1C—1.5Cr钢等温马氏体的TEM观察及其对残余奥氏体的影响

１Ｃ－１．５Ｃｒ钢奥氏体化后在稍低于Ｍｓ点的热浴中等温，可获得较常规工艺更多的残余奥氏体组织，随等温时间延长，因等温马氏体的生成，使室温组织中残余奥氏体量相应增加，当等温进下贝氏体转变区后，由于下贝氏体的形成降低了奥氏体的稳定性，使残余奥氏体量又趋下降，通过ＴＥＭ观察表明，等温马氏体形成时，将优先以原马氏体片共格长大的方式进行。     

38Si2Mn2Mo试验钢的贝氏体、马氏体组织

采用透射电镜研究了３８Ｓｉ２Ｍｎ２Ｍｏ钢的组织结构,并讨论了各种组织的形式机制。试验结果表明,其正火组织由无碳化物下贝氏体、板条马氏体及少量残余奥氏体组成;淬火组织是典型的板条马氏体和少量片状马氏体,板条间有残余奥氏体薄膜;３２０℃等温组织以下贝氏体为主,带有少量马氏体和残余奥氏体。正火和等温后的拉伸性能达到了超高强度的水平。     

1.6 GPa级中碳高强贝氏体钢残余奥氏体调控机理

 为了研究中碳高强贝氏体钢中的残余奥氏体体积分数在不同等温情况下的变化规律,通过X射线衍射试验、热模拟试验和扫描电子显微镜观察等,分析了等温淬火条件对中碳高强贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体体积分数和组织的影响。结果表明,最终残余奥氏体的体积分数受贝氏体相变和马氏体相变的共同影响。贝氏体相变量决定了未转变奥氏体的体积分数及其化学稳定性,从而影响随后的马氏体相变量及最终残余奥氏体体积分数。此外,随着相变温度的升高,开始由于贝氏体相变量逐渐减少,残余奥氏体体积分数先增加(300~350 ℃),随后由于马氏体相变量增加,残余奥氏体体积分数减少(350~400 ℃)。     

贝氏体等温温度对超高强冷轧TRIP钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350～410℃保温600 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温温度对超高强相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成;贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温温度增加,固溶C原子扩散系数提高,促进残余奥氏体中碳化物的析出。因此,奥氏体中的平均固溶C含量降低,使得TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数降低,马氏体体积分数增加。贝氏体等温温度由350℃增加至410℃时,TRIP钢屈服强度由720 MPa降低至573 MPa,抗拉强度由1 195 MPa提高至1 312 MPa,伸长率A_(80)由17.8%降低至12.5%。贝氏体等温温度为350℃时,冷轧TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,强塑积达到21 270 MPa·%。     

贝氏体等温时间对超高强冷轧相变诱导塑性钢组织性能的影响

将C-Si-Mn钢加热至800℃保温120 s后,分别快速冷却至350℃保温100~1 000 s以模拟贝氏体等温转变工艺。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸测试的方法研究了贝氏体等温时间对超高强冷轧相变诱导塑性钢(TRIP钢)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,冷轧TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。贝氏体和残余奥氏体形成于等温转变阶段,而马氏体形成于等温后的终冷阶段。随着贝氏体等温时间增加,促进了过冷奥氏体向贝氏体转变,固溶C原子充分向剩余奥氏体中富集。因此,过冷奥氏体中的平均碳含量增加,使得冷轧TRIP钢残余奥氏体分数提高,马氏体体积分数下降。贝氏体等温时间由100 s延长至1 000 s时,冷轧TRIP钢屈服强度由596 MPa提高至692 MPa,抗拉强度由1 455 MPa降低至1 138 MPa,屈强比由0.41提高至0.61,伸长率(A80)由6.3%提高至18.9%。贝氏体等温时间为1 000 s时,冷轧超高强TRIP钢具有优良的综合力学性能,最大强塑积达到21 510 MPa·%。     

