严重多发伤患者血浆F1+2、D-二聚体水平的变化及与弥散性血管内凝血的关系

目的 探讨严重多发伤患者血浆凝血酶原片段(F1+2)、D一二聚体水平变化及与创伤后弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)之间的关系. 方法 将66例多发伤患者分为轻伤组(ISS＜16分)21例和重伤组(ISS≥16分)45例,再把重伤患者分为并发DIC组(12例)与未并发DIC组(33例).另10例健康人设为正常对照组.正常对照组采外周静脉血1次,其余组分别于伤后1、3、7d空腹采集外周静脉血,应用ELISA方法测定血浆F1+2浓度,全自动乳胶微粒增强免疫比浊分析方法测定血浆D一二聚体浓度. 结果 轻伤与重伤组血浆F1+2、D-二聚体水平伤后均明显高于正常对照组,且重伤组又明显高于轻伤组.非DIC组伤后F1+2、D-二聚体水平逐渐降低,DIC组F1+2、D-二聚体水平持续升高并显著高于非DIC组.血浆F1+2、D-二:聚体水平在伤后1、3、7 d均呈明显的正相关. 结论 创伤后急性期F1+2、D-二聚体水平的升高程度不仅与创伤严重程度有关,而且与创伤后DIC的发生密切相关.因此,测定严重多发伤患者急性期外周血浆F1+2、D-二聚体水平变化对早期预测创伤后DIC的发生具有一定价值.     

严重多发伤患者血浆凝血酶原片段1+2水平的变化及与弥散性血管内凝血的关系

目的 探讨严重多发伤患者血浆凝血酶原片段1＋2（F1＋2）水平变化及与创伤后弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）之间的关系。方法 将66例多发伤患者分为轻伤组（ISS评分〈16分，21例）和重伤组（ISS评分≥16分，45例），再把重伤组分为并发DIC组（12例）与未并发DIC组（33例），另10例健康人为正常对照组。射66例多发伤患者分别于伤后1、3、7天空腹采集外周静脉血，应用ELISA方法测定血浆F1＋2浓度。结果 轻伤组与重伤组血浆F1＋2水平伤后均明显高于正常对照组，且重伤组又明显高于轻伤组。非DIC组伤后F1＋2水平逐渐降低，DIC组伤后F1＋2水平持续升高，DIC组F1＋2水平显著高于非DIC组。结论 创伤后急性期F1＋2水平的升高程度不仅与创伤严重程度有关，而且与创伤后DIC的发生密切相关。因此，测定严重多发伤患者急性期外周血浆F1＋2水平变化对预测创伤后DIC的发生具有一定临床价值。     

严重创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能测定与输血的临床分析

目的探讨严重创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能变化及输血等有关问题。方法将69例严重创伤(AIS≥3或ISS≥16)病例,按照ISS值分为ISS<25组与ISS≥25组,分别监测凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)与纤维蛋白原(FIB),血红蛋白(HB)、血细胞比容(HCT)及血小板计数(PLT);记录创伤后失血量与输血量;用SPSS软件进行统计学处理。结果总治愈率为84.1%,凝血象异常占76.8%(53/69),成分输血占总输血量的72.3%。ISS≥25组与ISS<25组比较,PT时间明显延长(P=0.016),失血量、输血总量显著增加(P=0.028,P=0.004)。结论严重创伤失血性休克患者损伤越严重对凝血功能影响越大;在积极进行快速液体复苏的同时,需要外科确定性手术止血;在补充血液丢失时须充分考虑纠正凝血功能异常。     

多发伤患者血清促炎介质水平与创伤预后的相关性

目的 探讨在多发伤患者发病过程中TNF-α、IL-8、C反应蛋白(CRP)、铜蓝蛋白(CER)的变化及其与创伤预后的相关性.方法 选择100例多发伤患者,根据ISS,将其分为轻伤组(ISS＜16分),重伤组(16分≤ISS＜25分),严重伤组(ISS≥25分).在入院后各时段测定其血清TNF-α、IL-8、CRP、CER的水平,比较各组的差异及其对预后的影响.结果 血清TNF-α、IL-8、CRP、CER在伤后早期即升高,4～7 d后达高峰.各组促炎介质水平若下降后再升高,则预示创伤感染或其他并发症将发生.结论 ISS的增高与致炎因子血清水平增高呈明显的正相关,通过测定TNF-α、IL-8、CRP、CER水平有助于对创伤并发症和预后的判断.     

