一种新型菜籽油酯生物柴油的制备

以精制菜籽油、乙二醇单甲醚为原料,以KOH为催化剂,制备出一种含氧量更高的新型生物柴油.采用正交试验研究了反应物配比、催化剂用量、温度、反应时间等因素对产物产率的影响,得出了最佳合成条件,并运用红外光谱与核磁共振法分析了产物的结构.柴油机台架试验表明,燃烧该新型生物柴油后,废气排放大幅度降低.     

豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油研究

利用乙二醇乙醚和精制大豆油合成出一种新型生物柴油——乙二醇乙醚豆油单酯,并对产物进行了红外光谱分析和氢核磁共振波谱分析;考察了该生物柴油作为替代燃料在性能方面与柴油的差别,并利用单缸机研究了这种新型生物柴油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响。试验结果表明:豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油的燃料特性达到了国外生物柴油生产标准,燃烧这种生物柴油后,柴油机动力性几乎不发生变化,耗油率有所增加;排气中烟度、CO和HC的排放量大幅度降低,而NOx排放略有增加。     

一种新型生物柴油的探讨

利用乙二醇乙醚和精制大豆油合成出一种新型生物柴油——乙二醇乙醚豆油单酯，并利用单缸机研究了这种新型生物柴油对发动机动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响，结果表明：燃烧这种新型生物柴油后，柴油机动力性几乎不变，耗油率有所增加；排气烟度、CO和HC排放水平大幅度降低，而NOx排放略有增加。     

黄连木油制备生物柴油的中试研究

在100L反应釜中进行制备黄连木生物柴油的中试试验,研究了反应温度、甲醇用量、催化剂用量、搅拌速率和反应时间对转化率的影响。试验结果表明最佳反应条件:反应温度60℃,甲醇用量为油重的20%,催化剂KOH用量为油重的1.2%,搅拌速率为150r/min,反应时间为60min,此时转化率达最高值93.6%。所得生物柴油基本达到GB/T20828-2007《柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油(BD100)》所规定的技术要求,净热值达到0#柴油的89.7%。油耗对比试验表明,燃用纯生物柴油后直喷柴油机油耗率增加12.2%。     

生物柴油在柴油机中的应用研究

本文简要介绍了生物柴油在国内外发展现状,并以正和生物柴油为燃料,以4102QBZ增压柴油机为研究对象,进行了纯生物柴油和生物柴油与柴油的混合燃料在柴油机中应用的试验研究。试验结果表明：在柴油机不进行任何调整的情况下,燃用生物柴油能保证柴油机的动力性不变,并明显降低柴油机微粒、烟度、HC和CO排放,是一种理想的替代燃料。     

一种含醚新型生物柴油的制备与表征

以精制麻风树油、甲醇和二乙二醇甲醚为反应物,以KOH为催化剂,制备出一种高含氧量的新型生物柴油——麻风树油二乙二醇甲醚酯。通过正交试验,确定了其最佳合成条件是醇油物质的量比为6∶1,催化剂用量为原料油质量的1.2%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为30 min。通过FT-IR和1H-NMR分析并验证了产物的分子结构,测试了该生物柴油及其与0#柴油混合的燃料理化性质,包括油溶性、烟点、运动粘度、凝点、闭杯闪点;在相同测试条件下,比较其与0#柴油、麻风树油甲酯的碳烟排放情况。结果表明,麻风树油二乙二醇甲醚酯具有较高的含氧量,其理化性能和排放性能良好,既可以作为柴油添加剂,也可以代替柴油单独进行使用,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

固体酸催化剂在生物柴油合成实验中的研究

针对生物柴油催化合成技术中，采用一般催化剂所存在的问题，自制了4种固体酸催化剂，测试了它们在以大豆酸化油为原料制备生物柴油反应中的催化活性及重复使用性，确定了合成生物柴油的工艺条件。     

