急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的临床特征及冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的临床特征及冠状动脉造影特点,为该并发症的防治提供证据。方法对46例急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂患者的临床特征、冠状动脉造影特点、保守或外科手术疗效与生存率等数据资料进行回顾性分析,采用SPSS11．0软件统计。结果急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的发病率约为1．88％;好发因素有：高龄（61～70岁）,未行再灌注治疗,无既往心绞痛／心肌梗死史,伴随高血压及高血脂等;易于发生室间隔破裂的最常见梗死部位为同时累及前壁和下壁的大面积梗死;大多数患者中性粒细胞比例、C反应蛋白及红细胞沉降率升高。胸片肺水肿者约30％,约半数患者入院时血流动力学不稳定（心功能Killip分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级）。累及前壁梗死者其破裂部位多为前间隔远段,下壁＋后壁／右心室梗死者破裂部位多为后间隔基底段。冠状动脉造影提示室间隔破裂者多为前降支单支或三支病变,侧支循环少见。罪犯血管以前降支最为多见,其中又以前降支中段居多。保守治疗的住院死亡率高达65％,外科手术治疗的住院死亡率仅3．85％。结论尽早、成功的再灌注治疗是预防其发生的关键,心脏超声是敏感且简便易行的确诊手段,外科手术治疗明显提高生存率,早期外科手术（梗死后1个月左右）可行。     

Changes in mortality of acute myocardial infarction as a function of a changing treatment during the last two decades

Forty years ago, after the establishment of coronary care units, a significant decrease in mortality of acute myocardial infarction was noted. Twenty years ago, the break-through of thrombolysis realized once again a significant decrease in mortality. In this study we compare, in a rather small community hospital, the mortality and safety of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction with a more conventional, conservative medical therapy. We examined all cases of acute myocardial infarction between 1978 up to 1998 inclusive, concerning treatment and mortality rate after a six month period. To be included in the study, acute myocardial infarction had to fulfill particular inclusion criteria. A total of 1863 cases of acute myocardial infarction were included. The mortality rate of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents was strikingly lower and statistically very significantly different (p < 0.001) in comparison with the mortality rate of patients treated with heparin or coumarine derivatives. The mortality rate dropped from 10.57% in the coumarine group and from 14.95% in the heparin group to 5.41% in the alteplase group, to 4.95% in the anistreplase group and 4.00% in the streptokinase subgroup. The complications directly connected to the treatment did not seem to be different between the five groups, and they were also not more frequent by using thrombolytic agents. In the last 20 years, better preventive measures (life habits, diet, medication) and trials to better control the risk factors have not influenced greatly the average amount of cholesterol in patients with an acute myocardial infarction. Also the percentage of patients with high blood pressure has hardly decreased over the last 20 years. The mortality associated with acute myocardial infarction has decreased significantly with the use of thrombolytics. In most cases, thrombolytics are administered routinely and safely. In this way, they are the first choice therapy for myocardial infarction in smaller hospitals. To obtain excellent coronary patency, thrombolytic agents with a long half-life and with PAI-1 resistance are required in the future. The current measures and medical therapies seem to be insufficient to control the risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis.     

Clinical Survey of 6 371 In-Paitent Cases of Acute Myocardial Infarction from 1984 to 1992 in Guangdong Province

6 371 cases of acute myocardialinfarction from 1984 to 1992 in Guangdong Province are reported in this article. The results show that the prevalence rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been increasing. The anterior walls are involved more often than the inferior ones are. The first symptom in 87. 4% of cases is pectoral pain. The most common complications are arrhythmia, heart failure and cardiac shock successively occurring in order. The mortality rate is 19.9%. The predominant causes of death is pump failure.     