工艺参数对等温淬火球墨铸铁残余奥氏体量的影响

测定了硅，铜，钼含量和等温淬火温度，保温时间对奥氏体－贝氏体球墨铸铁中残余奥氏体量的影响规律。在ＳＥＭ下观察分析了残余奥氏体量对试样断裂方式的影响，结果表明，铜使残余奥氏体量提高，钼使之降低，在一定的淬火温度，保温时间和硅含量下，残余奥氏体量最高，奥氏体量减少时断裂方式向脆性断裂转变。     

稀土对低碳钢马氏体相变的影响

０．２７Ｃ－１Ｃｒ钢中加入稀土，细化奥氏体晶粒，降低Ｍｓ，缩小马氏体条宽，减少残余奥氏体量，并抑制自回火过程。稀土偏聚在原奥氏体晶界，不因马氏体盯变而改变。根据以往证明：低碳钢马氏体相变中存在碳的扩散，则低碳钢淬火后的残余奥氏体量不但决定于Ｍｓ和淬火介质温度（Ｔｑ），还受合金元素对碳扩散的影响。由此将Ｍａｇｅｅ公式修改为：γ（％）＝ｅｘｐ［α（Ｃ１－Ｃ０）－β（Ｍｓ－Ｔｑ）］其中Ｃ０和Ｃ１分别为淬     

淬火分配工艺对低碳低合金钢组织与性能的研究

研究了0.15C-Mn-Si-Cr低碳低合金钢在Ms点以下不同温度预淬火-碳分配工艺(QP工艺)及贝氏体转变对钢组织与性能影响。结果表明,实验钢经QP处理后获得贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,与淬火回火钢相比能获得更多的残余奥氏体量,随着淬火碳分配温度的升高,钢中残余奥氏体量增加,等温温度超过310℃后,钢中析出碳化物,残余奥氏体量减少。在250℃预淬火温度等温碳分配淬火,钢的冲击韧性显著高于传统的淬火回火钢。     

42CrMo钢的贝氏体组织相变

采用金相法研究了经950℃奥氏体化的0．41C-1．OCr-0．23Mo(42rMo)钢在550～380℃盐浴等温处理时贝氏体组织转变。观察结果表明，42CrMo钢550～510。c等温处理的组织为无碳贝氏体(粗大条片状贝氏体铁素体 残留奥氏体组成的整合组织) 马氏体，470℃等温处理为羽毛状上贝氏体 黑色针状下贝氏体 马氏体组织，380℃为黑色针状下贝氏体 马氏体组织；上贝氏体在奥氏体晶界形核，随等温处理的温度降低，下贝氏体在奥氏体晶内形核。     

高碳贝氏体钢的低温转变组织与性能

摘要：采用光学与扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射等手段研究了不同等温温度（300、250、200℃）对于高碳（质量分数0.79%）贝氏体钢低温转变样品的相含量、组织尺寸和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,随贝氏体等温温度的降低,贝氏体最终转变量更高,贝氏体铁素体板条和薄膜状残余奥氏体宽度、块状残余奥氏体尺寸减小,抗拉强度升高,塑韧性降低。300℃的贝氏体抗拉强度为1525MPa,贝氏体铁素体宽度是116nm,而200℃的贝氏体铁素体板条尺寸达到62nm,抗拉强度达到1 928MPa。研究发现,在未充分转变的贝氏体样品中,尺寸大于4.7μm的块状残余奥氏体在冷却过程中易发生马氏体相变,而小于该尺寸的残余奥氏体比较稳定,可以保留到最终组织中。     

Mechanical Property and Microstructural Characterization of C-Mn-Al-Si Hot Dip Galvanizing TRIP Steel

