Effects of strength matching and crack depth on the fracture parameters for welded joints

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裂纹深度和强度组配对焊接接头断裂性能的影响

利用弹塑性有限元计算和三点弯曲试验对不同裂纹深度，不同强度组配焊接接头试样的断裂性能进行了研究，着重讨论了裂纹深度和组配的不同对焊接接头试样加载过程中塑性区形状及大小，深浅裂纹分界点，抗断性能，裂纹尖端张开位移ＣＴＯＤ，Ｊ积分的影响。结果表明，裂纹越浅。加载时塑性区域大，断裂韧性值越高，高组配焊接接头试样加载时由于塑性区扩展到母材而具有较大的塑性区，低组配焊接接头试样加载时塑性区被抑制在焊缝中，尺     

A model of heating a flux-cored wire in arc metallizing and analysis of the structure of the coating

Summary

This paper describes HAZ‐notched CTOD tests of multipass welds in SMYS = 420–460 MPa class high‐strength steels for offshore structural applications. The weld metal strength overmatch causes different fracture behaviour depending on the actual CGHAZ toughness. When the CGHAZ is completely embrittled, the weld metal strength overmatch leads to the lower bound critical CTOD value. This is due to elevation of the local stress in the CGHAZ caused by the restraint effect of the overmatched weld metal. The fracture surface is generally flat, and brittle fracture originates from the CGHAZ sampled by the fatigue crack front. A larger fraction of the CGHAZ along the crack front gives a smaller critical CTOD value. When the CGHAZ has moderate toughness, however, the weld metal strength overmatch may produce a higher critical CTOD value at brittle fracture initiation. This is due to crack growth path deviation towards the base metal. Plastic deformation preferentially accumulates to a greater extent on the softer base metal side before the critical stress conditions for brittle fracture initiation occur in the CGHAZ. This asymmetrical plastic deformation promotes deviation of ductile crack growth from the crack tip CGHAZ. In this case, the critical CTOD value does not always reflect the CGHAZ toughness itself.

A notch location nearer the weld metal sometimes causes fracture initiation in the weld metal if the fatigue crack tip samples the CGHAZ. Such experimental data do not reflect the real CGHAZ toughness.

The significance of the critical CTOD value obtained in the tests must be determined in the fracture toughness evaluation of the weld CGHAZ. This paper presents a procedure for evaluation of CTOD test results obtained for HAZ‐notched welds that considers the strength mismatch effect.     

Effect of post-heat treatment on the fatigue behaviour of a friction stir spot-welded Al–Mg–Si alloy

In this paper, the effect of post heat treatment on fatigue behaviour of friction stir spot welded Al–Mg–Si aluminium alloy was investigated. The microstructure of the weld zone was classified into two regions: stir zone (SZ) and mixed zone (MZ), where fine equiaxed grains due to dynamic recrystallization were observed. Two kinds of post heat treatment, namely aging and T6 treatment, were applied to the as-welded joints. The grains in the SZ and MZ were extremely enlarged only by T6 treatment, but some fine grains still remained near the boundary of MZ. Fatigue tests were conducted using lap-shear specimens at a stress ratio R = 0.1. Post heat treatments exhibited little influence on fatigue strength, but fatigue fracture morphology was dependent on both load level and post heat treatment. At high applied loads, fatigue fracture took place through the MZ in the as-welded and aged joints, while along the boundary of MZ in the T6 treated joint. At low applied loads, the fatigue crack initiated at the edge of the nugget and then propagated through the upper sheet in the as-welded joint, but the lower sheet in the aged and T6 treated joints. The dependence of fracture morphology on post heat treatment was attributed to the change of microstructures and hardness distribution around the nugget by post heat treatment.     

钛合金激光焊接接头的组织和力学性能

对2.5mm厚BT20钛合金激光焊接接头各区域(包括焊缝和热影响区)的组织特征进行了观察,并测试了焊接接头各区域的显微硬度分布以及室温条件下的接头拉伸、弯曲、疲劳及断裂韧度等力学性能.研究结果表明,焊接接头各区域的微观组织均以"网篮状"马氏体组织为特征,接头各区域显微硬度均高于母材.接头静抗拉强度基本与母材相当,塑性略低于母材.接头中值疲劳寿命与应力水平有很大的关系.在低应力水平下,接头中值疲劳寿命与母材相当,而在高应力水平下,接头中值疲劳寿命远低于母材.接头焊缝金属的断裂韧度显著低于母材,而热影响区断裂韧度则介于母材和焊缝金属之间.     

