高温合金波纹件粘性介质压力成形过程危险点的数值模拟

粘性介质压力成形（Viscous pressure forming,VPF)适合于高强度难变形材料钣金零件的制造。本文应用有限元商业软件DEFORM^TM进行模拟，对比分析采用粘性介质压力和刚性凸模成形高温合金波纹形薄壁件过程中材料危险点的变化。发现前者板料成形的危险点会发生转移，释缓了应力集中，降低了缺陷了发生的可能性。因此，有利于提高板料的菜性。     

Effect of blank holder pressure on viscous pressure forming aluminum alloy ladder parts

Viscous pressure forming (VPF), is suitable for forming difficult-to-form sheet metal parts. An investigation in the effect of blank holder pressure(BFIP) on VPF aluminum alloy ladder parts was conducted. Based on experimental and numerical simulation results of the effect of BFIP on dimensional accuracy, wall-thickness reduction, forming pressure, material flow and defects (such as wrinkling and fracture) of specimens, the effect patterns of BFIP load path on VPF ladder parts were explained. The limits of BFIP corresponding to specimens with no defect and with wrinkling or fracture defect were determined. In the limits of formable BFIP, the variable load path of BFIP was beneficial to drawing blank into the die and decreasing wall-thickness reduction of specimens. The experimental results show that the ladder parts of good surface fineness and high dimensional accuracy can be obtained by variable load paths of BHP.     

前翼子板成形数值分析

根据正交试验法原理,应用板料成形软件PamStamp 2G,在其他成形条件一定的情况下,对前翼子板在不同压边力、板料与模具间摩擦因数、凸模和凹模间隙、虚拟凸模成形速度下的成形进行数值分析。将模拟结果同实际成形件厚度比较,通过极差分析,得出上述因素对前翼子板成形的不同影响,其中压边力、虚拟凸模速度对成形影响较其他因素大。     

Influence of variables in deep drawing of AA 6061 sheet

Deep drawing is one of the most important processes for forming sheet metal parts.It is widely used for mass production of cup shapes in automobile,aerospace and packaging industries.Cup drawing,besides its importance as forming process,also serves as a basic test for the sheet metal formability.The effect of equipment and tooling parameters results in complex deformation mechanism.Existence of thickness variation in the formed part may cause stress concentration and may lead to acceleration of damage.Using TAGUCHI's signal-to-noise ratio,it is determined that the die shoulder radius has major influence followed by blank holder force and punch nose radius on the thickness distribution of the deep drawn cup of AA 6061 sheet.The optimum levels of the above three factors,for the most even wall thickness distribution,are found to be punch nose radius of 3 mm,die shoulder radius of 8 mm and blank holder force of 4 kN.     

粘介质成形工艺特点与应用分析

简要介绍了近来出现的利用粘性介质传压进行冲压成形的一种新工艺。通过粘介质成形实验与以水为介质的液压成形模拟的对比分析,得出了ＶＰＦ过程中的一些工艺特点,并分析了ＶＰＦ工艺在飞行器制造中的应用前景。     

凸凹模受力模型与有限元分析

通过对板料成形时的受力分析,建立了凸凹模在拉深过程中的受力模型,完成了对凸凹模的有限元数值分析,得到了凸凹模的应力和变形分布情况。对板料进行强度、刚度校核,得到了随板料厚度的变化凸凹模孔口所受的压力、凸凹模的最大应力和位移的变化规律。可为模具结构的设计、模具材料的选择提供依据。     

Effects of pre-bulging on 2024 aluminum alloy complex-shaped components

To improve the poor plasticity of 2024 aluminum alloy sheet, which causes wrinkle and fracture in conventional deep drawing of complexshaped components, hydromechanical deep drawing (HDD) with pre-bulging was investigated. The loading paths of chamber pressure and pre-bulging pressure were designed and optimized by numerical simulations and experiments, and effects of loading paths were obtained and analyzed for thickness, stress and defects. A reasonable loading path was determined. Thickness is more uniform when pre-bulging pressure is 2 MPa and chamber pressure is 15 MPa. The suspending area of a blank wrinkles easily between the punch and the die when pre-bulging pressure is smaller than 1.5 MPa; fracture occurs for the suspending area of blank between the punch and the die when pre-bulging pressure is larger than 8 MPa. The results show that a helpful friction can be generated, the stress state can be improved, and fracture and wrinkle can be avoided by a reasonable pre-bulging in the suspending area of the blank for a complex-shaped component. The uniformity of thickness and forming limit can be enhanced.     