 Mechanical properties and microstructure in high strength hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel were investigated by optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometry and mechanical testing. On the heat treatment process of different intercritical annealing (IA) temperatures, isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures and IBT time, this steel shows excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength over 780 MPa and elongation more than 22%. IBT time is a crucial factor in determining the mechanical properties as it confirms the bainite transformation process, as well as the microstructure of the steel. The microstructure of the hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel consisted of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite during the short IBT time. The contents of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite with different IBT time were calculated. The results showed that when IBT time increased from 20 to 60 s, the volume of bainite increased from 14.31% to 16.95% and the volume of retained austenite increased from 13.64% to 16.28%; meanwhile, the volume of martensite decreased from 7.18% to 1.89%. Both the transformation induced plasticity of retained austenite and the hardening of martensite are effective, especially, the latter plays a dominant role in the steel containing 7.18% martensite which shows similar strength characteristics as dual-phase steel, but a better elongation. When martensite volume decreases to 1.89%, the steel shows typical mechanical properties of TRIP, as so small amount of martensite has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties.     

Development of Multiphase Microstructure with Bainite, Martensite, and Retained Austenite in a Co-Containing Steel Through Quenching and Partitioning (Q&P) Treatment

The quenching and partitioning (Q&P) treatment of steel aims to produce a higher fraction of retained austenite by carbon partitioning from supersaturated martensite. Q&P studies done so far, relies on the basic concept of suppression of carbide formation by the addition of Si and/or Al. In the present study Q&P treatment is performed on a steel containing 0.32 C, 1.78 Mn, 0.64 Si, 1.75 Al, and 1.20 Co (all wt pct). A combination of 0.64 Si and 1.75 Al is chosen to suppress the carbide precipitation and therefore, to achieve carbon partitioning after quenching. Addition of Co along with Al is expected to accelerate the bainite transformation during Q&P treatment by increasing the driving force for transformation. The final aim is to develop a multiphase microstructure containing bainite, martensite, and the retained austenite and to study the effect of processing parameters (especially, quenching temperature and homogenization time) on the fraction and stability of retained austenite. A higher fraction of retained austenite (~13 pct) has indeed been achieved by Q&P treatment, compared to that obtained after direct-quenching (2.7 pct) or isothermal bainitic transformation (9.7 pct). Carbon partitioning during martensitic and bainitic transformations increased the stability of retained austenite.     

Transformation of austenite into bainitic ferrite and martensite

The stress induced martensitic transformation in the upper metastable intermediate state of γ-α transformation in ferrous materials, structured as ferritic bainite, is discussed. The fibrous structured ferritic bainite consists of retained austenite and ferrite platelets growing in the [111]α//[101]γ direction. The ferrite growth Induces carbon enrichment of the adjacent austenite at the phase boundaries. Strengthening at high stress levels up to the yield point causes dislocation tangles in the ferrite fibre and the formation of shear bands crossing each other in the retained austenite. At lower carbon contents of the austenite, lath martensite precipitates at the shear band intersections and at high shear band densities martensite blocks are observed. In carbon enriched austenite martensite lenses formed by shear processes have been observed. At alternating loading conditions, exceeding the stress level for athermic martensite formation, various shear planes are activated forming characteristic patterns of plate martensite.     

Retained austenite and mechanical properties in bainite transformed low alloy steels

Uniform ductility and formability of low alloy steels can be improved by the transformation plasticity effect of metastable retained austenite. In this work, intercritical annealing followed by bainite transformation resulted in the retention of austenite with sufficient stability for transformation plasticity interactions. The effect of retained austenite on mechanical properties was studied in two low-alloy steels. Bainite transformation was carried out in the range of 400 to 500°C. The strength properties (yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) were more sensitive to bainite isothermal transformation temperature than holding time. Maximum strength properties were obtained for the lower transformation temperatures. On the other hand, high uniform and total elongation values were obtained at lower transformation temperatures but were sensitive to bainite isothermal transformation time. Variations in uniform elongation with holding time were linked to variations in retained austenite stability. Maximum values of uniform elongation occurred at the same holding times as the maximum amount of retained austenite. The same was true for total elongation and ultimate tensile strength. The above results indicate a strong correlation between retained austenite stability and uniform ductility and suggest that further optimisation regarding chemical composition and processing with respect to austenite stabilisation may lead to a new class of triple-phase high-strength high-formability low-alloy steels.     