严重多发伤患者早期血浆内毒素水平变化及与胃肠功能障碍的关系

目的 探讨严重多发伤患者血浆内毒素水平的变化及其与创伤后胃肠功能障碍的关系。方法 将27例多发伤患者分为轻伤组（ISS评分〈16分）12例，重伤组（ISS评分〉16分）15例；将27例多发伤患者分为非胃肠功能障碍组6例和胃肠功能障碍组21例；设正常对照组10例，正常对照组采静脉血1次，27例多发伤患者于伤后第1、3天采静脉血2次，应用动态浊度法检测血浆内毒素变化。结果 与正常对照组相比，轻伤与重伤组血浆内毒素水平在伤后1、3天均明显升高（P〈0．01）；重伤组伤后第3天血浆内毒素水平较轻伤组明显升高（P〈0．01）；创伤后第3天胃肠功能障碍组与非胃肠功能障碍组血浆内毒素水平差异显著，其内毒素水平与胃肠功能障碍程度相关性显著。结论 严重创伤后血浆内毒素水平明显升高，其变化不仅与伤创的严重程度有关还与肠功能障碍密程度密切相关，这种动态变化可能对早期预测创伤后胃肠功能障碍具有一定的临床价值。     

急诊重症创伤患者凝血功能与疾病程度及预后的相关性分析

目的 分析急诊重症创伤患者凝血功能与疾病程度及预后的相关性.方法 回顾性分析武汉市三医院光谷院区急诊科2018年7月—2020年8月收治的101例重症创伤患者,根据患者进入ICU后14d内的预后情况将患者分为死亡组(19例)和存活组(82例),根据损伤严重度评分(ISS)将患者分为危重组(17分≤ISS≤25分,61例)和极危重组(ISS>25分,40例).患者入院后,于输血及纠正凝血功能障碍前,采用生化分析仪检测患者血浆中血小板计数(PLT)、D-二聚体(DD)水平,全自动凝血分析仪检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分活化凝血酶原时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原浓度(FIB).比较不同创伤严重度、不同预后患者一般资料和凝血功能指标,多因素Logistic回归分析患者凝血功能指标与创伤严重度和预后的关系.结果 极危重组血浆PLT、FIB水平为(52.58±7.25)×109/L、(2.01±0.62)g/L,低于危重组的(161.25±18.32)×109/L、(3.24±0.58)g/L(P<0.05);极危重组失血量>2000mL患者比例50％、ISS(29.4±6.1)分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ评分)(21.9±8.5)分、血浆DD水平(22.12±3.25)mg/L、PT(23.25±2.14)s、APTT(41.25±4.58)s,高于危重组的23％、(23.0±6.6)分、(14.5±5.7)分、(7.85±1.04)mg/L、(16.68±1.55)s、(38.57±4.56)s(P<0.05);多因素Logistic分析结果显示ISS、APACHEⅡ评分、DD、PT、APTT是急诊重症创伤患者病情加重的独立危险因素(OR=3.255,1.598,1.655,4.927,2.224).死亡组血浆PLT、FIB水平(64.58±6.67)×109/L、(2.14±0.52)g/L,低于存活组的(189.43±25.79)×109/L、(4.55±0.77)g/L(P<0.05);死亡组年龄(58.0±7.6)岁、失血量>2000mL患者比例63％、ISS(31.8±8.1)分、APACHEⅡ评分(21.23±11.52)分、血浆DD水平(18.59±2.29)mg/L、PT(24.56±2.64)s、APTT(54.33±4.97)s,高于存活组的(49.2±6.4)岁、27％、(24.1±6.0)分、(16.6±5.7)分、(4.24±0.69)mg/L、(14.37±1.98)s、(29.69±3.46)s,P<0.05;失血量、ISS、APACHEⅡ评分、DD、PT、APTT是急诊重症创伤患者预后不良的独立危险因素(OR=3.348,4.695,2.140,5.821,2.062,6.623).结论 凝血功能与急诊重症创伤患者疾病程度密切相关,凝血功能指标DD、PT、APTT是患者预后不良的独立危险因素,是评估患者预后的重要依据.     

