Evaluation of forming limit in viscous pressure forming of automotive aluminum alloy 6k21-T4 sheet

A ductile fracture criterion is introduced into numerical simulation to predict viscous pressure forming limit of the automotive body aluminum alloy 6k2 l-T4. The material constant in the ductile fracture criterion is determined by the combination of the viscous pressure bulging （VPB） test with numerical simulation. VPB tests of the aluminum alloy sheet are carried out by using various elliptical dies with different ratios of major axis to minor axis（β）, and the bugling processes are simulated by the aid of the finite element method software LS-DYNA3D. On the basis of the stress and strain calculated from numerical simulations, the forming limits of bulging specimens obtained are predicted by the ductile fracture criterion, and compared with experimental results. The fracture initiation site and the minimal thickness predicted by the ductile fracture criterion are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Numerical Investigations on the Influence of Superimposed Double-Sided Pressure on the Formability of Biaxially Stretched AA6111-T4 Sheet Metal

Lightweight materials have been widely used in aerospace, automobile industries to meet the requirement of structural weight reduction. Due to their limited plasticity at room temperature, however, lightweight materials always exhibit distinctly poor forming capability in comparison with conventional deep drawing steels. Based on the phenomenon that the superimposed hydrostatic pressure can improve the plasticity of metal, many kinds of double-sided pressure forming processes have been proposed. In the present study, the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage model combined with finite element method is used to investigate the influence of double-sided pressure on the deformation behavior of biaxially stretched AA6111-T4 sheet metal, including nucleation and growth of microvoids, evaluation of stress triaxiality, and so forth. The Marciniak-Kuczynski (M-K) localized necking model is used to predict the right-hand side of the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metal under superimposed double-sided pressure. It is found that the superimposed double-sided pressure has no obvious effect on the nucleation of microvoids. However, the superimposed double-sided pressure can suppress the growth and coalescence of microvoids. The forming limit curve (FLC) of the biaxially stretched AA6111-T4 sheet metal under the superimposed double-sided pressure is improved and the fracture locus shifts to the left. Furthermore, the formability increase value is sensitive to the strain path.     

薄板激光冲击强化残余应力场的数值模拟与试验

激光冲击强化会在材料表面形成深度达到1 mm的残余压应力,而对于厚度小于1 mm的薄板,由于冲击时应力波的反射和叠加,其残余应力场的分布肯定不同于厚板。文章采用4种冲击方式(单面冲击、底面约束情况下的单面冲击、双面非同时冲击以及双面同时对冲)对2024铝合金薄板(厚度为1 mm)进行激光冲击强化,并应用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对其进行数值模拟,系统分析经过4种不同的冲击方式,得到薄板的变形以及残余应力的分布情况。结果表明,双面同时对冲方式能够使薄板两面都产生很大的残余压应力,而且不会出现弯曲变形,是理想的冲击方式。     

Double-sided gas tungsten arc welding process on TC4 titanium alloy

TC4 titanium alloy was welded by double-sided gas tungsten arc welding（GTAW） process in comparison with conventional GTAW process, the microstructure and mechanical performance of weld were also studied. The results indicate that double-sided GTAW is superior over regular single-sided GTAW on the aspects of increasing penetration, reducing welding deformation and improving welding efficiency. Good weld joint was obtained, which can reach 96.14% tensile strength and 70.85% elongation percentage of the base metal. The grains in heat-affected zone（HAZ） are thin and equiaxed and the degree of grain coarsening increases as one moves to the weld center line, and the interior of grains are α and α′ structures. The coarse columned and equiaxed grains, which interlace martensitic structures α′ and acicular α structures, are observed in weld zone. The fracture mode is ductile fracture.     

超声振动效应对TA2钛合金板材力学及胀形性能影响

针对钛合金板材塑性变形能力差的问题,进行了超声振动辅助成形工艺的研究,分析超声振动对钛合金TA2板材力学性能及与接触面之间摩擦系数的影响。在此基础上进行了不同宽长比坯料的超声振动辅助胀形实验,分析超声振动对TA2板材胀形力、极限胀形高度的影响。同时,基于网格应变原理,通过不同宽长比坯料极限应变的测量,建立TA2板材的成形极限图。研究结果表明,选择合适的超声振动辅助成形工艺参数, 不仅可以提高TA2板材变形能力,还可以减小摩擦对板材成形性能的影响,从而有效提高了TA2板材的成形极限。     

应用韧性断裂准则预测不同材料的胀形极限

为了准确地预测板料成形极限 ,将韧性断裂准则引入到有限元模拟中。在有限元模拟获得的应力应变场基础上 ,应用韧性断裂准则预测板料断裂的发生。本文应用作者提出的韧性断裂准则及材料常数的确定方法预测了铝合金板和钢板的半球形凸模胀形的成形极限。与实验结果比较表明 ,该方法能在较宽的材料范围内预测胀形成形极限。     

