Resident Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Cape Town

The 2010 Federation Internationale de Football (FIFA) World Cup to be hosted in South Africa is expected to provide an opportunity to further the country’s objectives of using sporting events to signal international recognition and promote socio-economic development. Studies on sport tourism events tend to focus on economic impacts and neglect social issues (Ritchie and Adair 2004). In particular, residents’ perceptions are overlooked although they are often directly impacted by sport events, especially when they reside in close proximity to the event location. The 2010 FIFA World Cup is heralded as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity with significant legacy benefits for South Africans. However, generally, the actual voices of local residents are absent in relation to debates pertaining to this event and concomitant anticipated benefits (Swart and Bob 2007). One hundred residents in each location were interviewed. The focus of the study was to examine the perceptions of the residents towards the proposed stadia development and potential impacts of the 2010 World Cup. The findings reveal that there is considerable support and positive perceptions relating to South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 World Cup. However, there were several concerns raised in relation to the distribution of anticipated benefits and the impacts of the stadia on their lives.     

Mega-events as a Response to Poverty Reduction: The 2010 FIFA World Cup and its Urban Development Implications

This paper reflects on the trajectory that urban development associated with the 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup has taken in South Africa. The argument suggests that a unique moment has been lost regarding the ability of the World Cup to serve as a catalyst for urban development. This notion is supported by a digest of the international literature which takes a cautious stance in its assessment of the benefits of mega-events. Hence, this paper posits that it is unlikely that poverty alleviation, as a result of fast-tracking South Africa’s urban development impetus, will constitute a significant outcome of the World Cup. Rather, development benefits in cities are likely to be fairly circumscribed. Legacy, the paper argues, should therefore advance beyond an exclusively pro-poor language. In this regard, vigorous public debate is required to arrive at a national consensus of what kind of legacy the 2010 FIFA World Cup is realistically able to achieve.

From Liquor to Leisure: The Changing South African Hotel Industry 1928–1968

Historical scholarship in tourism studies is relatively limited, mainly focused on North America and Western Europe. The aim in this article is to examine one neglected facet of the historical development of urban tourism in South Africa. Specifically, the focus is on the changing nature of South African hotels and of the hotel industry during the period of 1928–1968. During this period, a transformation occurred in the nature of the hotel sector ‘from liquor to leisure’. This change shifted the trajectory of hotel developments in South Africa and laid the essential foundations for the beginnings of an internationally competitive tourism industry. An understanding of developments taking place in the hotel industry through this formative period of 1928–1968 is essential for interpreting the evolution of the modern South African hotel industry.     

中国大型足球赛场现状及发展探究——中国2018年世界杯规划战略研究系列（二）

对中国男子足球超级联赛、2004年亚洲杯、2007年女足世界杯、2008年奥运足球赛等重大足球赛事中的赛场现状进行分析,探讨其发展趋势,并对中国申办2018年世界杯的赛场潜在可能性进行分析。     

Informal Sector Business Tourism in the Global South: Evidence from Maseru, Lesotho

Domestic tourism is a neglected theme within tourism scholarship about the global South. This article addresses informal sector domestic tourism and is anchored upon the typology of tourism by Gladstone (2005) in which distinctions are drawn between international and domestic tourism and formal and informal sector tourism. The specific focus is informal sector business tourism, the nature of which challenges Western definitions of business tourism. The study reports findings from 52 interviews conducted with informal business tourists and accommodation providers in Maseru, Lesotho’s capital city. It is revealed the nature of low-income informal sector business tourism in the global South is radically different to that of conventional business tourism in terms of its organisation, characteristics of business tourists, and impacts. Arguably, informal sector business tourism is inherently pro-poor in its local impacts. Further comparative research work is required concerning these forms of ‘invisible’ tourists in African cities.     