粘性介质压力成形研究进展(上)

随着技术的发展，采用高强度难变形材料超薄板制成的板金零件越来越多，而且成形件的三维型面日趋复杂，对这些零件的尺寸精度及表面质量，尤其是厚度均匀性的要求越来越高，这就对成形技术提出更高的要求。而通常的软模成形技术以及常规冲压由于各自的特点构成了相应的适用范围，仍存在许多不足。而粘性介质压力成形(Viscous Pressure Forming，VPF)工艺由于采用粘性物质作为成形过程传力介质，具有独特的优点因而具有广阔的应用前景。     

Factors affecting stretching limits of Aluminum sheet

The purpose of the present paper is to study methods to improve the stretching limit of metal sheet. The factors affecting the stretching limit were sheet thickness, blank diameter, blank holding pressure, and forming rate. Punch radius, die radius, and clearance between a punch and a die were retained constant. Tested materials were softened and half hardened types of aluminum sheet. The effect of lubrication was also studied. Lubricants used were a press working oil and graphite. Stretching by two types of punch shape, a spherical head punch and a truncated cone one, was tried in order to research the effect of punch shape. The half hardened aluminium, which has a larger n-value, showed the larger stretching limit. The larger thickness gave rise to the larger stretching limit. Flow characteristic of materials was poorer in larger diameter of a blank, so its stretching limit was lower. A bit lower holding pressure, which allows drawing of materials to some extent, yielded larger stretching limit than rigid holding. The forming rate did not so much affect stretching limit. Concerning the effect of lubrication, applied position of lubricants was important.     

Forming of tailor blanks having local thickening for control of wall thickness of stamped products

A two-stage forming process of tailor blanks having local thickening for controlling the distribution of wall thickness of stamped parts was developed. In the 1st stage, the target portion of the sheet for the local thickening is drawn into the die cavity, and then the bulging ring is compressed with the flat die under the clamping of the flange portion in the 2nd stage. The effects of the punch stroke, the clearance between the punch projection and die, and the projection width on the amount of the location thickening were examined. A 12% increase in thickness of the blank was obtained in an experiment. The tailor-formed blank having local thickening was applied to increase the wall thickness at the inner corner of a wheel disk. An 11% increase in wall thickness at the inner corner was successfully obtained in the experiment. The tailor blanks having local thickening obtained by the two-stage forming process are effective in controlling the distribution of wall thickness of the stamped parts.     

铝合金圆锥形零件粘性介质温成形研究

采用热力耦合有限元数值模拟方法对铝合金圆锥形零件粘性介质温成形过程进行了模拟分析,研究了成形过程粘性介质和板材的温度分布、不同温度条件下成形零件壁厚分布、成形载荷等.结果表明,圆锥形零件的底部圆角区域为成形危险区域.非等温粘性介质温成形过程中,在粘性介质内部形成的非均匀温度场影响了板材的温度分布.当粘性介质温度略低于板材温度时,坯料中心区域温度较低,有利于延迟底部圆角成形时的破裂,提高了零件壁厚的均匀性.分别进行了室温和加热时铝合金圆锥形零件粘性介质压力成形试验,试验结果与数值模拟具有相同的规律.     

粘性介质压力成形技术(VPF)研究——王仲仁教授指导的学术新方向

粘性介质压力成形技术(VPF),是20世纪90年代出现的板材软模成形新技术。介绍了粘性介质压力成形技术的基本原理,分析了粘性介质压力成形技术的特点,采用有限元方法数值模拟分析了粘性介质性质对板材变形的影响规律;给出了高强度镍基高温合金小半径曲面波纹形超薄壁厚构件、低塑性铝合金阶梯形构件、轴对称曲面件粘性介质局部内压扩径、外压缩径等粘性介质压力成形实例和分析。     

宽板U形弯曲的回弹试验研究

带状板材在受到冲压后,如果冲压工艺设计不合理,回弹会使板料的冲压结果达不到下一步安装工艺的要求。通过试验的方法,探求在无边压力的情况下板材的回弹问题,分别就板材性能、板料厚度、凸模圆角半径、凸凹模间隙、凹模跨度和摩擦因数等诸多因素对板料回弹的影响进行了分析,得出板材U形弯曲时回弹规律:凸凹模间隙越小,回弹就越小;随着凸凹模跨度的增大,回弹角增大;同一种板材,板材厚度越小,回弹就越大。研究结果有利于工业企业控制金属板材的回弹。     

固体颗粒介质成形新工艺及变形研究

固体颗粒介质成形新工艺,是采用固体颗粒代替刚性凸模(或弹性体、液体)的作用,对金属板料成形的工艺。固体颗粒介质成形新工艺,即可以解决流体介质、粘性介质的密封难题,又具有内压非均匀分布、便于控制成形、提高材料成形极限、降低投资成本、所得零件表面质量高、成品率高的优点,且固体颗粒无工业污染,可重复使用。该工艺为材料的加工制备提供了新的方法和手段。利用塑性增量理论,对自由变形区任意一点的应变进行了分析,得到了自由变形区任一点的应变及厚度计算公式。采用固体颗粒介质成形工艺,进行板料成形试验,成功试制出多种典型工件;对试验件壁厚分布的计算值和实测值进行了比较,证明理论正确。     