LZ91镁锂合金板材的超塑性气胀成形研究

本文利用热拉伸实验、气胀成形实验、金相分析和扫描电镜观察,研究LZ91镁锂合金板材的超塑性、气胀成形性能及其组织结构。结果表明:在热拉伸变形温度为573 K、应变速率为0.001 s-1时,其伸长率可达343.7 %,应变速率敏感指数为0.697,轧制态的LZ91合金板材表现出优良的超塑性;在胀形温度573 K,胀形气压0.06 MPa条件下,板材成形高度为51.14 mm,高径比达1.279,说明该镁锂合金板材具有良好的超塑性成形潜力;在热拉伸变形和超塑性气胀成形过程中,均有动态再结晶现象产生,可有效提高该合金的塑性成形能力;在拉伸断口和胀形件破裂处断口均存在典型的超塑性空洞形貌特征,说明两者的主要变形机制均为晶界滑移,且合金超塑性失效的主要原因是空洞的长大和连接。     

基于韧性断裂准则的铝合金板材成形极限预测

为了准确地预测铝合金板材成形极限，将韧性断裂准则引入到数值模拟中。在数值模拟获得的应力应变值基础上，采用简单拉伸试验和数值模拟相结合的方法确定了韧性断裂准则中的材料常数，并应用该韧性断裂准则预测了铝合金LYl2(M)的圆筒件拉深和半球形凸模胀形的成形极限。预测结果与实验值吻合较好，该韧性断裂准则能够预测铝合金板材成形极限。     

反胀压力对铝合金球底筒形件充液拉深过程的影响

充液拉深工艺是一种先进的板材柔性成形方法。结合航天部件的实际需求,通过数值模拟的方法,对5A06铝合金球底筒形零件的初始反胀充液拉深成形过程进行了研究。应用基于LS-DYNA3D内核的动力显示分析软件eta/Dynaform5.5,分析了液室初始反胀压力与液室压力对零件壁厚分布以及起皱、拉裂等缺陷的影响规律,讨论了反胀压力与液室压力的匹配关系,得到了合理的加载区间。结果表明,采用优化的初始反胀压力和液室压力耦合加载条件,可以有效的抑制零件球底部的过度减薄,控制悬空区的内皱,提高零件成形质量。     

AZ31镁合金双面对称搅拌摩擦焊接头疲劳性能

针对搅拌摩擦单面焊两侧热输入不均匀性导致疲劳强度低的问题,采用双面对称搅拌摩擦焊方法对10 mm厚的AZ31镁合金板材进行焊接,并研究其疲劳性能. 结果表明,双面对称搅拌摩擦焊接头的屈服强度为130 MPa,与单面焊的屈服强度123 MPa相比提高了5%;其疲劳极限为88 MPa,比单面焊接头的50 MPa提高了76%;双面对称接头疲劳裂纹萌生在上/下侧的前进侧位置,并跨越上/下侧焊缝交界面,最终在下/上侧焊缝的后退侧RS区域瞬断,其疲劳断口均为以解理特征为主的脆性断裂. 双面对称焊接头其中一面应变范围与单面搅拌摩擦焊的应变较高的后退侧接近. 通过双面搅拌摩擦焊接的镁合金接头疲劳强度得到了大幅度提升,疲劳寿命得到了延长.     

背压对AZ31镁合金板材快速气压胀形的影响

利用快速气压胀形实验,研究背压对AZ31镁合金轧制板材胀形时空洞体积分数、胀形高度和壁厚分布的影响。研究结果表明,在胀形温度为350℃的工艺条件下,胀形件顶部在无背压和加载背压时,空洞的比率分别达到了21%和16%。在相同的应变下,加载背压时获得的胀形件中的空洞比率小于无背压时的空洞比率。背压的加载,能有效降低板材中空洞的分布比率,提高板材的胀形高度,进而提高成形极限。     

Viscous warm pressure bulging process of AZ31B magnesium alloy with different ellipticity dies

Based on the bulging principle of different ellipticity dies, the methyl vinyl silicone rubber with excellent thermal stability and heat transfer performance was chosen as the viscous medium. The finite element analysis and experiments of viscous warm pressure bulging (VWPB) of AZ31B magnesium alloy were conducted to analyze the influence of different ellipticity dies on the formability of AZ31B magnesium alloy. At the same time, based on the grid strain rule, the forming limit diagram (FLD) of VWPB of AZ31B magnesium alloy was obtained through measuring the strain of bulging specimens. The results showed that at the temperature range of viscous medium thermal stability, the viscous medium can fit the geometry variation of sheet and generate non-uniform pressure field, and as the die ellipticity increases, the difference value of non-uniform pressure reduces. Meanwhile, according to the FLD, the relationship between part complexity and ultimate deformation was investigated.     

Effect of high density electropulsing treatment on formability of TC4 titanium alloy sheet

An annealed TC4 titanium alloy sheet was treated by high density electropulsing(Jmax=(5.09-5.26)×103A/mm2,tp=110μs)under ambient conditions.The effect of electropulsing treatment(EPT)on the plastic deformation behavior of TC4 titanium alloysheet was studied using uniaxial tension tests.The experimental results indicate that electropulsing treatment significantly changesthe mechanical properties of sheet metal:the uniform elongation is increased by 35%,the yield stress is decreased by 19.8%and theyield to tensile ratio is decreased by 17.6%.It is of significant meaning to improve the formability of TC4 titanium alloy sheet.Theoptical microscope and scanning electron microscope(SEM)were used to examine the changes of the microstructure and the fracturemorphology before and after the electropulsing treatment.It is found that recrystallization occurs in the sheet metal and dimples infracture surface are large and deep after the electropulsing treatment.The research results show that the electropulsing treatment is aneffective method to improve the formability of titanium alloy sheets.     