Modal properties of beam-and-block pre-cast floors

This article describes a combined experimental and analytical approach to investigating modal properties of beam and block (B&B) building floors. A rarely performed dynamic testing of a representative sample of four nominally identical B&B open plan suspended ground floors in a real-life building has been carried out using state-of-the-art modal testing featuring a pair of simultaneously operating electrodynamic shakers and multi-channel data acquisition. The testing demonstrated that the floors have considerable transverse stiffness able to engage sizeable parts of the floor area in a manner similar to orthotropic plates. Although nominally identical, the four floors have somewhat different modal properties. In general, although open plan, the B&B floors tested developed considerable levels of non-proportional damping. This is possibly a consequence of friction between non-monolithic floor elements (in the beam-to-block and/or block-to-block contacts). By back analysis, using experimentally measured static stiffness and modal properties, a simple mathematical model of a rectangular simply supported orthotropic plate was verified as an applicable method for the calculation of modal properties of B&B floors tested. However, somewhat surprisingly, for this method to work, it was necessary to assume approximately 2.5 times higher bending stiffness than that of just the beams in the B&B floors, which are the only structural elements in this type of construction. Transverse stiffness was estimated to be 8% of this enhanced main stiffness. This is probably due to composite action of the in situ cast non-structural sand and cement screed and/or engaged friction stiffness between non-monolithically connected beams and blocks.     

A combined fully-resolved and porous approach for building cluster wind flows

In wind flow simulations, a full resolution of all the buildings in a large city is difficult to achieve due to the constraints on computing power. This paper explores a possible approach to modeling part of the urban built area as a porous medium, while fully resolving the areas of the targeted buildings for analysis. We refer to this approach as the mixed model, and we have evaluated it by comparisons with other generally used simulation methods. In all of the three cases we examined, the central section, including the targeted buildings, was fully resolved, and the two adjacent areas were modeled in one of the following three ways: (1) fully resolved (the B&B case, which was assumed to be the most accurate), (2) modeled as a porous medium (the P&B case, which was our proposed mixed model), or (3) modeled with roughness height (the C&B case, which has been the most commonly adopted approach). We found that the P&B case predictions were more efficient and accurate than those of the C&B case, and they required less computer power than the B&B case, but had similar accuracy to predictions from the B&B case. These results show that the new mixed modeling approach presents the possibility of simulating the entire city by using porous turbulence models that requires no more than the currently available computational capability, thereby expanding the scope of simulations without losing the main characteristics of the target area.     

SOA4BIM: Putting the building and construction industry in the Single European Information Space

The Single European Electronic Market (SEEM) is expected to stimulate the take-up of eBusiness in Europe, increasing the competitiveness of SMEs through advanced eBusiness process models and tools, by offering to companies a model for modernizing work organization that allows them to face changing markets with an effective use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). However, the Building and Construction industry (B&C) has its ICT fragmented, having in the Building Information Model (BIM) paradigm a vehicle to address this problem. Interfacing with BIM brings another layer of complexity, mostly due to the heterogeneity of the systems and applications that need to interface with it. Thus, the adoption of a cluster of proper services in the Web that can offer in a unique way the functionalities needed for the adoption of BIM, is essential. The implementation of BIM under the Cloud Computing paradigm holds the promise of accelerating the B&C industry to achieve the Single Electronic Market. After presenting the vision for a Single European Electronic Market, and the expectation of the B&C sector to be integrated in a universal information space, this paper proposes the SOA4BIM framework as a cloud of services that enables universal access to the BIM paradigm by any system, application, or end user on the web.     

The Limited Service Hotel in South Africa: The Growth of City Lodge

A critical competitive strategy for the growth and expansion of large hotel chains is the pursuit of market segmentation. This article investigates one aspect of market segmentation and the restructuring of the South Africa hotel sector, namely the emergence of the limited service hotel. The growth of the limited service hotel segment of the South African hotel industry is analysed through a case study of the strategic development and evolution of City Lodge Hotels which pioneered this market niche in Africa. Close linkages are disclosed between the limited service segment and the growth of business tourism in South Africa’s major urban centres.     

