不同添加量亚麻籽胶对成型火腿品质的影响

以成型火腿为对象,研究不同添加量的亚麻籽胶(0.2％、0.4％、0.6％、0.8％、1.0％、1.2％)对成型火腿品质的影响,以不添加亚麻籽胶的成型火腿为对照,测定指标包括保水性(加压失水率、蒸煮损失)、质构(硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼度、胶着性)、色差、感官品质,以筛选出亚麻籽胶的适宜添加量.然后采用适宜添加量的亚麻籽...     

添加酪蛋白酸钠对低脂乳化香肠食用品质的影响

本研究测定不同添加量的酪蛋白酸钠(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2%)对各组乳化香肠保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、p H、感官品质和质构特性等食用品质的影响。结果表明:添加酪蛋白酸钠组与对照组(酪蛋白酸钠添加量0)的保水性、蒸煮损失、色泽、感官品质和质构特性存在显著差异(p0.05),而p H无显著差异(p0.05)。随着酪蛋白酸钠添加量的增加,保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官得分显著提高,亮度(L*)和蒸煮损失显著降低。酪蛋白酸钠添加量为1.5%的样品组,香肠保水性、硬度、胶黏性、胶着性、咀嚼性和感官评定得分最高,蒸煮损失最小,添加1.5%的酪蛋白酸钠可作为脂肪替代品在肉制品中推广应用。     

κ-卡拉胶与亚麻籽胶复配对成型火腿品质的影响

以成型火腿为研究对象,通过分析保水性（加压失水率、蒸煮损失率）、质构（硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼度、胶着性）、色差及感官指标,研究不同添加量κ-卡拉胶（0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%）对成型火腿品质的影响,以不添加κ-卡拉胶的成型火腿为对照,筛选出κ-卡拉胶的适宜添加量;将κ-卡拉胶和亚麻籽胶按质量比1∶1、1∶2、2∶1、2∶0.6复配,以适宜添加量κ-卡拉胶加工的成型火腿为对照,研究二者协同对成型火腿品质的影响,筛选出二者最适配比。结果表明：添加0.3% κ-卡拉胶时,成型火腿的保水性、质构、色差、感官品质等指标均显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）;将κ-卡拉胶与亚麻籽胶按质量比2∶1复配可改善成型火腿的品质,尤其是切面微观结构。     

多聚磷酸盐对猪肉丸质构特性的影响研究

研究了焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠对猪肉丸蒸煮损失、质构特性和破裂特性的影响。结果表明，焦磷酸钠和三聚磷酸钠能显著改善肉丸的蒸煮损失。其中三聚磷酸钠的作用尤为明显，添加0．3％的三聚磷酸钠可以将肉丸的蒸煮损失控制在1．0％左右；添加焦磷酸钠或三聚磷酸钠显著改善了肉丸的硬度、脆性、咀嚼性以及破裂特性。0．3％的焦磷酸钠极大的改善了肉丸的破裂特性，但其咀嚼性却比0．2％添加量的低。肉丸破裂强度随三聚磷酸钠添加量的增加而较缓慢地增加。其破裂点距离在高于0．1％的添加量后不再增加。     

几种添加剂对南美白对虾保水性的研究

为了提高南美白对虾冻藏过程中的保水性,本实验以盐溶蛋白热诱导凝胶保水性(WHC)、硬度、浸泡增重率、解冻增重率、蒸煮损失率为指标,在单因素的基础上,通过L9(34)正交实验,分析了氯化钠、焦磷酸钠和三聚磷酸钠对南美白对虾虾仁保水性的影响,得到了复合保水剂配方,即氯化钠浸泡液质量浓度为0.8%,三聚磷酸钠为2.2%,焦磷酸钠为1.2%。与未处理组相比,解冻增重率从-2.17%升高至9.96%,蒸煮损失率从16.79%降至4.04%,WHC从31.18%升高至47.45%,硬度从21.5 N降至14.0 N。该复合保水剂中3种成分对虾仁保水性影响的主次顺序为氯化钠三聚磷酸钠焦磷酸钠。实验得到的复合保水剂配方能够有效的提高对虾的保水性,可以作为低磷保水剂投入生产使用。     