置入铜丝缠绕型支架制作猪急性心肌梗死模型

目的探讨在猪冠状动脉内置入铜丝缠绕型支架制作急性心肌梗死模型的可行性,建立一种新的急性心肌梗死模型方法。方法16头中国实验用小型猪经股动脉穿刺,在前降支置入自制的铜丝缠绕型支架。1周内观察心肌肌钙蛋白I、心电图、心脏超声和冠状动脉造影。然后处死取出心脏,取目标冠状动脉和心肌,做病理学检查。结果16头小型猪均发生了心肌梗死。梗死发生后死亡2头,其中1头在术后8 h猝死,1头在术后1周冠状动脉造影复查时死于麻醉中;其余14头均存活在1周以上,完成复查,总的成功率为87.5%。结论该模型制作具有操作简单、创伤小、成本低、死亡率低、成功率高等诸多优点,可作为较好的实验研究动物模型。     

介入法置入栓塞弹簧圈制作猪急性心肌梗死模型

目的探讨介入法在猪冠状动脉内置入栓塞弹簧圈制作急性心肌梗死模型的可行性,建立一种新的急性心肌梗死模型方法。方法 26头中国实验用小型猪经股动脉穿刺,在前降支远段置入栓塞用弹簧圈(Cook公司产,型号:35-3-3),1周内观察心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、心电图和冠状动脉造影,然后处死取出心脏,取目标冠状动脉和心肌,做病理学检查。结果术中2只死于造模过程中室颤,1只死于造模过程中出现麻醉意外,23头小型猪均发生了心肌梗死,且存活在1周以上,完成复查,总的成功率为88.5%。结论该模型制作具有操作简单、创伤小、死亡率低、成功率高等诸多优点,可作为较好的实验研究动物模型。     

非体外循环不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术在高危冠心病治疗中的作用

目的回顾性研究696例高危冠心病患者接受不同方式冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床资料,评价分析OPCABG治疗高危冠心病的价值。方法 2000年7月至2010年6月696例高危冠状动脉旁路移植术患者(Eu-roSCORE大于6),696例高危冠心病患者根据手术方式分为OPCABG组和CABG组。比较OPCABG和CABG两组病例在术前资料、手术死亡率、EuroSCORE分值、并发症率(并发症包括围术期心肌梗死、出血、脑部并发症、新发心房颤动、急性肾功能衰竭、呼吸功能不全等)等数据,统计分析组间差异。结果 OPCABG组504例,EuroSCORE评分7.71±1.27;CABG组192例,EuroSCORE评分7.64±1.33。全部病例远端吻合口人均3.46±1.42个,ICU时间65.4±6.73 h,带气管插管时间16.4±6.9 h,并发症率27.9%,手术死亡率4.31%,EuroSCORE平均值7.68±1.30。两组病例术前资料在年龄、合并症、性别比例、心功能、EuroSCORE评分等方面差异无显著性。OPCABG组与CABG组在远端吻合口数量、手术时间、输血量、引流量、机械通气时间、重症监护时间、住院...     

感染性心内膜炎所致冠状动脉栓塞七例报告

本文报告7例感染性心内膜炎所致的冠状动脉栓塞,其中5例尸检证实,2例经心电图诊断。     

Early treatment with intravenous metoprolol for suspected acute myocardial infarction: a phase IV United States trial. Phase IV Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Study Group

Recent randomized clinical trials have shown that total mortality and cardiovascular mortality are reduced by the early intravenous administration of beta-blockers to patients suspected of suffering from acute myocardial infarction. These trials were conducted on patients meeting strict entry criteria. In order to assess this therapy when applied to a broader range of myocardial infarction patients, we performed a Phase IV study of metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. The study was designed to test whether early (less than 8 hours from onset of chest pain) intervention by practicing physicians with open label intravenous metoprolol for cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction achieved mortality results similar to those obtained in large randomized clinical trials. We studied 3824 patients treated by 741 physicians representing a broad spectrum of clinical practice in the United States. Seventy-two percent of the patients entered into the study had confirmed myocardial infarction (39% anterior, 39% inferior, 22% other locations) and 85% of all individuals treated tolerated the full intravenous dose of 15 mg of metoprolol. The 15 day total mortality and cardiovascular mortality rates were 4.9% and 4.5%; 90 day mortality rates were 6.9 and 5.9%. Patients with anterior infarctions had a significantly greater cumulative mortality rate than patients with other types of infarctions. Marked bradycardia (heart rate less than 45 beats per minute) in the first 8 hours post treatment occurred in 4.7% cases and hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg) occurred in 9.8% of cases. When compared with the results of the G?teborg and MIAMI trials of metoprolol, it appears that there is no appreciable increase in mortality or morbidity when metoprolol is used in the community practice of acute coronary care.     