Ein Stadiondach schwebt nach oben – Ergänzungs‐ und Umbauarbeiten am Stadion Kaiserslautern

A stadium floats up: expansion and renovation of the Kaiserslautern stadium. To ensure compliance with the requirements of FIFA for the 2006 Football World Cup, the stadium at Betzenberg in Kaiserslautern required quantitative expansion and qualitative improvement. The necessary work covered almost the whole of the stadium and included the South, West and North stands and the two corner sections next to the North stand. In order to be able to handle this job on the structural components during an on‐going season, a range of logistical and constructional issues needed resolving. Prior to each match, for example, the stadium had to be readied such that spectators could enjoy their match visits without risks to their safety. A special challenge proved to be the lifting of the existing South stand roof. With the raising solution chosen, the matches could continue unhindered and the system forces transferred in a controlled manner.     

The Boutique Hotel Industry in South Africa: Definition,Scope, and Organization

South Africa’s hotel industry has attracted only limited academic writings. This paper focuses on the emergence and development of boutique hotels. In common with the international tourism economy, the contemporary hotel industry of South Africa is experiencing increased differentiation of new product offerings. The boutique hotel represents a new element within the South African hotel sector. Developers of boutique hotels have sought to distinguish this new tourism product in terms of its experiential qualities with strong emphasis placed upon the production of high levels of design, ambience, and offerings of personalized service. Mainly patronized by European tourists, the spatial pattern of these small hotel properties is distinctive with Cape Town, the major focus for their development. Key issues facing boutique hotels relate to the lack of recognition by the national grading authority of their distinctive experiential qualities.     

A Decade of Progress in African Urban Tourism Scholarship

This article introduces a theme issue of Urban Forum on the topic of urban tourism in Africa. A context is provided for the issue by an overview of key themes which have been represented in a decade of African urban tourism research. Although most extant research is on urban South Africa, there is an emerging literature on other African cities. The major themes of research have surrounded tourism and urban economic restructuring with the establishment of new products for leisure tourism; slum tourism and pro-poor tourism; the role of the accommodation sector; African cities as non-leisure destinations; and, informal sector tourism. It is argued that within the evolving international scholarship on urban tourism, aspects of African urban tourism research exhibit distinctive features and offer challenges to Northern conceptions of urban tourism and urban tourists.     

The Changing Location of Hotels in South Africa’s Coastal Cities, 1990–2010

Hotel developments are the most significant expression of tourism growth. In the extensive international literature on urban restructuring and spatial change, the accommodation sector in general and hotels in particular are overlooked as compared to other urban functions. Only a limited amount of debate and empirical work surrounds the location of hotels. This article contributes to the sparse scholarship on spatial patterns of hotel development and location change within the urban developing world. An analysis is undertaken of the locational distribution of hotels in three urban tourism destinations, Cape Town, Durban and Port Elizabeth, which have benefited from the post-apartheid expansion of tourism. Spatial change in hotels is examined between 1990 and 2010 in terms of numbers of hotel establishments, the size and quality of hotel stock. Contrasts and similarities are highlighted between observed patterns of hotels in South Africa’s coastal cities as compared with other international research.     

Design-and-build contractors' service quality in public projects in Singapore

In the construction industry, total quality comprises corporate service quality, project service quality and quality of the constructed facility. This study investigates the project service quality of design-and-build (D&B) contractors when undertaking projects for public sector clients in Singapore. Service quality is operationalized into five determinants: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangible. From these, 34 attributes that may affect project service quality in D&B projects are identified. A questionnaire is used to ascertain clients' service quality expectations of these 34 attributes. The clients were also asked the extent to which D&B contractors achieve project service quality. It is found that D&B contractors did not meet clients' expectations in all the five dimensions of service quality. This means that D&B contractors are not giving clients the satisfaction that they hope for. This study offers D&B contractors feedback relating to clients' expectations of their service delivery and the areas of service that need to be improved in order to provide quality service that will satisfy public sector clients.     

“Sex, Sun, Soccer”: Stakeholder-Opinions on the Sex Industry in Cape Town in Anticipation of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup

Sex workers, sex tourism, and their management during the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup is a controversial topic under much discussion in the media and there is a need for an academic debate on the issue. How city managers, tourism marketing organizations, the general public, and law enforcers will manage and deal with such an influx poses numerous practical and moral dilemmas, especially in the face of the growing tourism industry. In the paper, the opinions of various role-players in the tourism sector on the planning and management of sex work space in the City of Cape Town are investigated. Key aspects debated are decriminalization/legalization, prospects for a healthy city, spatial planning for sex spaces, and policing them.