多发伤患者血清促炎介质水平与创伤预后的相关性

目的 探讨在多发伤患者发病过程中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素-8(IL-8)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、铜蓝蛋白(CER)的变化意义及其与创伤预后的相关性.方法 100例多发伤患者,根据创伤严重度评分(ISS),将其分为轻伤(ISS＜16分)、重伤(ISS≥16分)、严重伤(ISS≥25分).在入院后1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8天测定其血清TNF-α、IL-8、CRP、CER水平,比较各组的差别及对预后的影响.结果 血清中TNF-α、IL-8、CRP、CER在伤后早期即升高,4～7天后达高峰后开始下降.各组促炎介质水平若下降后再升高,则预示创伤感染或其他并发症将发生.结论 ISS评分的增高与致炎因子血清水平增高呈明显的正相关,通过测定TNF-α、IL-8、CRP、CER血清水平有助于对创伤并发症和预后的判断.     

恶性肿瘤患者凝血指标浓度变化特点分析

 目的 分析恶性肿瘤患者凝血指标浓度变化的特点。方法 115例肿瘤患者分为胃癌、肠癌和肺癌组,选择健康体检者50例为对照组。分别检测患者治疗前凝血指标的水平、化疗后随时间变化凝血指标的变化和对照组凝血指标进行对比。结果 肿瘤患者血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)为(12.39±1.23)s,活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)为(30.58±7.43)s,纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen ,FIB)为(4.71±1.72)g/L,D-二聚体(D-Dimer)为(1.32±0.16)μg/ml水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同类型肿瘤患者血浆PT、APTT、FIB、D-Dimer水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肺癌组血浆FIB水平明显高于肠癌组、胃癌组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而肠癌组血浆FIB水平与胃癌组比较无统计学意义。胃癌组、肺癌组和肠癌组血浆FIB水平在化疗不同时期均未见明显变化。结论 凝血指标对肿瘤的早期诊断、疗效监测有一定帮助,是肿瘤患者排除、预防静脉血栓的良好指标。     

严重闭合性胸部创伤患者早期凝血功能变化比较

目的探讨各类严重闭合性胸部创伤患者的早期凝血功能变化,以提高该类患者的早期识别及干预。方法回顾性研究2013年1月—2016年6月伤后24h内成都大学附属医院急诊收入ICU及胸外科的胸部创伤患者的临床资料,根据简明损伤分级90版(AIS-90),纳入AIS≥3分的严重闭合性胸部创伤患者,以是否输血、是否为单纯性严重闭合性胸部创伤、是否ISS25分以及是否GCS9分分组,比较入院24h内凝血功能变化差异。结果共纳入228例患者,死亡15例,死亡组ISS评分均高于存活组(t=14.49,P0.01),GCS评分均低于存活组(t=14.44,P0.01)。在严重闭合性胸部创伤患者中,D-二聚体(D-D)和纤维蛋白原降解产物(FDP)在多发伤组、ISS评分25分组及GCS9分组均高于相应的单纯胸部创伤组、ISS﹤25分组及GCS9分组(P﹤0.01);凝血酶原时间(PT)ISS25分组中,高于ISS≤25分组(P0.01)。结论合并多发伤的严重闭合性胸部创伤患者在受伤早期,D-D和FDP明显升高,且该类患者多具有GCS和ISS高评分特点,是临床筛选高危创伤患者并指导进行早期干预的重要指标。     

颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病发生的影响因素分析

目的分析颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病发生的危险因素。方法选取2014年6月~2015年10月接受治疗的115例颅脑损伤患者为观察对象,根据其是否发生凝血病分为凝血病组和非凝血病组。观察颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病的发生率,分析造成创伤后凝血病发生的危险因素。结果 115例颅脑损伤患者中,发生创伤后凝血病26例,凝血病发生率为22.61%;凝血病组患者凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(PTT)和血小板计数(PLT)水平低于非凝血病组,D-二聚体(D-DT)水平高于非凝血病组,两组患者的纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平无明显差异(P0.05);损伤严重度评分(ISS)16分、血压≤90mm Hg、体温36.5℃、动脉血pH7.2的颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病的发生率较高,差异具有统计学意义,而不同年龄、性别的患者凝血病发生率无明显差异;将单因素分析有意义的ISS评分16分、收缩压≤90mm Hg、体温36.5℃、动脉血pH7.2作为自变量,将是否发生凝血病作为因变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果ISS评分、输液量和动脉血pH进入回归方程,其OR值分别为4.286、5.128和3.962。结论颅脑损伤患者有发生创伤后凝血病的危险,ISS评分、输液量和动脉血pH是患者发生凝血病的危险因素。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.