泡沫混凝土孔隙结构的试验研究

为开展泡沫混凝土细观孔隙结构的研究,采用正交试验法研究水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比等三项因素对泡沫混凝土孔隙率和等效平均孔径的影响.试验结果表明:孔隙率具有随水胶比和粉煤灰掺量增大而减小、随砂胶比增大而增大的特征,粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比因素的影响较为显著;等效平均孔径与水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和砂胶比均呈正相关关系,对600级泡沫混凝土三项影响因素的极差分别为0.045、0.097和0.079,粉煤灰的影响最为显著;对900级泡沫混凝土三项影响因素的极差分别为0.031、0.036和0.073,砂胶比的影响最大,且粉煤灰的需水量对平均孔径的影响较大.     

基于正交试验的粉煤灰石膏基自流平砂浆性能研究

为了解决水泥基自流平砂浆因干燥收缩而产生起砂和裂纹等现象,以盐石膏和粉煤灰作自流平砂浆基材,通过正交试验研究水胶比、砂胶比、减水剂掺量、保水剂掺量以及粉煤灰取代率对石膏基自流平砂浆流动性、凝结时间和表面硬度的影响,对这些指标进行极差分析,得到最佳配合比,测试了粉煤灰石膏基自流平砂浆的性能.结果表明:减水剂掺量和水胶比是影响粉煤灰自流平砂浆流动性的主要因素,水胶比对凝结时间和表面硬度影响最大.通过正交试验得出水胶比为0.28,砂胶比为0.52,减水剂掺量为0.4％,保水剂掺量为0.15％,粉煤灰取代率为30％,其性能指标均超过了JC/T1023-2007《石膏基自流平砂浆》标准要求.     

酸雨环境下粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度的灰关联分析

采用实验室模拟酸雨侵蚀试验,研究了酸雨环境下水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、pH值和SO2-4浓度这四个指标对粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度的影响,并用灰关联法分析了各因素对抗压强度的影响程度.结果表明:抗压强度随SO2-4浓度、粉煤灰掺量、水胶比的增大而下降,随pH值的减小而下降.酸雨环境下粉煤灰混凝土的抗压强度会显著降低,SO2-4浓度对其影响最大.     

粉煤灰对砂浆流变性和强度的影响研究

本文通过正交试验研究水胶比、砂胶比和粉煤灰掺量对砂浆流变性和抗压强度的影响。实验结果表明:水胶比和砂胶比是影响砂浆流动性的主要因素;通过正交试验得出水胶比为0.55、砂胶比为2.65、粉煤灰掺量为25%,流动性和保水性均符合砂浆使用要求,砂浆抗压强度明显高于其他组砂浆抗压强度。     

基于正交理论的玄武岩纤维活性粉末混凝土配合比设计

通过正交试验进行活性粉末混凝土(Reactive Powder Concrete,RPC)的配合比设计,选取水胶比、砂胶比、水泥/粉煤灰、减水剂、玄武岩纤维掺量为因素,设定相应的水平.运用极差法分析了上述因素和相应水平对RPC拌合物工作性及其力学性能的影响.结果表明,在标准养护条件下,当水胶比为0.2、粉煤灰取代水泥量为30％、减水剂为胶凝材料的2％、玄武岩纤维掺量为5 kg/m3时,可以配制出28 d抗压强度、抗折强度分别超过95.1 MPa、13.4 MPa的高强度活性粉末混凝土.     