柴油机燃用生物柴油的非常规气态排放试验研究

通过FTIR技术,对燃用混合不同比例的棉籽生物柴油的柴油机的气态非常规排放物进行了在线测量,对生物柴油排放的二氧化硫、醛类、苯类进行了分析。试验结果表明,生物柴油能够降低柴油机二氧化硫的排放;生物柴油对柴油机的气态醛类排放和苯类排放无明显影响,说明较低比例生物柴油的添加不增加柴油机气态排放的毒性。     

稀土固体超强酸SO42-/SnO2-CeO2催化合成生物柴油

以工业棕榈酸和甲醇为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土固体超强酸催化剂SO42-/SnO2-CeO2,催化合成生物柴油。考察了稀土氧化铈添加量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、硫酸浓度、醇酸质量比、催化剂用量和反应时间对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,当氧化铈添加量为5%时,在2.0 mol/L硫酸浸渍后,于550℃下焙烧3 h制备的催化剂性能最好。正交试验结果表明,合成生物柴油的优化条件为醇酸质量比为15∶25,催化剂用量为棕榈酸质量的4%,反应时间为4 h,在此条件下,酯化率为95.4%。经GC-MS分析,酯产物主要为直链十六烷酸甲酯和10-十八碳烯酸甲酯。     

生物炭基材料在生物柴油制备中的研究进展

不同种类的生物质原料可通过热转化的方式制备生物炭,由于其独特的特性被广泛应用于不同的研究领域。近期,随着生物炭合成方法的大规模涌现,生物炭及生物炭基材料相关的研究广受关注。总结了生物炭基催化剂在生物柴油制备（酯交换/酯化反应）过程中的研究现状,简要描述了生物炭催化剂的设计和合成方法,并总结了生物炭催化剂在制备生物柴油中的应用,最后归纳了生物炭基催化剂在生物柴油制备中存在的问题,对今后的研究重点及前景做出展望,以期为将来低成本生物炭基催化剂的制备以及生物柴油合成的研究和发展提供指导建议。     

新型麻疯树油醚基酯生物柴油的发动机燃烧特性研究

针对一种新型生物柴油——麻疯树油二乙二醇甲醚酯的发动机燃烧特性进行研究,分别对该生物柴油及其与柴油的混合燃料进行了理化性质分析和发动机台架试验。结果表明:麻疯树油二乙二醇甲醚酯的各项理化性质良好;与燃用0#柴油相比,在相同转速和负荷条件下,麻疯树油二乙二醇甲醚酯的发动机压力示功图的整体趋势没有发生较大的变化,而压力升高率和放热率均具有曲线前移和峰值降低等明显特点。燃烧有效热效率随混合燃料中生物柴油的含量增高而增大,表明该生物柴油具有较高的含氧量,且十六烷值高于柴油,因此着火性能优异,具备代替柴油单独应用的条件。     

Performance and emission analysis of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine

In this study, performance and emissions of cottonseed oil methyl ester in a diesel engine was experimentally investigated. For the study, cottonseed oil methyl ester (CSOME) was added to diesel fuel, numbered D2, by volume of 5%(B5), 20%(B20), 50%(B50) and 75%(B75) as well as pure CSOME (B100). Fuels were tested in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine. The effects of CSOME-diesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions were examined at various engine speeds and full loaded engine. The effect of B5, B20, B50, B75, B100 and D2 on the engine power, engine torque, bsfc's and exhaust gasses temperature were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of blends on CO, NO_x, SO₂ and smoke opacity were investigated by emission tests. The experimental results showed that the use of the lower blends (B5) slightly increases the engine torque at medium and higher speeds in compression ignition engines. However, there were no significant differences in performance values of B5, B20 and diesel fuel. Also with the increase of the biodiesel in blends, the exhaust emissions were reduced. The experimental results showed that the lower contents of CSOME in the blends can partially be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.     