5-year mortality rate in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction in relation to early diagnosis

In 1,395 patients admitted to hospital between 1976 and 1981 due to suspected acute myocardial infarction, the 5-year mortality rate was related to whether they developed infarction or not during the first 3 days. In all, patients with definite myocardial infarction had a 5-year mortality rate of 33.4% as compared with 13.3% in patients not fulfilling the criteria for this diagnosis (p less than 0.001). When separately analyzing patients with no previous myocardial infarction before admission and discharged from hospital, the corresponding mortality rate was 24.1% for myocardial infarction patients versus 8.1% in nonmyocardial infarction patients (p less than 0.001). Among all patients with nonconfirmed myocardial infarction, those who partly fulfilled the criteria (possible myocardial infarction) had a 5-year mortality rate of 16.7% as compared with 12.0% in those in whom myocardial infarction was completely ruled out (p = 0.18). Independent risk factors for death among patients not developing early infarction were high age and a clinical history of previous myocardial infarction and smoking. We conclude that in this study the long-term prognosis among patients admitted to hospital due to suspected acute myocardial infarction was clearly related to whether they developed an infarction or not during the first 3 days in hospital.     

急性心肌梗死直接介入治疗中Diver CE血栓抽吸术的应用

目的探讨和评价急性心肌梗死（AMI）急诊冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中联合应用Div-erCE血栓抽吸术的疗效及安全性。方法选择符合急诊PCI的AMI并经冠状动脉造影明确梗死相关冠状动脉（IRA）内高负荷血栓性病变的56例患者,随机分为两组,Diver CE组（n=28）用DiverCE血栓抽吸导管抽吸血栓后再行PCI治疗,对照组（n=28）直接行PCI治疗。结果Diver CE血栓抽吸术后的PCI术后ST段回落（STR）（〉70%）明显优于对照组（71.4%比39.3%,P〈0.05） 术后冠状动脉TIMI血流（2.8±0.4比2.0±0.6,P〈0.05）、血栓积分（TS）（0.1±0.2比1.5±1.0,P〈0.05）、左室舒张末期容积（left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVEDV）（50±12mL比60±14mL,P〈0.05）、左室射血分数（LVEF）（0.58±0.18比0.46±0.14,P〈0.05）较对照组明显改善,慢血流/无复流发生率低（3.6%比14.3%,P〈0.05） 30d时主要不良心脏事件（MACE）包括死亡、心肌梗死和靶血管再成形术和缺血性卒中的发生率两组未见明显差异（0比3.6%,P〉0.05）。未见与Diver CE血栓抽吸相关的血管并发症。结论Diver CE血栓抽吸术能促进AMI急诊PCI术后STR,改善TIMI血流、TS和左心室功能 该方法操作简单,安全性高 对AMI患者,若其冠状动脉内以血栓性病变为主,应考虑应用Diver CE血栓抽吸术。     

Resolution of ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction — Early prognostic significance after thrombolytic therapy