鱼糜漂洗水中回收蛋白质对鲶鱼火腿凝胶特性的影响

采用等电点沉淀法回收鲶鱼漂洗液中的肌浆蛋白,并将其按照不同比例(2%、4%、6%、8%和10%)添加到鲶鱼火腿中,并以未添加改良剂(对照组)、添加玉米淀粉(AG组)和添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG组)的火腿作为对照,研究鲶鱼漂洗液回收蛋白质对鲶鱼火腿凝胶特性、质构特征、色泽和蛋白含量的影响。结果表明:鲶鱼火腿的凝胶强度、咀嚼性、胶着度和硬度均随着回收蛋白质添加量(2%~10%)的增加而先逐渐升高后降低。回收蛋白质的添加轻微降低了鲶鱼火腿的亮度,但能显著增加火腿的蛋白质含量。当回收蛋白质的添加量为6%时,鲶鱼火腿的凝胶强度达到最大值(1 484.00±3.75)g,显著高于对照组、AG组和TG组。此时火腿的嫩度、咀嚼性、胶着度和硬度较对照组分别提高了26%、74%、74%和74%,蛋白质含量较对照组增加了23.08%。     

胡萝卜汁添加对乳化肠食用品质的影响

研究了胡萝卜汁添加对乳化肠色泽、质构特性、保水性以及感官品质的影响。基于最优基础配方,实验通过控制胡萝卜汁的添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%),探索其对于乳化肠食用品质的影响。结果表明:添加胡萝卜汁组与对照组(胡萝卜汁添加量0%)的色差、质构以及感官方面存在显著差异(P0.05)。随着胡萝卜汁添加量的增加,红度值、硬度都呈显著下降趋势,而蒸煮损失、黏聚性和弹性与对照组没有显著差异。胡萝卜汁添加量为10%的样品组的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着性最好,且通过感官评定得知该组各项指标综合评定结果最好,本实验得出10%是胡萝卜汁较优的添加量。     

仙草牛肉低温蒸煮火腿食用品质研究

以低温蒸煮牛肉火腿为例,研究添加不同辅料后火腿硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、色泽、感官评分的变化。发现仙草萃取物能辅助卡拉胶、大豆蛋白和土豆淀粉有效提高牛肉火腿品质。响应曲面分析表明：随着仙草萃取物浓度和土豆淀粉添加量的增加火腿感官评定得分先增后减,而随大豆蛋白添加增加而增加且变化渐缓,仙草萃取物影响最大。火腿硬度随着土豆淀粉和大豆蛋白添加量增加显著增加,而随着仙草萃取物浓度增加先增后减。优化配方为：每100 g牛肉,添加仙草浓度为50 mL原萃取物稀释20.6倍,土豆淀粉添加量为5.13 g,大豆蛋白添加量为5.12 g,食盐2.8 g,白糖1 g,抗坏血酸0.04 g,亚硝酸钠0.004 g,TSP焦磷酸钠0.1 g,STP多聚磷酸钠 0.125 g,HM六偏磷酸钠0.075 g,红曲红色素0.003 g,感官评分为8.15,硬度值为3381.10 g,咀嚼度为3373.94。     

γ-聚谷氨酸对鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响

以鸡胸肉为原料,制备鸡肉糜凝胶,研究不同添加量的γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-polyglutamic acid,γ-PGA)在不同Na Cl添加量条件下对鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响。研究结果表明:单独添加0.9‰的γ-PGA可以显著降低鸡肉糜凝胶蒸煮损失率,提高凝胶强度和保水性,明显改善凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性,对鸡肉糜凝胶白度值影响较小。在一定Na Cl添加量条件下,γ-PGA对鸡肉糜凝胶特性的改善作用更为明显,且在Na Cl添加量为3.0%、γ-PGA添加量为0.6‰时,鸡肉糜凝胶蒸煮损失率最小,保水性、凝胶强度、硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性都达到最大值;在Na Cl添加量为3.0%、γ-PGA添加量为1.2‰时鸡肉糜凝胶白度值最小。流变学曲线变化表明,γ-PGA能够提高凝胶的形成能力。通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳研究发现,γ-PGA与蛋白质分子间有一定的交联作用。     

添加膳食纤维对西式火腿质构特性和色度的影响

以猪肉为原料,在西式火腿加工过程中分别添加0、2%、4%、6%、8% 的膳食纤维,利用物性测定仪和色差计研究不同膳食纤维添加量对西式火腿的剪切力、硬度、弹性、黏聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性、回复性以及色泽的影响。结果表明：膳食纤维添加后对西式火腿的剪切力、硬度、黏聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性以及回复性有明显的影响,对色度(总色差、Δa* 值、Δb* 值、白度、黄度)也有明显影响,西式火腿中膳食纤维的添加量在4%～6% 合适。     

