考虑涌潮作用的钱塘江二维泥沙输移数值模拟

钱塘江涌潮前后水位、流速和含沙量等物理量存在突变,给数值模拟带来了很大的困难,常规的数值模型往往不能准确模拟涌潮作用下的泥沙输移。在已建立的二维涌潮数值模型的基础上,应用基于准确Riemann解的Godunov格式建立了二维泥沙数值模型,模型首先检验了纯对流问题,然后模拟了钱塘江涌潮作用下的泥沙输移,计算结果反映了涌潮到达时刻含沙量的突变过程以及涌潮对泥沙输移的影响,揭示了钱塘江河口高含沙区的成因,以及涌潮是钱塘江河口大冲大淤的机理之一。     

钱塘江二维涌潮数值模拟及其应用

分析了涌潮数值模拟的困难,综述了钱塘江涌潮数值模拟的进展,应用有限体积-KFVS格式建立了钱塘江二维涌潮数值模型.模型在验证计算的基础上,预测了杭州湾规划设想方案、治江围涂工程和桥梁工程等对涌潮的影响,并已推广到溃坝波和海啸传播过程的数值模拟.结果表明,涌潮数值模型分辨率高,计算稳定,守恒性好.该模型不但适用于无涌潮水域的模拟,也适用于传统数值模型不能模拟的涌潮等间断流的模拟.     

河口海岸国际研讨会部分论文摘要

涌潮数值模拟新进展 潘存鸿 林炳尧 毛献忠 (浙江省水利河口研究院,浙江 杭州 310020) 摘要:采用基于Godunov格式的水位方程法(Watcr Level Formulation)求解包括底坡项的二维浅水流动方程,用于底Riemann解处理动边界问题。在典型浅水间断流动算例验证的基础上,经钱塘江河口实测涌潮资料验证,较好地模拟了钱塘江涌潮的发生、发展及其衰减的过程,复演了涌潮的机交和反射、一线潮等现象,对钱塘江涌潮宏观规律的认识有所增加。     

黄河河口海岸二维非恒定水流泥沙数学模型

针对黄河河口海岸岸线变化剧烈和含沙量变幅大的特点，开发和建立了适合黄河河口海岸应用的平面二维动边界非恒定水流泥沙数学模型。验证表明，本模型可以较好地模拟黄河河口海岸泥沙输移和冲淤变化，为研究和解决多沙河口海岸的泥沙问题提供技术手段。     

钱塘江河口泥沙特性及河床冲淤研究

简要介绍了钱塘江河口含沙量、泥沙粒径的分布特性,建立了钱塘江河口泥沙起动流速和挟沙能力公式,分析了河床大冲大淤、大冲以后大淤、上游段洪冲潮淤、下游段洪淤潮冲等河床演变特性,研究了河床冲淤对洪水和潮汐的巨大反作用.分析研究表明,涌潮到达时,水流激烈冲刷河床,引起含沙量剧增,大多在涌潮过后的20 min内达到极值,形成大含沙量区.在平水期和枯水期,涨潮输沙量明显大于落潮,加剧了河口上游的淤积,涌潮是钱塘江河口大冲大淤的机理之一.     

钱塘江河口盐水入侵影响因素及数值预报

为预报钱塘江河口取水口水体氯度,应用基于Godunov格式的有限体积法建立了考虑涌潮作用的二维氯度预报数值模型,采用实测资料并结合数值模型计算成果,分析了径流、潮汐及涌潮、江道地形等主要因素对钱塘江河口盐水入侵的影响。研究结果表明,江道地形是通过改变潮汐大小间接影响盐水入侵的,江道容积越大,潮差和进潮量越大,导致盐水入侵越严重;涌潮促使盐水入侵加剧,涌潮前后氯度存在突变。模型在钱塘江河口氯度预报中的应用结果表明,模型计算结果与实测值基本吻合,模型具有较大的预报应用价值。     

钱塘江强涌潮河段水沙数值模拟

通过建立涌潮作用下的二维泥沙数学模型,验证了钱塘江尖山河段两种不同河势下的水文资料,并应用模拟结果分析了水沙的异同点。结果表明,两种河势下,钱塘江河口尖山河段水沙运动的共同点是:潮波变形剧烈,是涌潮形成、发展和壮大的河段;涌潮到达时,流速及含沙量急剧增大,瞬间增幅大,且水流及含沙量均存在间断;涌潮是含沙量急速增加的主要动力因素。水沙运动的不同点是:分汊河势下沿程各潮位站的高、低潮位均高于走南河势,但潮差略小于走南河势,涨、落潮平均流速均较走南河势强,分汊河势存在南、北两股涌潮,最终形成交叉潮,涌潮作用下的最大含沙量为走南河势的2~3倍,单宽输沙率为走南河势的1.5~2.5倍。研究成果可为尖山河段治理研究和有关部门管理提供技术支持。     

涌潮对钱塘江河道流场影响的三维数值模拟研究

利用实测的钱塘江地形数据建立了钱塘江三维河道的计算机几何模型,并根据已有的涨潮潮位等水文信息,采用VOF方法追踪模拟水和大气的自由交界表面,对钱塘江涌潮进行了三维非稳态数值模拟。数值模拟结果与不同时刻和不同测点所测得的水文数据的对比显示,模型能较好地模拟涨潮条件下河道内流场和潮位的变化。在此基础上进行了涌潮对河道内流场影响的规律的研究。     

钱塘江海宁三期治江围涂工程对涌潮影响的数值模拟研究

应用KFVS格式建立了钱塘江二维涌潮数值模型,在实测涌潮资料验证的基础上,模型预测了钱塘江北岸海宁三期治江围涂工程对钱塘江涌潮的影响.研究结果表明:实施围涂1万亩后,在走南河势下,大缺口及盐官的涌潮高度分别抬高0.23m和0.09m,海塘堤前涌潮流速增加5%,涌潮到达时间提前约3分钟,盐官涌潮后5分钟内的水位和流速变化率加大;围涂工程对涌潮潮景的影响较小:盐官附近的一线潮将更为壮观,尖山附近的交叉潮位置有所下移,老盐仓附近的回头潮基本不变.     

涌潮数学模型在钱塘江河口桥梁工程中的应用

钱塘江河口潮大流急,特别是汹涌的涌潮,对钱塘江河口的桥梁工程破坏力极大.应用以准确Riemann解为基础的Godunov格式,结合WLF方法模拟了钱塘江涌潮.在验证计算的基础上,预测了潮差频率为0.33%、1%、2%、5%条件下环杭州湾萧山通道工程(钱塘江十桥)桥位处的设计流速和设计流量,为桥梁工程的设计提供了依据.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.