In acute myocardial infarction, early identification of patients at a high mortality risk is important for planning further therapeutic strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated that the extent of early resolution of ST-segment elevation may represent a simple, quick and noninvasive assessment to identify high risk groups of patients. In a subgroup of the COBALT Study population (Continuous Infusion vs Double Bolus Administration of Alteplase), ST-segment elevation was measured before and 90 to 120 minutes after treatment with alteplase. The subgroup of n = 1,760 patients was not different from the total COBALT population of n = 7169 patients regarding most clinical parameters except Killip Class before treatment. However, the overall 30-day mortality differed significantly between the main study and the substudy (7.76% vs 3.52%; p < 0.001). Three groups of ST-segment resolution were defined: 1. complete resolution (resolution > or = 70%; 762 patients), 2. partial resolution (< 70% and > 30%; 491 patients), 3. no resolution (< 30%; 507 patients). Mortality rate at 30 days for complete, partial and no resolution of ST-segment elevation was 1.31%, 4.28% and 6.11%, respectively (p < 0.001). While this significant correlation between the extent of ST-segment resolution and mortality could be observed for inferior acute myocardial infarction, it could not be found in patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction. This in part may be due to a selection bias that leads to an extremely divergent mortality rate of anterior acute myocardial infarction in the main study and the substudy (10.1% vs 3.94%; p < 0.0001). Despite this limitation, resolution of ST-segment elevation in acute myocardial infarction after thrombolytic therapy allows to identify patients at a high mortality risk and may help to select patients for early invasive procedures such as PTCA. Patients with complete ST-segment resolution showed a particularly low mortality rate, irrespective of the alteplase regimen used (front-loaded alteplase vs double bolus alteplase).     

Mortality and morbidity during one year of follow-up in suspected acute myocardial infarction in relation to early diagnosis: experiences from the MIAMI trial

From a large randomized multicentre trial of metoprolol in suspected acute myocardial infarction (n = 5778) we report on the outcome during 1 year of follow-up, in relation to early diagnosis. Patients who developed a confirmed infarction had a 1-year mortality rate of 12.8%. This was significantly higher than the mortality rate of 6.3% (P less than 0.001) in patients with possible infarction and it was also higher than that in patients with no infarction, which was 5.0% (P less than 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that independent risk predictors in the clinical history of patients without confirmed infarction were a history of angina pectoris, chronic use of digitalis and advanced age. After 1 year, angina pectoris was most common in patients with an initial possible infarction. These patients were also in most urgent need of bypass surgery. We thus conclude that the mortality during 1 year of follow-up among patients with an initially strongly suspected acute myocardial infarction was clearly related to whether or not the patient developed a myocardial infarction.     

8例急性心肌梗死并发室间隔穿孔患者的临床分析及治疗策略

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)后发生室间隔穿孔(VSR)的临床特征、冠状动脉(冠脉)造影表现、治疗方法及预后情况。方法:对我院2003-01-2011-10收治的8例急性ST段抬高型AMI并发VSR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:4例(50.0%)并发高血压,3例(37.5%)有糖尿病史,1例(12.5%)有吸烟史。前壁AMI 7例(87.5%),下壁AMI 1例(12.5%)。心功能Ⅳ级5例(62.5%),Ⅲ级3例(37.5%)。持续性胸痛的时间为14～336h。超声心动图提示室间隔缺损,穿孔直径范围6～22mm,均位于室间隔近心尖部。5例行主动脉内球囊反搏术(IABP)支持循环;5例行经皮冠脉成形术(PCI),其中左前降支开口闭塞4例(80%),右冠脉闭塞1例(20%);1例仅行室间隔封堵术。1例(12.5%)行急诊PCI术4周后行外科手术治疗并存活;死亡7例(87.5%),7例内科治疗患者均死亡,死亡率高达100%。结论:AMI并发室间隔破裂并不多见,大多发生在广泛前壁AMI的患者,迅速发展至心源性休克,内科治疗病死率很高;若能尽早开通罪犯血管,同时辅以血管活性药物,必要时IABP支持治疗,维持血流动力学稳定至穿孔后4～8周行室间隔修补术,可提高存活率。     