钛合金热轧板高应变率塑性行为的研究

以10mm厚度的热轧钛合金板TC4为原料,通过Hopkinson压杆实验和强迫剪切实验,对高应变率下的厚板钛合金的塑性行为进行了研究和分析,得到了不同热处理制度下材料的真实应力-应变曲线,并观察了不同热处理制度下试验后材料的微观组织。     

铝合金板材胀形极限的数值模拟研究

应用韧性断裂准则与有限元数值模拟相结合的方法预测了铝合金板料的胀形极限.将有限元模拟获得板材的应力、应变值代入考虑应力三轴度的Oyane韧性断裂准则进行断裂判断,预测出初始断裂点.准则中的材料常数通过单向拉伸和平面拉伸试验确定.计算了三种铝合金板的半球形凸模胀形极限,计算结果表明,应用Oyane韧性断裂准则能有效地预测铝合金板材的胀形极限.     

Forming characteristic of sheet hydroforming under the influence of through-thickness normal stress

Sheet hydroforming is different from conventional sheet forming due to the existence of liquid pressure. Through thickness normal stress induced by liquid pressure is derived by solving the normal force equilibrium equation. The theoretical prediction is in a good agreement with that determined by experimental data at cup wall. As the third principal stress, through thickness normal stress cannot be reflected in two dimensional yield locus. The variables of η and ω as new coordinates were introduced. Accompanied with stress triaxiality β_av and effective strain ?_eq, they were used to describe the change of typical stress states in sheet hydroforming. As liquid pressure increases to infinity, sheet hydroforming covers the stress states from equi-biaxial tension to uniaxial compression. The numerical simulation in Marc shows that, the stress states of non-free bulging zones are away from plane stress in the (β_av, ?_eq) and (η, ω) based spaces.     

On the thinning variation of a superplastically formed titanium alloy spherical domes

The gas pressure bulging of metal sheets has become an important forming method. As the bulging process progresses, significant thinning in the sheet material becomes obvious. A prior knowledge about non-uniform thinning in the product after forming helps the designer in the selection of initial blank thickness. This paper presents a simple analytical procedure for obtaining the thinning variation of a superplastically formed Ti alloy spherical dome. The procedure is validated with the existing measured data.     

咬边缺陷对TC4钛合金激光焊接头静力拉伸形变特征的影响

通过对静力拉伸常规试验时进行同步的红外热像测量，对存在咬边缺陷的TC4钛合金焊缝试样和经激光双面修饰焊试样的拉伸过程和结果进行研究.结果表明，屈服现象都首先发生在焊缝区域，但是咬边程度对焊缝试样开始产生屈服现象的应力和应变具有影响，对塑性变形行为影响更大.在咬边小于一定值时，大塑性变形会发生在母材区域，其塑性指标与母材相当；咬边较大时，塑性变形集中在焊缝及其附近区域且快速断裂.而经双面修饰焊的试样，初始屈服现象不再集中在焊缝区域，而是同时发生在焊缝和母材处，塑性变形主要发生在母材区域，与母材相似.     

Effect of undercut defect on deformation behavior TC4 titanium alloy laser welded butt joint under static tensile loading

By measuring and analyzing infrared thermal image of the specimen in static load tensile test process, it was studied that the influence of the undercut defects and double-sided dressing method on the deformation behavior of the laser welded joint specimens of TC4 titanium alloy. The results showed that for the unmodified specimens, the yield phenomenon occurs first in the region of the joint, but the undercut value has an effect on the stress and strain of starting to yield phenomenon, and a great effect on the plastic deformation behavior.When the undercut is less than a certain value, the large plastic deformation occurs in the base metal region and the plasticity of the specimen is comparable to that of the base metal, but the larger undercut defect results in a concentrated plastic deformation in the joint region and rapidly failed in this region. But the double-sided dressing specimen is significantly different. The physical yield is no longer concentrated in the joint region, but at the same time occurs in the several regions including joint and the base metal. And the plastic deformation mainly occurs in the base material area, similar to that of the base material.     

Numerical simulation of aluminum alloy ladder parts with viscous pressure forming

1　INTRODUCTIONTheeffectofstressstatesonaxisymmetricsheetformabilityhasbeenstudiedundertheconditionofsolidmetalpunchforming [14 ] ,andtheeffectofblankholderpressure (BHP) ,frictioncoefficientandpunchconfigurationonthestressstateshasbeenob tained .Becauseofthedisadvantagesofsolid punchforming ,newformingtechnologyisneededtoim provethestressstatesofthesheetinformingprocessandtomeettherequirementofforminglow plastici ty ,complexshapeparts .Viscouspressureforming(VPF)isarecentlydevelopedfle…