乳酸钙部分替代氯化钠对西式盐水火腿感官品质的影响

在西式盐水火腿加工中应用乳酸钙部分替代氯化钠,在氯化钠使用总量2%的前提下,按照氯化钠质量的5%、10%、15%、20%设计乳酸钙的替代比,单因素实验观察不同替代比对切片西式盐水火腿色差、质构、水分含量和感官指标的影响。结果发现,适量使用乳酸钙可以显著提高西式盐水火腿的亮度L*值、红度a*值、黄度b*值和硬度;但是当替代比过大时对产品的弹性、内聚性、胶着性、咀嚼性有一定负面影响;适当的使用乳酸钙替代氯化钠对产品感官品质有积极影响,适宜的替代比为10%左右。     

Response surface methodology study on the effects of salt,microbial transglutaminase and heating temperature on pork batter gel properties

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the main effects and interactions of sodium chloride (0–2%), microbial transglutaminase preparate (MTG, 0–0.6%) and heating temperature (HT, 70–100°C) on water binding, textural and colour characteristics of pork batter gels cooked to an internal temperature of 70 °C. Lower salt gels showed decreases in hardness, chewiness and elastic properties, as well as significant reduction in the cooking yield and increase of expressible moisture. Salt levels also affected gel colour parameters, with Hunterlab a* and b* values being inversely correlated with salt concentration. MTG addition favourably reduced the cooking loss and increased hardness and chewiness of gels, but was not able to improve these parameters in low-salt products to the same levels as the high-salt products. Heating temperature was found to have relatively minor effect, primarily through its interaction with salt level and in a quadratic term affecting the elasticity and springiness of the gels.     

盐及酪蛋白酸钠对藜麦面团及面条品质的影响

本文以藜麦面为研究对象,通过添加KCl、NaCl、酪蛋白酸钠以改善藜麦面团的性质,研究了不同处理条件对藜面团质的硬度、咀嚼性、黏度等质构特性以及储能模量、损耗模量、复合粘度等流变学特性的影响。结果表明:当添加的水量为50%藜麦面团成型的光滑程度、弹性较好;当藜麦面中加入1.5%酪蛋白酸钠+1% KCl所制备的藜麦面团粘性适中、硬度和弹性较好;NaCl、KCl、酪蛋白酸钠的加入,均可改善面团的G'、G'、黏度,1.5%酪蛋白酸钠+1% KCl加入,可增大藜麦面团的G'、G'、黏度;NaCl和酪蛋白酸钠都可以明显的改善藜麦面条吸水率,NaCl可降低藜麦面条的干物质损失率,KCl的作用与之相反,而酪蛋白酸钠与1% KCl联合使用,在增加其吸水率的同时减少了干物质损耗率,当同时添加2.0%酪蛋白酸钠和1% KCl条件下达到最适,而且恢复能力达到最佳;酪蛋白酸钠与1% KCl可增加藜麦面条表面片层的致密程度。因此,1.5%酪蛋白酸钠+1% KCl的添加量对藜麦面团的弹性、硬度、咀嚼性均达到最佳,同时添加2.0%酪蛋白酸钠和1% KCl能显著（P<0.05）改善藜麦面条的蒸煮损失及干物质损失率,降低面汤浊度,还可以增加藜麦面条的硬度,从而增加其咀嚼性。     

The effect of quantity and timing of brine addition on water binding and textural characteristics of cooked beef rolls

The combined influence of quantity and timing of water/sodium chloride/phosphate addition on quality characteristics of beef rolls processed with 25 or 50% brine level was investigated. Properties of beef rolls were determined by measuring hydration and textural characteristics. The higher level of brine addition (50%) had detrimental effects on product water binding and textural characteristics. Late addition of brine/water during tumbling (i.e. during the last hour) resulted in rolls which were less hard, chewy and elastic, and had poorer water holding properties. Addition of brine in two parts favourably affected hydration properties and thermal stability, yielding lower cooking loss and purge and higher WHC, irrespective of level of brine addition. It also increased hardness and chewiness and improved springiness, cohesiveness and bind of cooked beef rolls.     

钠盐替代物对西式火腿品质的影响

通过肉汤模拟得出西式火腿中各替代盐的最大添加比例,并根据比例制作对照组、低钠盐组、氯化钾组、氯化钙组、乳酸钾组西式火腿,研究不同替代盐对西式火腿品质的影响。结果表明：通过模拟肉汤的感官评价,确定各替代盐的最适添加比例分别为氯化钾30%、氯化钙25%、乳酸钾35%;不同替代盐会对西式火腿的水分含量、汁液流失、质构及感官评分等造成显著差异（P＜0.05）,但并不会造成明显的色泽变化;其中低钠盐组西式火腿的综合品质最差,具体表现为水分含量最低（59.8%）、硬度最高（3 704 g）及口感得分最低（7.8 分）等,而乳酸钾相比低盐钠组品质仅有略微提升;氯化钾组和对照组西式火腿品质最为相似,感官评分、水分含量及质构等均无显著差异;氯化钙组西式火腿品质最好,表现为蒸煮损失最低（6.51%）及感官得分最高（9.1 分）等。因此,从最大钠盐替代量方面考虑,30%氯化钾组最为适合,而从提升西式火腿品质方面考虑,25%氯化钙组更为适合。     

