紫外分光光度法测定烫伤油膏中呋喃西林与盐酸达克罗宁的含量

目的建立烫伤油膏中呋喃西林和盐酸达克罗宁的含量测定方法。 方法采用紫外分光光度法，在375 nm波长处测定制剂中呋喃西林的含量；采用一阶导数光谱法于259 nm波长处测定制剂中盐酸达克罗宁的含量。结果呋喃西林在4.28～8.56 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好，相关系数r＝0.999 9，平均回收率为98.80%，RSD＝0.39%；盐酸达克罗宁在12.07～20.12 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好，相关系数r＝0.999 9，平均回收率为99.10%，RSD＝0.36%。结论该方法简单、快速、准确，可用于烫伤油膏中呋喃西林和盐酸达克罗宁的含量测定。     

复方盐酸苯海拉明凝胶的制备与质量控制

目的 研制复方盐酸苯海拉明凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法. 方法 以卡波姆作为凝胶基质,制备复方盐酸苯海拉明凝胶,采用高效液相色谱法进行含量测定. 结果 制备的凝胶均匀细腻,稳定性好;盐酸苯海拉明检测浓度在100～500 μg• mL^-1 范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.41%,RSD＝0.87%;地塞米松磷酸钠检测浓度在10～50 μg•mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 4）,平均回收率为100.96%,RSD＝1.15%. 结论 该凝胶制备工艺简单,质量稳定,质量控制方法准确可靠.     

高效液相色谱法测定还少胶囊中五味子甲素的含量

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）法测定还少胶囊中五味子甲素的含量。方法Diamonsil C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-水-冰醋酸（80：20：0.1），流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为254 nm，进样量20 μL,柱温为室温20 ℃。结果五味子甲素在5.7 ～57.0 μg·mL^-1范围内峰面积与浓度具有很好的线性关系，r=0.999 5，平均加样回收率为98.18%，RSD=1.09%（n=5） 。结论该法简便、准确，为还少胶囊的质量控制提供了依据.     

HPLC同时测定疗筋涂膜剂中5种大黄成分的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定疗筋涂膜剂中5种成分的含量。方法 采用Hypersil ODS-C₁₈柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm) , 甲醇-0.05％磷酸(85∶15)为流动相,流速：0.8 mL·min^-1,柱温：34 ℃,检测波长：254 nm。结果 芦荟大黄素在9.11～145.76 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）,大黄酸在5.63～90.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）,大黄素在5.44～87.04 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,大黄酚在6.13～98.08 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),大黄素甲醚在2.72～43.52 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8)线性良好;平均回收率分别为97.64%、98.14%、99.52%、99.36%、98.43%;RSD分别为1.29%、1.81%、1.40%、0.59%、1.58%。结论 该方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于疗筋涂膜剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定消旋山莨菪碱合剂中山莨菪碱的含量

目的 建立消旋山莨菪碱合剂中消旋山莨菪碱含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法. 方法 采用HPLC法,瑞士Spherigel C₁₈色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：甲醇－0.5%磷酸二氢钾（22：78）;流速1.0 mL•min^-1;紫外检测波长 217 nm. 结果 山莨菪碱在20.0 ～80.0 μg•mL^-1（r＝0.999 4）范围内浓度和峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为100.4%,RSD＜0.8%. 结论 该法操作简便,快速, 结果 准确,灵敏,可用于消旋山莨菪碱合剂的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定奥硝唑凝胶中奥硝唑的含量

目的 采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定奥硝唑凝胶中奥硝唑的含量. 方法 采用ODS C₁₈(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm) 的色谱柱;流动相：乙腈－水（20：80）,检测波长：312nm,流速：1 mL•min^-1,塞克硝唑为内标. 结果 奥硝唑浓度在0.63～20.00 μg•mL^-1范围内,峰面积与峰面积/内标比值具有良好线性关系,r＝0.999 9,平均回收率100.2%,RSD=1.2%. 结论 该法建立的含量测定方法 操作简便, 结果 准确、灵敏.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定安脑牛黄片中栀子苷的含量

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）法测定安脑牛黄片中栀子苷的含量. 方法 色谱柱为Agilent C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm ,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（ 15 ：85）,流速为1.0 mL.min^-1,检测波长为238 nm. 结果 在10.13～101.30 μg.mL^-1范围内, 栀子苷的进样浓度与吸收峰积分值呈良好的线性关系,r＝0.999 2,平均回收率为99.60%,RSD＝1.39%. 结论 该方法 简便,准确,可用于安脑牛黄片中栀子苷的含量测定.     

紫草解毒软膏质量标准研究

目的 建立紫草解毒软膏的质量标准. 方法 采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对其中盐酸小檗碱、紫草进行鉴别;高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其中左旋紫草素的含量,色谱柱为Hypersil BDS C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸(25：75);流速为1.0 mL.min^-1;检测波长516 nm;柱温为30 ℃. 结果TLC鉴别盐酸小檗碱、紫草具有很好的分离效果. 左旋紫草素在4.47～143.10 μg.mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,r＝0.999 9,平均回收率为97.5%(RSD＝1.42%). 结论 所建立的鉴别方法 专属性强,定量方法 简便,准确,可用于紫草解毒软膏的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方丹参片中丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA的含量

［摘要］目的 建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定复方丹参片中丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA的含量. 方法 色谱柱：Hypersil ODS（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;用甲醇-乙腈-0.1%磷酸梯度洗脱作为流动相;流速：0.9 mL·min^-1;检测波长：270 nm;柱温：40 ℃;进样量：10 μL. 结果 丹酚酸B在24.2～242.0 μg·mL^-1,丹参酮ⅡA在5.25～52.50 μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好,丹酚酸B的平均回收率为98.2%（RSD=0.92%,n＝3）,丹参酮ⅡA的平均回收率为98.4%（RSD=0.97%,n＝3）.结论 该方法灵敏快速、准确可靠,可作为复方丹参片的质量控制方法.     

HPLC测定大鼠海马中谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸的含量

目的 建立了邻苯二甲醛(OPA)柱前衍生高效液相荧光色谱法检测大鼠海马中谷氨酸(GLU)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量的方法。方法 采用Alltima C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相为50 mmol·L^-1乙酸钠(pH 6.8)、甲醇、四氢呋喃梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。激发波长(λ_Ex)338 nm,发射波长(λ_Em)425 nm。结果 GLU、GABA线性范围分别为1.03~20.6 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 2)和1.13~22.6 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 7);当信噪比为3时,GLU和GABA的检出限分别为5.27×10^-4μg·mL^-1和7.35×10^-4 μg·mL^-1;测得精密度RSD分别为3.4%和3.5%;加样回收率分别为90%~96%,85%~91%。结论 本方法简便、准确、灵敏,特异性强,重复性好,适用于海马中GLU和GABA的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.