4理想选择性分别可达49.51和25.14;在随后改变操作压力和测试温度的实验中发现,增大跨膜压差和测试温度均有利于复合膜渗透速率的提升。     

离子液体支撑膜CO_2/N_2分离性能的温变与压变规律研究

将1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体固载于亲水型聚偏氟乙烯基膜上制备出离子液体支撑膜。建立了膜分离实验装置,采用恒压变容测试法研究了其CO_2/N_2分离性能。结果表明:随着操作温度的升高二氧化碳渗透率呈对数增长关系,而CO_2/N_2理论分离因子呈指数降低关系;操作压力对离子液体支撑膜的分离性能影响不大。表明离子液体支撑膜在烟气二氧化碳分离领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

固载离子液体聚合物的二氧化碳吸附行为研究

采用溶液聚合法,将1-烯丙基三丁基膦双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺盐离子液体聚合物固载在空白硅胶上,并对硅胶固载离子液体聚合物进行了FTIR红外光谱和CO2吸附性能检测。研究了温度、压力和孔径分布等对CO2吸附选择性的影响,并计算了其CO2吸附热力学参数。结果表明:相比于空白硅胶,采用溶液聚合法制备的固载离子液体聚合物具有发达的孔结构,且这种差异在孔径分布为0.5~0.6nm时表现更加明显;制备的吸附剂在常温高压条件下表现出良好的吸附性能,且对CO2/N2具有较高选择性;该固载离子液体聚合物的吸附为放热反应,且为自发的物理吸附过程。     

聚离子液体二氧化碳分离膜材料的研究进展

近年来,全球二氧化碳排放超过370亿吨/年,对气候和自然环境造成严重影响,亟需发展碳捕集、利用与封存技术。气体膜分离是一种条件温和、操作简单的无相变分离技术,随着高渗透性、高选择性膜材料的不断涌现,逐渐成为全球碳捕集技术的主要发展方向。聚离子液体膜材料中含有大量高度亲和二氧化碳的功能基团,有望实现超高渗透选择性,被誉为下一代气体分离膜材料。综述了聚离子液体膜材料的研究进展,以渗透机制为主线重点介绍了面向碳捕集的阳离子型聚离子液体膜材料(主链型和支链型)的设计合成,包括阳离子和阴离子基团的选择,合成途径的选择,以及聚离子液体膜的结构设计优化。讨论了聚离子液体作为二氧化碳分离膜材料的优势和面临的挑战。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.