TA15钛合金电子束焊焊接接头力学性能

钛合金材料以及相关制造技术是实现飞机先进性的重要基础之一,电子束焊接是钛合金板材一种先进的焊接形式.对TA15钛合金板材电子束焊接试样进行了金相分析和静力试验、疲劳试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析.结果表明,TA15板材电子束焊焊接接头的焊缝、热影响区和母材的微观组织差别明显;焊缝韧性降低,抗拉强度高于母材;热影响区尺寸较小,在1～2 mm左右,是焊接接头的薄弱部位;疲劳裂纹大多萌生于焊接热影响区区域,疲劳破坏试样断口的SEM分析表明,疲劳裂纹大多起源于焊接热影响区的气孔处.     

Fracture toughness test for flux cored wire welded joint

Abstract

Test techniques using unloading compliance single specimens to determine crack opening displacement (COD) resistance curves for flux cored arc welded joints were investigated in detail. Computer based methods for data acquisition and processing were incorporated in the test procedure. The causes of the shorter calculated crack length in comparison with the length measured according to unloading compliance single specimen techniques were studied, and the counter measures used to correct the crack length were analysed. The COD resistance curves for YJ657 basic flux cored wire (FCW) weld metal and joint line regions were then obtained using these techniques. The correlation coefficient using the least squares method to fit the curves was greater than 0.99. The results showed that the present test system and computer based data acquisition and processing techniques offered advantages such as flexibility of operation, stability of performance, and high accuracy when they were used to measure the COD resistance curves for FCW welded joints. The test results also indicated that the characteristic value of fracture toughness (extrapolated COD at zero crack length) for the YJ657 basic FCW weld metal and joint lines at 253 K was greater than 0.1 mm, indicating high toughness. This was because the weld metal microstructure consisted of a large proportion of acicular ferrite plates which were in different orientations and therefore able to deflect propagating cleavage cracks.     

TC21+TC4-DT线性摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能试验

针对高强TC21和中强TC4-DT异种钛合金进行线性摩擦焊工艺研究,对接头进行不同热处理,接头微观组织和力学性能进行试验分析. 结果表明,TC21 + TC4-DT线性摩擦焊接头飞边成形良好,飞边表面光滑根部无明显缺陷存在;焊态条件下焊缝组织为典型的魏氏组织结构特征,热处理后焊缝组织析出弥散的针状α相,随着热处理温度的升高析出的针状α相逐渐长大粗化,致使接头冲击和断裂性能先上升后下降;接头拉伸性能与TC4-DT母材相当;700℃/3 h热处理接头、母材高周疲劳性能试验结果表明,接头的疲劳极限达到558 MPa,与TC4-DT基体相当,焊缝组织细化是提高接头疲劳极限的重要原因.     

含表面裂纹非匹配焊接接头的断裂行为

测试了两种超高强度钢低匹配接头母材、焊缝和热影响区的表面裂纹断裂韧性,比较了母材与热影响区的断裂韧度概率分布.同时采用有限元方法分析了匹配因子和裂纹位置对裂纹尖端张开应力和应力三轴度的影响.结果表明,当裂纹位于热影响区时,由于软焊缝使其应力三轴度降低,其断裂韧性明显好于母材;而当裂纹位于焊缝一侧时,匹配因子越高,距熔合线越远,则应力三轴度越低,断裂韧性越好;当裂纹位于焊缝中心时,两种匹配的断裂韧度相当.从而解释了试验结果.     

Fracture toughness of structural aluminium alloy thick plate joints by friction stir welding

Abstract

The fracture toughness in a friction stir welded joint of thick plates of structural aluminium alloy type A5083-O is investigated. A joint between two 25 mm thick plates is fabricated by one sided, one pass friction stir welding. The Charpy impact energy and critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) in the friction stir weld are much higher than those in the base metal or heat affected zone, whereas mechanical properties such as stress–strain curve and Vickers hardness are not conspicuously different. The effects of the microstructure on crack initiation and propagation are studied in order to clarify the difference in fracture toughness between the stir zone and base metal. The analyses of the fracture resistance curves and the diameters of dimples in the fracture surface after both tensile and bending tests show that the fine grained microstructure in the stir zone helps to increase ductile crack initiation and propagation resistance. It is found that the high fracture toughness value in the stir zone is affected by the fine grained microstructure in friction stir welds.     