老年急性心肌梗死心电图墓碑型改变的相关血管及临床意义

目的 探讨老年患者急性心肌梗死（AMI）心电图墓碑型改变的相关血管及临床意义.方法 回顾性分析我院心内科2011年6月至2013年6月行冠脉造影检查的364例AMI患者资料,根据心电图ST段改变选取96例患者,分为墓碑型改变组（46例）和非墓碑型改变组（50例）,根据年龄将墓碑型改变组分为墓碑改变老年组（26例）和墓碑改变非老年组（20例）,分析三组的相关冠状动脉及临床并发症情况.结果 三组患者的一般情况差异无统计学意义.与非墓碑型改变组相比,墓碑型改变组病变血管多位于前降支近端（老年组80.8%比75.0%,P〈0.01;非老年组80.8%比36.0%,P〈0.01）,且合并右冠状动脉或左回旋支病变,墓碑改变老年组的相关血管多为双支或三支病变.与其他两组相比,墓碑型老年组的死亡率高（33.3%比5.0%,P〈0.01;33.3%比4.0%,P〈0.05）.结论 急性心肌梗死心电图墓碑型改变的老年人有较严重的血管病变、较高的死亡率及临床并发症.     

New definition of myocardial infarction: impact on long-term mortality

Background

The use of cardiac troponin allows the identification of additional patients developing myocardial necrosis during an acute coronary syndrome. Novel guidelines of European and American cardiac societies recommend labeling these events as myocardial infarction. Our study evaluated the long-term mortality in the group of patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction not meeting the older World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (creatine phosphokinase) but additionally identified by the novel definition of myocardial infarction.

Methods

This cohort study included 1024 consecutive patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome classified into “unstable angina,” myocardial infarction according to the WHO definition (“WHO criteria”), and myocardial infarction additionally identified by the novel definition (“additional criteria”). All patients were treated with an early invasive strategy. The primary end point was all-cause mortality during follow-up of up to 36 months.

Results

During long-term follow-up (median 16 months, interquartile range 6-29 months), 67 deaths occurred. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed cumulative 3-year mortality rates of 5.6% in patients with “unstable angina,” 9.1% in patients identified by “WHO criteria,” and 17.5% in patients identified by “additional criteria” (P <.001). Cox regression analysis confirmed the “additional criteria” as a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-5.0; P <.001).

Conclusions

The new definition of myocardial infarction based on cardiac troponin testing identifies a high-risk group of additional patients with acute coronary syndrome that is, therefore, appropriately classified as myocardial infarction. In fact, long-term mortality in “additional criteria” patients is higher than in “WHO criteria” patients.     

冠状动脉内支架植入术治疗老年冠心病

目的　 评价冠状动脉内支架植入术治疗冠心病的临床应用价值。　 方法　对 112例 16 8支冠状动脉病变内植入 193只支架。植入左前降支 82只 ,右冠状动脉 6 8只 ,左回旋支 43只。　 结果　支架植入后经冠状动脉造影证实狭窄消失 ,效果良好 ,其中 3 5例急性心肌梗死患者由于急诊植入支架后 ,病情转危为安。 112例患者全部植入成功 ,无 1例发生重要的并发症。　 结论 　冠状动脉内支架植入术治疗冠心病是安全可靠、效果好的介入性治疗技术 ,有良好的应用价值。     

老年人冠状动脉扩张症的临床特点

目的 探讨老年人冠状动脉扩张症的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 对我院近10年经冠状动脉造影诊断的154例老年冠状动脉扩张症患者的症状、体征、诊断及治疗方法进行总结分析。结果 154例冠状动脉扩张症患者均由冠状动脉造影确诊，表现为心绞痛者112例(72．7％)，心电图、胸片、超声心动图均无特异性。3例急性心肌梗死患者行急诊溶栓，154例患者均给予肠溶阿斯匹林或肝素抗凝治疗，同时使用硝酸脂类及钙离子拮抗剂扩张血管。154例随访1～20年，出现急性心肌梗死6例，其中再梗死1例，猝死1例；发生急性左心功能衰竭2例。结论 心绞痛为老年人冠状动脉扩张症的主要临床表现，冠状动脉造影是确诊的主要方法。本病一旦确诊应长期使用抗凝剂和血管扩张药物，防止冠状动脉痉挛与心肌梗死的发生。急性心肌梗死应积极溶栓，药物治疗不满意者，应行冠状动脉旁路移植术。     

