轴向动态橡胶/金刚砂滤床过滤效能和反冲洗特性研究

利用轴向动态橡胶/金刚砂滤床处理油田三元复合驱污水,考察滤床结构和过滤速度对油及悬浮物的去除效果,以及反冲洗强度和时间对滤料反冲洗特性的影响。结果表明,(D 1.2~1.6 mm)×800 mm/(D 0.15~0.25 mm)×600 mm的橡胶/金刚砂强化滤床的过滤分离效果较好,过滤速度为4 m/h时油和悬浮物的去除率分别在80.0%、70.0%以上,较金刚砂单滤床的去除率提高了28.1%和22.1%。提高过滤速度,橡胶/金刚砂强化滤床的除油率降低。反冲洗强度为8.8 L/(m~2·s)、反冲洗时间为15 min时橡胶/金刚砂滤床的除油率在90.0%以上,滤料反冲洗再生效果较好。     

改性滤料对油田污水除油效果的影响研究

对核桃壳滤料表面进行活性改性,并将其用于含聚含油污水的处理。结果表明,当滤料填充高度为350 mm时,较未改性滤料,其除油率可提高25%~28%,反冲洗除油效果提高91%;当滤料填充高度提高到1 450 mm时,较未改性滤料,其除油率可提高34%。在过滤-反冲洗3个循环中,改性滤料较未改性滤料的反洗除油效果由44.8%提高到66.9%。改性滤料截留油污后容易被反冲洗除去而再生。相比于未改性滤料,过滤处理相同量的含油污水其寿命延长2倍以上。     

新型油田污水高效深度过滤器性能研究

为提高油田污水处理效率,设计了一款新型油田污水深度过滤器,采用木质素基聚氨酯改性材料作为滤料,利用数字化CT技术分析了滤料结构特性,探究了滤料过滤性能和过滤器的使用性能。结果表明:滤料孔隙度为56.03%,内部具有丰富的孔隙结构。过滤器处理后出水悬浮物质量浓度3 mg/L,油质量浓度1 mg/L,去除率较常规过滤器高出近20%。此外,过滤器还具有反冲洗周期长,处理效果稳定等优点,具有极好的应用前景。     

油田含油污水处理效果影响分析

本文对某油田联合站污水岗二次沉降罐、普通污水过滤罐、深处理滤罐三个环节出水含油和悬浮物两项指标合格率进行分析,得出各个环节出水悬浮物的合格率都很低。通过对三个环节油和悬浮物的去除率分析,得到二次沉降罐去除率低,致使过滤系统负担重,滤料反冲洗再生能力差,导致水质不合格。本文从工艺、转油站来液温度、腐生菌对水质的影响进行分析,采取了临时解决措施。     

油田含聚污水电荷吸附过滤试验效果评价

聚合物驱和多元复合驱等三次采油工艺造成油田采出水含聚量高、粘度大,常规滤料过滤方式处理效果不佳,严重影响注水水质。为此进行了新型电荷吸附砂质滤料中试试验研究,分析评价了电荷吸附过滤对含聚污水含油量、悬浮物含量、粒径中值、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)含量、污水浓度与粘度的处理效果,并对电荷吸附砂质滤料再生性能进行了分析。结果表明电荷吸附砂质滤料可有效应用于现场含聚污水处理。     

聚驱污水处理站反冲洗方式参数的技术界限及应用效果

大庆油田特高含水后期处理含聚污水核桃壳过滤工艺中常规的单一水反冲洗方式已不能满足污水处理的生产需要,同时出现滤罐跑料、板结、反冲洗憋压及滤后水质不稳定、悬浮物固体含量达不到注水指标的情况。通过三种不同方案优化出核桃壳过滤罐的反冲洗参数(反冲洗强度3.0-7.0L/m2·s、反冲洗时间35min)及运行方式,提高了含油污水反冲洗效果,实现了油水分离,改进了含油污水处理滤后水质,改善油田开发效果。     

场作用下的滤料反冲洗技术及发展

深床过滤技术是油田污水处理领域的重要环节,影响其运行关键在于滤床的有效反冲洗过程。通过对反冲洗理论和技术现状分析,提出反冲洗中场的概念,探讨反冲洗中场的作用形式,用场的视角来分析反冲洗技术。并基于不同功能场构建旋流场和重力场耦合的复合场反冲洗体系,提出的一种轴向动态复合场反冲洗理论,该理论丰富和发展滤料水力反冲洗方法,并为解决油田高含聚滤料反洗再生提供一种新途径。     

船用一体化生物活性炭装置反冲洗技术条件优化

反冲洗是保证生物活性炭装置正常运行的重要因素。以船用污水深度处理装置一体化生物活性炭为研究对象,探究反冲洗对于装置污染物去除能力恢复的影响,得出了装置恢复时间;选取9种反冲洗条件,考察装置反洗后8 h后,装置污染物去除能力的变化。结果表明:污染物去除率随着反冲洗时间推移先降低后逐步升高,8 h后趋于稳定,此时COD去除率为60%,氨氮去除率为10%。对比不同反冲洗条件下对于装置性能的影响分析,反洗强度控制在5.0 L/(m2·s),反洗时间为7 min时为较优反冲洗条件,COD去除率达到79.8%,氨氮去除率为5.3%。     

油田污水絮体上浮的原因分析及处理对策

油田污水组成复杂,具有含油量高、矿化度高、悬浮物含量高、含有细菌等特点,沉降效果不好,而且经常出现絮体上浮或悬浮现象,导致过滤效果降低,悬浮物达标困难。在分析污水组成的基础上,对悬浮絮体组成进行了系统分析,结果表明,滤料吸附物中有机质含量高达63%,有机质酸值高,且含聚醚类和烷基苯磺酸钠类表面活性剂,无机质主要成分是含锶重晶石。可利用絮体有机质含量高、易上浮的特点,在三相分离器出口投加高效聚铝和有机高分子助凝剂,从沉降罐顶部回收含悬浮物的污油,沉降罐出口悬浮物及油含量都明显降低,再通过两级过滤,悬浮物低于3 mg/L,达到注水要求。     

搅拌式过滤器的研制及在油田污水处理中的应用

为了解决大庆油田现有石英砂过滤器反冲洗憋压、跑料、滤料再生困难等问题,在对原有过滤装置分析的基础上,根据反冲洗特性,对过滤器进行了改造,开发出搅拌式过滤器。经现场测试,搅拌式过滤器反冲洗压力由原来的0.27～0.46M Pa降低到0.17～0.20M Pa,且均能实现罐群水反冲洗。改造后搅拌式过滤器出水油平均含量5m g/L以下,平均去除率达到75%以上;出水悬浮物平均含量为9.8m g/L,去除率达到80%以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.