Shared Growth in Urban Tourism: Evidence from Soweto,South Africa

This paper addresses the under-researched theme of the role of small- and medium-sized enterprises in urban tourism. An analysis is undertaken of key constraints surrounding the potential of tourism small firms (or SMEs) to contribute toward shared growth in the urban developing world. Evidence is provided from recent research conducted on small enterprise development and urban tourism in post-apartheid Soweto, a locality with a rich political history that has come to symbolize the political freedom of the “new South Africa.”     

The Economic Geography of South Africa’s Hotel Industry 1990–2010

Hotels are a neglected facet in economic and tourism geography as the majority of scholarship on hotels is produced from the perspective of hospitality management. This article examines the changing geography of hotels in South Africa during the period 1990–2010 as part of the country’s expanding tourism economy. The analysis confirms the importance of several locational influences, which have been isolated in existing literature, in particular the significance of spatial patterns of market demand related to international leisure travel, domestic business tourism, and of the hosting of mega-events. Since 1990, the South African hotel industry necessarily has adjusted to new market demands related to the vibrancy of international tourism growth as well as an expansion of domestic tourism including of a new black leisure and business tourism market. By 2010, the hotel industry and its spatial distribution reflects the enormous changes, which have take out place in the South African tourism sector since democratic change. The transformed geography of the hotel industry is a response to changing demands associated with South Africa’s rise as an emerging international leisure and business tourism destination, including for regional visitors from sub-Saharan Africa, the expansion of domestic business tourism, and the shifting domestic leisure tourism market, which incorporates an increasing share of black South African tourists     

Conference and exhibition tourism in the developing world: The South African experience

Conclusion Tourism scholarship concerning conferences and exhibitions is dominated by writings concerned with developed countries. An examination of the South African experience, therefore, provides a useful complement to the existing writings and reveals certain parallel themes, particularly concerning issues of local development. Historically, in the apartheid period the market for conference and exhibition tourism was based upon domestic demand. After the democratic transition, however, it is evident that new opportunities were opened for the attraction of international conferences and exhibitions to South Africa. Undoubtedly, a watershed event in the development of South African participation in the global market for conferences was the successful hosting in Johannesburg during 2002 of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The positive local development impacts of the attraction of such conferences have been the essential catalyst for the development and continuous upgrading of three international quality convention centres in the country. These three major convention facilities represent the apex of an estimated 1700 conference and exhibition centres that currently exist across South Africa and serve both domestic and international MICE markets. With heightened levels of competition for the conference and exhibition market—both domestic and international—uncertainty surrounds the long-term prospects of many of these facilities. The task of monitoring the progress, dynamics and changing fortunes of conference and exhibition tourism merits a place on the research agenda of urban tourism studies in South Africa over the next decade.     

2010年南非世界杯主办城市与赛场漫谈

4年一度的世界杯,总是能吸引全球人的目光。南非世界杯毫无疑问是2010年夏天的最大焦点,全世界的话题都集中在这项超级体育盛事上。本文主要介绍分析2010年南非世界杯的主办城市和主办赛场,并就世界杯赛场氛围及其文化延展进行探讨。     

The role of spatial agglomeration in a structural model of innovation,productivity and export: a firm-level analysis

In this article, using a large sample of Italian manufacturing firms, we estimate a structural model of research, innovation, productivity and export performance augmented to take account for the role played by spatial agglomeration externalities. This model, which is an ‘augmented’ version of Crépon et al. (Econ Innov New Technol 7(2):115–158, 1998) model, comprises five main equations. The first two identify the factors underlying the decision and intensity of Research and Development (R&D) investments; the third links R&D capital to innovation output; the fourth focuses on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) as determined by innovation; the fifth relates TFP to export performance. Our estimates show the significant role played by local externalities in these processes. In particular, related variety and urbanization positively affect the creation of new ideas through R&D, while specialization impacts on TFP to complement innovation output. Finally, urbanization economies support TFP in driving firms’ export performance.