高铌X80管道不同强度匹配环焊接头性能及应变演化

为探究管道环焊缝断裂失效机理,测试了两种不同强度匹配的高铌X80环焊缝接头的组织和性能,并借助数字图像相关法(digital image correlation,DIC)观测了焊接接头在拉伸载荷下的应变行为.结果表明,低强匹配和高强匹配的高铌X80管道环焊接头均具有较好的冲击韧性,二者的夏比冲击吸收能量平均值相当,热影...     

Changes in toughness at low oxygen concentrations in steel weld metals

Abstract

Oxides in steel weld metals can initiate fracture or can improve toughness by influencing the development of beneficial microstructures. In this work, the authors conducted experiments in which the oxygen concentration was varied from 20 to 560 ppmw (parts per million by weight) in weld metals with tensile strength in the range 580–780 MPa. It is demonstrated that low and medium strength weld metals benefit from oxides up to a concentration of ～200 ppmw as consistent with previous research, because acicular ferrite is stimulated in the microstructure. By contrast, oxides are detrimental to the toughness of high strength weld deposits at low oxygen concentrations under 140 ppmw, because the microstructure remains a predominantly martensite and the oxides simply serve to nucleate fracture. In high strength weld metal, therefore, good toughness is achieved even at low oxygen concentration of 20 ppmw O.     

热输入对BWELDY960Q钢焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用MAG焊方法焊接低合金高强度钢BWELDY960Q,在不同焊接工艺参数下获得焊接接头,研究焊接热输入对焊接接头组织性能的影响. 结果表明,随着焊接热输入的提高,焊缝中针状铁素体的体积分数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,当焊接热输入为12.32 kJ/cm时,焊缝中获得的针状铁素体所占的比例达到最大值. 针状铁素体数量的增加,提高了焊缝和熔合区的冲击吸收功、焊接接头的抗拉强度、断后伸长率和断面收缩率. 焊缝冲击断口呈韧窝花样,等轴韧窝与抛物线韧窝交替分布. 熔合区冲击断口呈解理特征,解理台阶层次明显,并存在较多的撕裂棱.     

400 MPa级超级钢专用焊条

焊缝金属的强韧化是超级钢焊接中的一个技术难题,要实现焊缝的强韧化,并避免冷裂纹,需开发与母材性能相匹配的焊接材料.对400 MPa级超级钢主要通过合金化控制焊缝组织使其获得针状铁素体即可获得理想的强韧性.通过大量工艺试验研究,结合400 MPa级超级钢的组织性能特点,研制开发了一种400 MPa级超级钢专用焊条.检测结果表明,该种焊条形成的焊缝金属组织为细小针状铁素体,焊缝金属屈服强度为435 MPa,抗拉强度为612 MPa,冲击吸收功为148 J,其组织和性能同400 MPa级超级钢能很好的相匹配,达到了预期目的.     

Effect of nitrogen on toughness and strain age embrittlement of ferritic steel weld metal

Abstract

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the influence of dissolved nitrogen in ferritic steel weld metal on its toughness and strain aging behaviour through fracture mechanics as well as conventional impact testing approaches. Manual metal arc C–Mn steel weld metals with nitrogen contents between 80 and 210 ppm (wt) were investigated under four different post-weld conditions, namely, (i) as welded, (ii) stress relieved, (iii) artificially strain aged, and (iv) artificially strain aged and stress relieved. Quantitative metallography and low load microhardness studies of microphases were an integral part of these investigations. The results demonstrate the highly detrimental effect of nitrogen on the toughness behaviour of C–Mn steel weld metal, particularly under strain aging conditions. This is substantiated by the decrease of acicular ferrite content with the accompanying increase in primary ferrite and ferrite with second phases in the microstructures. Also, there is a distinctive increase in acicular ferrite microhardness. Post-weld stress relieving heat treatment under these conditions results in only a marginal improvement in toughness and shifts the fracture behaviour from brittle to ductile or quasiductile only for low nitrogen weld metals. Comparing the results of the crack tip opening displacement and Charpy tests, it is observed that both methods show the influence of nitrogen on toughness behaviour to have the same form but the magnitudes of the effect measured are different, the results obtained using the fracture mechanics method appearing very conservative.     