Factors influencing the clinical course and the long-term prognosis of patients with variant angina

The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors influencing the clinical course and prognosis in variant angina. Also, the mechanism of acute myocardial infarction in variant angina is reviewed. The subjects were 110 patients with variant angina who, after the initial visit or admission, were observed for a period of at least 2 months, the average observation period being 68 +/- 49 months (range: 2 months-16 years). The incidence of acute myocardial infarction was 21.8% of these patients and 87.5% of the infarctions occurred within 1 month of the initial visit or admission. In variant angina, the average rate over 1 year was 2.2%; however, in classical angina the rate was 3.7% and in postinfarction angina 5.0%. The mortality rate was 5.5%, with death in the majority of cases occurring within 1 month, as in myocardial infarction. When treatment was stopped, spontaneous remission occurred in at least 26 of the 110 cases (23.6%). Beyond 3 months, the remission continued in 19 of these 26 cases. Seven cases had acute myocardial infarction in spite of the suppression of anginal attacks with administration of calcium antagonists. Apparently coronary spasm is the cause of anginal attacks, and the cause of acute myocardial infarction in patients with variant angina appears to be coronary thrombus formation.     

中高危非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征早期侵入与早期保守策略的评价

目的　了解早期侵入与早期保守策略对中高危非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者住院主要不良心脏事件(MACE)发生情况的影响。方法　根据入院后冠状动脉造影(CAG)与否和时间(≤48h与>48h)对910例中高危非ST段抬高ACS患者分为早期侵入策略组(n=237)和早期保守策略(n=673)两组,分析早期策略与血管重建方式对住院MACE(包括死亡、新发心肌梗死和靶血管再次血管重建)的关系。结果　早期侵入与早期保守组的住院病死率和靶血管血管重建率相当,早期侵入组的住院时间较短,住院MACE(6. 3%比2 .5%,OR0 .384, 95% CI0 188~0 .781,P=0 .006)与新发心肌梗死(4. 6%比0 .9%,OR0 .185, 95% CI0 068~0 .505,P=0.001)的发生率更高。早期侵入组MACE与新发心肌梗死的增加可能与其血管重建操作较多( 86 .9%比67. 5%,P<0 .001)有关。亚组分析显示,早期侵入组与早期保守组中接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者新发心肌梗死、靶血管再次血管重建(TVR)和MACE发生率均相当,无1例死亡;而早期侵入组中接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的患者新发心肌梗死的发生率高于早期保守组中接受CABG的患者(7 .5%比1 .8%,P=0 .027)。结论　中高危非ST段抬高ACS患者采取早期侵入策略不增加住院病死率,但有可能增加住院心肌梗死。早期PCI安全可行     

青年急性心肌梗死68例临床分析

目的 探讨青年急性心肌梗死（AMI）的临床特点.方法 回顾分析68例40岁以下急性心肌梗死患者和172例中老年患者的临床资料,分析其临床特点、危险因素、冠状动脉造影结果、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）效果及预后.结果 青年急性心肌梗死以男性为主,危险因素以吸烟、超重、冠心病阳性家族史为主.其临床表现典型,血管病变简单（冠状动脉造影56例,其中冠脉痉挛3例,其余均有冠脉血管病变）.死亡率低,预后相对良好.结论 AMI发病年轻化.青年患者中男性占绝大多数,病因以冠状动脉硬化为主,危险因素和冠状动脉病变特点与老年人不同,临床医生应加以重视.