Correlation of isothermal bainite transformation and austenite stability in quenching and partitioning steels

The possible decomposition of metastable austenite during the partitioning process in the highend quenching and partitioning(QP)steels is somewhat neglected by most researchers.The effects of primary martensite and alloying elements including manganese,cobalt and aluminum on the isothermal decomposition of austenite during typical QP process were studied by dilatometry.The transformation kinetics was studied systematically and resulting microstructures were discussed in details.The results suggested that the primary martensite decreased the incubation period of isothermal decomposition by accelerating the nucleation process owing to dislocations especially on phase and grain boundaries.This effect can be eliminated by a flash heating which recovered dislocations.Co addition significantly promoted the bainite transformation during partitioning while Al and Mn suppressed the isothermal bainite transformation.The bainite transformation played an important role in carbon distribution during partitioning,and hence the amount and stability of austenite upon final quenching.The bainite transformation during partitioning is an important factor in optimizing the microstructure in QP steels.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Low-Carbon Mn-Si Multiphase Steel Based on Dynamic Transformation of Undercooled Austenite

The microstructure evolution of 0.20C-2.00Mn-2.00Si steel treated by the thermomechanical process to manufacture hot-rolled, transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel based on dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite was investigated using a Gleeble 1500 (Dynamic Systems, Inc., Poestenkill, NY) hot simulation test machine in combination with light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties of this steel with different multiphase microstructures were also analyzed using room-temperature tensile tests. The results indicated that the multi-phase microstructures consisting of fine-grained ferrite with a size of 1–3 μm, bainite packets, and retained austenite and martensite were formed for the used steel by a thermo-mechanical process involving dynamic transformation of undercooled austenite, controlled cooling, isothermal bainite treatment and water-quenching. With the increase in the strain of hot deformation of undercooled austenite, the fraction of ferrite increased, that of bainite decreased, and that of martensite increased. At the same time, the fraction of retained austenite (RA), as well as the carbon content of RA, first increased and then decreased. For the used steel treated by such process, the tensile strength is about 1200 MPa with a total elongation of about 20 pct, and the product of tensile strength and total elongation can be up to 25,000 MPa × pct.     

Effect of quenching temperature on the microstructure of Si-containing steel during quenching and partitioning

This study aims to investigate the effect of the 1-step quenching and partitioning( QP) process on the microstructure and the resulting Vicker's hardness of 0. 3C-1. 5Si-1. 5M n steel by using in-situ dilatometry,optical microscopy( OM),scanning electron microscopy( SEM),X-ray diffractometry( XRD),and Vicker 's hardness measurement. Systematic analyses indicate that the microstructure of the specimens quenched and partitioned at150 ℃,200 ℃,250 ℃,and 300 ℃ mainly comprises lath martensite and retained austenite. The dilatometry curve of the specimen partitioned at 150 ℃ is presumably ascribed to the formation of isothermal martensite. In the early stages of partitioning at 200 ℃,the nearly unchanged dilatation curve is closely related to the synergistic effect of isothermal martensite formation and transitional epsilon carbide precipitation. In the later stages of partitioning at200 ℃,the slight increase in the dilatation curve is due to the continuous isothermal martensite formation. With further increase in partitioning temperature to 250 ℃,the dilatation increases gradually up to 3600 s,which is related to carbon partitioning and lower bainite formation. Partitioning at a higher temperature of 300 ℃ causes a rapid increase in the dilatation curve during the initial stages,which subsequently levels off upon prolonging the partitioning time. This is mainly attributed to the rapid diffusion of carbon from athermal martensite to retained austenite and continuous formation of lower bainite.