不同因素对粉煤灰水泥胶砂强度影响的研究

采用正交试验法探讨外加剂及工艺参数等不同因素对粉煤灰水泥胶砂强度的影响,确定水泥胶砂强度性能的最佳配方。结果表明:对粉煤灰水泥胶砂试样3d抗压强度的影响从大到小的次序为粉磨时间、激发剂掺量、水灰比、助磨剂掺量、减水剂掺量、助磨剂品种、激发剂品种;对粉煤灰水泥胶砂试样28d抗压强度的影响从大到小的次序为粉磨时间、减水剂掺量、激发剂掺量、助磨剂掺量、助磨剂品种、激发剂品种、水灰比。正交试验法确定的粉煤灰水泥胶砂试样的最佳配方为:激发剂选用Ca Cl2,掺量为2%;助磨剂选用丙三醇,掺量为0.03%;减水剂掺量为1.5%;粉磨时间为15min;水灰比为0.4。     

粉煤灰掺量对矿渣-水泥胶砂耐磨性和强度的影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量对矿渣-水泥胶砂28 d、45 d和350 d耐磨性和强度的影响.在矿渣-水泥胶砂中掺入10%的粉煤灰后胶砂28 d、45 d和350 d耐磨性可增大也可减小,但当粉煤灰掺量≥20%时,均降低,且随粉煤灰掺量继续增加,不断降低.在矿渣-水泥胶砂中掺入10%粉煤灰后胶砂28 d、45 d强度减小,且随粉煤灰掺量继续增加,不断减小.在矿渣-水泥胶砂中掺入粉煤灰后,胶砂350 d强度可增加也可降低,取决于粉煤灰掺量和矿渣取代水泥量.随掺粉煤灰的矿渣-水泥胶砂强度增大,胶砂磨损率总体趋势减小,但并不单调减小.     

水胶比及粉煤灰掺量对混凝土抗硫酸盐、镁盐双重侵蚀性能的影响

对不同水胶比及不同粉煤灰掺量的普通硅酸盐水泥胶砂试件,进行不同浓度的硫酸盐、镁盐双重侵蚀试验,探讨普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土在双重侵蚀环境中的抗侵蚀性能.试验结果表明：在较低浓度双重侵蚀溶液中,降低水胶比、增加粉煤灰掺量,可在一定程度上提高试件的抗双重侵蚀能力;但在高浓度双重侵蚀环境中,普通硅酸盐水泥胶砂试件即使降低水胶比、增大粉煤灰掺量,也难以有效抵抗侵蚀破坏.     

基于冲填砂浆结石技术的混合砂浆性能正交性试验研究

为了研究水胶比、粉煤灰掺量和沙漠砂取代率对冲填砂浆结石技术的混合砂浆性能的影响,采用粉煤灰部分取代胶凝材料,沙漠砂代替中砂,拌制砂浆,并进行正交性试验.通过层次分析和综合平衡分析得到各因素、各水平的影响权重和最佳配比方案.结果表明:沙漠砂取代率和粉煤灰掺量是影响砂浆稠度的主要因素,粉煤灰掺量是影响分层度和28 d抗压强度的主要因素,而影响90 d抗压强度主要因素的是水胶比.对于一般工程项目,由各因素、各水平的权重之和得到的最优试验组合为:水胶比为0.975,粉煤灰掺量为20％,沙漠砂取代率为20％.最优配比均能满足砂浆强度M10砂浆的配制要求,且经济合理.     

高强度粉煤灰基地聚物的设计与性能研究

以六盘水地区粉煤灰为主要原料制备地质聚合物.通过设计不同的原料配比,石灰掺量和水胶比来研究粉煤灰基地质聚合物抗压强度的变化情况,并采用XRD和SEM对样品的组成和微观形貌进行表征.结果表明,粉煤灰基地质聚合物的抗压强度随粉煤灰含量的增大而减小,随石灰和水胶比的增大先增大后减小,水胶比0.25时发生粉化现象;当粉煤灰比例为60wt％,石灰掺量为2wt％,水胶比为0.4时,地质聚合物28 d抗压强度达到最大值40.3 MPa.XRD和SEM分析表明,产品主要是无定形矿物相,反应初期生成无定形的胶凝低聚物,随着反应的进行,生成大量的无定形胶凝产物,聚合成致密性较高的基体结构.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.