Kappa-Carrageenan, Sodium Chloride and Temperature Affect Yield and Texture of Structured Beef Rolls

Structured lean beef rolls (4–5% fat), formulated with 33% added water, 1% sodium chloride and 0.35% sodium tripolyphosphate and cooked to 63°, 73° and 83°, had low cook yields and poor texture and bind. Kappa-carrageen an (KC) added at 0.5–1% and NaCl at 2–3% increased cook yield and improved textural properties (bind, force to fracture, hardness). Rolls with 1.0% KC and 3% NaCl had the highest cook yield (154% meat weight basis) and the highest values for force to fracture and hardness. Cook yield decreased and hardness increased with increased cooking temperature. Effects of KC on yield and texture were most pronounced at the lowest NaCl level (1%) and the highest temperature (83°). KC also reduced purge of vacuum-packaged slices during refrigerated storage.     

pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪肉匀浆物凝胶质构特性的影响

采用二次通用旋转试验设计,研究了pH值、NaCl浓度和加热温度对猪后腿肉匀浆物热诱导凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:不同处理条件对凝胶质构特性的影响存在差异。不同加热温度下,pH值和NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性影响的总体趋势一致且两者存在明显的交互作用。pH值较低时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,凝胶的硬度、弹性、内聚性、胶粘性和咀嚼性均增大;pH值较高时,NaCl浓度对凝胶硬度、弹性和胶粘性影响较小,内聚性随着NaCl浓度增加而降低。同时,随着加热温度的升高,凝胶的硬度和胶粘性增大,内聚性和咀嚼性减小,而凝胶弹性变化较小。     

Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Sodium Alginate on the Textural Characteristics, Color and Color Stability of Restructured Pork Chops

The effects of factorial combinations of calcium carbonate (0.00 and 0.26%) and sodium alginate (0.0 and 0.7%) on the initial cooked tensile strength and texture profile analysis and the amount of discoloration during three months frozen storage of restructured pork chops were investigated. Calcium carbonate increased (p < 0.05) and alginate had no effect (p>0.05) on the tensile strength of the chops. Alginate decreased the hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness and gumminess of the restructured chops (p < 0.05). Chops that contained alginate and/or calcium carbonate had more initial discoloration than those that contained (1) no additives, (2) 0.75% NaCl plus 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate, and (3) 0.75% NaCl plus 0.26% calcium carbonate but they did not discolor further during frozen storage.     

Calcium chloride and tricalcium phosphate effects on the pink color defect in cooked ground and intact turkey breast

Calcium chloride (250, 500 ppm) was examined for its ability to reduce the pink color defect induced by sodium nitrite (10 ppm) and nicotinamide (1.0%) in cooked ground turkey in the presence and absence of sodium tripolyphosphate (0.25, 0.5%) and sodium citrate (0.5, 1.0%). The ability of tricalcium phosphate (0.1–0.5%) to reduce pink cooked color also was evaluated in ground turkey and both calcium chloride and tricalcium phosphate were tested for their effects on pink cooked color in whole breast muscle. The combination of calcium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate, not calcium chloride alone, was necessary for a reduction in pink cooked color induced by nicotinamide. Subsequently, in the presence of phosphate, both calcium chloride and sodium citrate reduced pink cooked color and were most effective in combination. Tricalcium phosphate also was capable of reducing pink cooked color in ground turkey, however substituting tricalcium phosphate for sodium tripolyphosphate resulted in lower pH and cooking yields. Neither calcium chloride nor tricalcium phosphate was capable of reducing pink cooked color in whole turkey breast. Currently, a combination of sodium tripolyphosphate, calcium chloride, and sodium citrate represents the most suitable means for reducing or preventing the pink color defect in uncured ground turkey.     

Variation in Myoglobin Denaturation and Color of Cooked Beef, Pork, and Turkey Meat as Influenced by pH, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Tripolyphosphate, and Cooking Temperature

This study investigated the effects of pH (5.50–7.00), sodium chloride concentration (0.0–3.0%), and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration (0.0 and 0.5%) on the percent myoglobin denatured (PMD) in beef, pork and turkey muscle when heated to temperatures between 55 and 83°C. At most temperatures studied, the presence of sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate increased the PMD. In contrast, high pH markedly decreased the PMD (P<0.05). The effect of pH on PMD was similar for all three species studied and, in all cases, was sufficient to produce obvious color differences in the cooked muscles.