Production of biodiesel at small-scale (10 L) for local power generation

The transesterification reaction of two different types of raw materials, a refined cooking oil and a used cooking sample, was performed at small scale (10 L) at the constant temperature of 65 °C. The effects of several reaction parameters, such as KOH wt% with respect to the oil weight, methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction time, were investigated. Biodiesel yields as good as 97.5 and 93.2% were achieved for the refined and the cooking oils, respectively, in the following conditions: 1.2 wt% of KOH as catalyst, a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1 and reaction time of 60 min.The properties of the biodiesel obtained starting from the used cooking oil are as good as those of the biodiesels obeying the European standards. The resulting product was used in a diesel electricity generator engine, which operated in real conditions. The results showed that biodiesel combustion leads to higher concentration of CO and to a lower emission of NO_x as compared to a petrodiesel-fueled engine. An optimization of the operating parameters of the engine would guarantee lower CO emissions in conformity with the regulation.     

Production of biodiesel from food processing waste using response surface methodology

The optimum conditions for biodiesel production by the transesterification of waste oil form the pork grilling process in the food factory in Udon Thani, Thailand, using NaOH and KOH as catalysts, has been investigated. A Box–Behnken Design (BBD) followed by a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with 30 runs was used to assess the significance of three factors: the methanol to oil molar ratio, the amount of NaOH and KOH used, and the reaction time required to achieve the optimum percent fatty acid methyl ester (%FAME). The measured %FAME following transesterification using NaOH as a catalyst was an optimum 95.6% with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12.2:1, a NaOH percentage mass fraction of 0.49% and a reaction time of 63 min. Using KOH as a catalyst, the %FAME was an optimum 93.0% with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, a KOH percentage mass fraction of 0.61% and a reaction time of 72 min. The coefficient of determination (R²) for regression equations were 98.55% and 93.99%, respectively. The probability value (P<0.05) demonstrated a very good significance for the regression model. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel obtained from the waste oil met the ASTM 6751 biodiesel standard, illustrating that waste oil from the pork grilling process can be used as a raw material for biodiesel production by transesterification.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of blending on engine emissions of the diesel engine fueled by mahua biodiesel oil

The present article elaborates on the various emission characteristics of mahua oil with diesel fuel in a diesel engine at various blending conditions. Experimental investigation results are studied for various parameters such as exhaust emission of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NO) gases and exhaust gas temperature. Results show that residual oxygen, CO, HC, and NO emission were the lowest for mahua biodiesel compared with diesel. The experimental results proved that the use of mahua oil biodiesel as fuel in the diesel engine is a viable alternative to diesel fuel. Mahua biodiesel oil may be beneficial in decreasing greenhouse gas emissions without any engine modification. Mahua oil has the possibility of becoming a sustainable fuel source as biodiesel.     

Alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of Silurus triostegus Heckel fish oil: Optimization of transesterification parameters

The present work reports the production of biodiesel from Silurus triostegus Heckel fish oil (STFO) through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkaline catalyst with methanol. Chemical and physical properties of the extracted oil were determined. It was found that STFO has a low acid value (1.90 mg KOH/g oil); hence no pre-treatment such as acid esterification is required to produce the biodiesel. The influence of the experimental parameters such as KOH concentration (0.25–1.0% w/w of oil), methanol to oil molar ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1 and 12:1), reaction temperature (32, 45 and 60 °C), reaction duration (30, 60, 90 and 120 min), type of the catalyst (potassium or sodium hydroxide) and step multiplicity (single- and two-step transesterification) on the yield of the biodiesel were investigated. The maximum biodiesel yield (96%) was obtained under the optimized parameters of the transesterification (KOH 0.50% w/w, 6:1 methanol to oil, at 32 °C for 60 min). The properties of the produced biodiesel were found to conform with the ASTM standard, indicating its suitability for internal combustion engines. Blending of the produced biodiesel with petro diesel with various volume percentages was investigated as well.