Tool development based on modelling and simulation of hot sheet metal forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy

In the aero engine industry alternative manufacturing processes for load carrying aero engine structures imply fabrication. The concept of fabrication involves simple forgings, sheet metals and small ingots of e.g. titanium alloys which are welded together and heat treated. In the concept phase of the product development process, accurate evaluations of candidate manufacturing processes with short lead times are crucial. In the design of sheet metal forming processes, the manual die try out of deep drawing tools is traditionally a time consuming, expensive and inexact process. The present work investigates the possibility to design hot forming tools, with acceptable accuracy at short lead times and with minimal need for the costly die try out, using finite element (FE) analyses of hot sheet metal forming in the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. A rather straightforward and inexpensive approach of material modelling and methods for material characterisation are chosen, suitable for early evaluations in the concept phase. Numerical predictions of punch force, draw-in and shape deviation are compared with data from separate forming experiments performed at moderately elevated temperatures. The computed responses show promising agreement with experimental measurements and the predicted shape deviation is within the sheet thickness when applying an anisotropic yield criterion. Solutions for the hot forming tool concept regarding heating and regulation, insulation, blank holding and tool material selection are evaluated within the present work.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on micro deep drawing process of stainless steel 304 foil using flexible tools

Flexible forming technology provides significant application potential in various areas of manufacturing, particularly at a miniaturized level. Simplicity, versatility of process and feasibility of prototyping makes forming techniques by using flexible tools suitable for micro sheet metal forming. This paper reports the results of FE simulation and experimental research on micro deep drawing processes of stainless steel 304 sheets utilising a flexible die. The study presents a novel technique in which an initial gap (positive or negative) is adopted between an adjustment ring and a blank holder employed in the developed forming system. The blank holder is moveable part and supported by a particular spring that provides the required holding force. The forming parameters (anisotropy of SS 304 material, initial gap, friction conditions at various contact interfaces and initial sheet thickness) related with the forming process are in details investigated. The FE models are built using the commercial code Abaqus/Standard. The numerical predictions reveal the capability of the proposed technique on producing micro metallic cups with high quality and large aspect ratio. To verify these results, number of micro deep drawing experiments is conducted using a special set up developed for this purpose. As providing a fundamental understanding is required for the commercial development of this novel forming technique, hence the optimization of the initial gap in accordance with each sheet thickness, thickness distribution and punch force/stroke relationship are detected.     

板成形数值模拟影响因素的正交试验分析

根据正交试验原理，应用板料成形软件对不同压边力、模具与板料间摩擦系数、凸凹模间隙和板料初始尺寸进行数值模拟，将数值模拟的厚度同实际成形件的厚度进行比较，得出上述因素对前翼子板成形结果的影响，并预测了前翼子板较优的理论成形条件。     

货车侧板成形工艺及模具设计

从变形性质、压边方式、成形次数和成形力4个方面对货车侧板的成形工艺进行了理论分析和计算 ,得出了该零件属于胀形性质的起伏成形的结论。模具省略了压边装置 ,解决了设备能力不足的问题。其导向通过将凸、凹模设计成近仿形结构来实现 ,在简化结构的同时较好保证了凸、凹模的间隙 ,是1副性能价格比高的模具     

带超高实体凸台的薄板冲压件加工工艺研究

在金属板料成形过程中,由于夹在凸模与凹模之间的板料随着加工的进行变得越来越薄,导致板料向凹模腔内的流动阻力越来越大,从而阻碍材料流向凹模型腔,因此利用传统成形工艺无法在薄板上加工带超高凸台的冲压零件.本文研究了一带超高实体凸台的零件,并根据数值模拟及一系列工艺实验结果,研制了一套连续模,获得了超高凸台冲压零件.研究表明,利用弯曲、镦挤复合新工艺方法能够实现在薄板上加工带超高凸台冲压零件,而且与该零件的其它加工方法相比新工艺具有诸多优越性.     

制动毂挡尘盖拉深成形过程的应力应变分析

在大型CAD软件Pro/E中建立了汽车车轴制动毂挡尘盖拉深成形的凸凹模模型,运用大型商用有限元软件MSC.Marc,对其拉深成形过程进行了数值模拟.分析金属材料在拉深时的流动情况及挡尘盖在拉深后的应力应变分布规律,重点研究了压边力和凸凹模间隙对板材成形性能的影响,分析了起皱和破裂产生的原因、特点、影响因素以及预防措施等.模拟及试验结果表明,工件在拉深时,凸缘部分材料易产生失稳起皱现象;凸、凹模之间的间隙是影响盒形部分产生破裂的主要原因.当刚性压边圈与凹模之间的间隙减小到1.2倍的料厚时,能获得表面质量光滑的合格件;当凸凹模及浮动凸凹模之间的间隙大于料厚时,能确保拉深过程顺利进行.