G115钢CMT + P焊接工艺及组织和性能

基于冷金属过渡加脉冲(CMT + P)的焊接方法,研究了新型回火马氏体耐热钢G115的焊接性以及焊接接头组织和性能. 结果表明,焊接接头经热处理后为回火马氏体组织,焊缝晶粒呈现出等轴晶和柱状晶两种不同的形貌,而焊接热影响区和母材晶粒均为等轴晶. 与焊条电弧焊(SMAW)相比,CMT + P焊接方法有效降低了热输入,大幅度减小了热影响区宽度,提高了焊接接头的拉伸性能和热影响区冲击韧性,焊接接头焊缝冲击韧性略有降低. 焊接接头的室温和高温拉伸断裂机理均为韧性断裂,室温拉伸断口的韧窝内存在一定量的析出相.     

母材熔合作用对EQ51海工钢焊缝组织及韧性的影响

文中采用示波冲击,EBSD,SEM研究了母材元素含量、坡口形式、焊接热输入对海洋工程用钢EQ51焊缝组织转变、低温冲击韧性及焊接接头软化程度的影响规律.结果表明,C,Mn元素含量对焊缝组织类型、取向趋势起关键作用,含量由0.1%,1.5%分别调整为0.06%,1.3%,可保证焊缝组织由板条贝氏体转化为针状铁素体,组织止裂能力显著提高,冲击吸收功大于100 J;适当提高焊接热输入一定程度上可降低淬硬元素对韧性的不利影响;Ni,Mo元素含量对焊缝组织、韧性影响不大,主要决定焊接接头软化程度,Ni,Mo元素总添加量由0.7%下降到0.4%,软化区宽度由1 mm提高到2 mm,焊接接头抗拉强度由789 MPa降低到650 MPa.     

搅拌摩擦焊和熔化极气体保护焊6082铝合金疲劳性能分析

对10 mm厚6082-T6铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和熔化极气体保护焊(MIG焊)焊接,利用疲劳性能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等手段对6082铝合金FSW和MIG焊接头的疲劳力学性能、微观组织、裂纹扩展特征、疲劳断口进行了分析. 结果表明,在疲劳寿命为2×106周次时,6082铝合金母材及其FSW和MIG焊接头的名义应力分别为126.3,110.2,84.2 MPa;在高应力水平下(Δσ=160 MPa),FSW接头疲劳寿命明显大于MIG焊接头、与母材的疲劳寿命相当. MIG焊疲劳断口均位于焊趾处,焊缝内的气孔缺陷为其主要裂纹源;FSW疲劳断口大多发生在轴肩边缘. 接头的微观断口具有准解理特征,断口中存在疲劳条纹和韧窝.     

X80管线钢气体保护焊用焊丝的研制

对所研制的焊丝进行了气体保护焊试验,测试了焊缝金属的化学成分、金相组织、冲击韧度、强度、硬度和接头的抗拉强度.金相组织主要为针状铁素体、少量的先共析铁素体和粒状贝氏体,用扫描电镜分析了冲击断口的形貌和夹杂物的组成,用透射电镜分析了焊缝金属的微观结构.结果表明,在焊丝中加入微量的Ti-B,可以有效地抑制先共析铁素体的形成,使焊缝获得细小、均匀的针状铁素体组织.焊缝中合金元素形成了弥散分布的细小夹杂物,成为了针状铁素体(AF)的形核质点.针状铁素体内有许多位错团,可以有效地阻止裂纹的扩展,提高冲击韧度.     

Q550高强钢焊接接头强韧性匹配

在不预热条件下采用不同合金成分焊丝焊接Q550高强钢,试验研究焊丝中合金对焊缝组织、接头抗拉强度及冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,使用MK.G60-1焊丝可获得以针状铁素体为主的焊缝组织.焊缝中沿晶界分布的先共析铁素体在承受拉应力时易萌生裂纹,提高焊缝中针状铁素体含量可以提高接头抗拉强度和韧性.采用MK.G60-1焊丝接头抗拉强度接近母材的抗拉强度,断裂发生在熔合区.接头热影响区的冲击吸收功最高,而熔合区的抗拉强度和韧性最低.焊缝冲击断口纤维区均以穿晶断裂为主,断口韧窝产生的机理是微孔聚集型,针状铁素体区对应的韧窝较大,先共析铁素体对应的韧窝较小.